# All Questions

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### Are there any signature schemes for underpowered devices (8-bit microcontroller)?

I am currently researching into a small scale home automation system, aiming for cost. The system architecture is basically one master and several slaves which are connected in parallel. Recently ...
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### Derive $x$ when given $g,g^x$ and $g^{(1/x)}$?

If an adversary has access to the generator g of a group G and is given access to $g^{x}$ and $g^{(1/x)}$, will it make it any easier to derive the value of $x$ compared to when he had access to only ...
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### Is this a good choice of a digitial signature scheme?

This is a concrete instantiation of Rabin-Williams signatures. Specifically: The private key is 2 primes $p, q$. The public key is their product $N = pq$ and is approximately 3072 bits long. the ...
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### OpenSSL ECDSA verification [migrated]

Using ECDSA, how do you verify integrity of Data (D), Given the value for the following: Random number (r) Signature (s) ECpublic Key (K) In other words, Using OpenSSL command line, can I decrypt ...
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### How to detect what crypto-method is used by Filecoder.Q?

I have 2 different images, one original, and one locked by a malware detected by eset as "Win32/Filecoder.Q". How to detect the encryption method that is used and the key, that is not using any ...
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### Why is padding the plaintext with a random string before encryption worse than OAEP / PKCS#7?

I'm reading about OAEP / PKCS padding used for PGP to turn deterministic algorithms like RSA from deterministic encryption to probabilistic encryption (randomness in the resulting output). That way ...
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### What use cases would benefit from a faster RNG?

The paper “Explicit Two-Source Extractors and Resilient Functions” (PDF) by Eshan Chattopadhyay and David Zuckerman is described by some as being a technological leap in RNG – opposed to slow and ...
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### The effect of truncated hash on entropy

Suppose I have a 128-bit random binary string (128 bits of entropy), then I hash it using SHA-256, then I take the first 128 bits of the output hash. Does the taken bit string still have (almost) 128 ...
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### Why can an elliptic curve private key be 1?

I often see in papers (e.g. this one) that for an elliptic curve with generator point $G$ and order $n$ the private key $d$ can take on any integer value in the range $[1, n)$. When $d = 1$ the ...
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### How to multiply a matrix of bits with another?

For example, assume I have two 4x4 matrices of bits: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 I want to apply ...
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### Master keys' strengh

If I am going to use a master key to generate a session key, why the master key must be "stronger" than the session key? Like should not be distributing 128-bit AES keys derived from a 56-bit DES ...
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### Use MDC to provide origin authentication for public key encryption?

Why can't we use an MDC to provide origin authentication when using public-key encryption?
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### Differential & linear characteristics for integer multiplication

What are the probabilities of differential & linear characteristics for the function that XORs the high and low bits from a $n \times n \rightarrow 2n$ bit multiplication? I remember reading ...
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### Padding schemes for asymmetric encryption with provable security in the standard model

Most padding schemes for asymmetric encryption (OAEP, OAEP+) are only proven secure in the random oracle model. Although no attacks are known, it would be nice to find a padding scheme with provable ...
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### Should I use XTS or GCM to encrypt my hard drives?

I want to start encrypting all of my hard drives, but I don't know whether to choose XTS or GCM mode. Why is it that XTS is recommended (since the most websites I visit use GCM in their HTTPS ...
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### Do key-dependent S-boxes make efficient constant-time software implementations almost impossible?

It seems to me that algorithms like Blowfish and Twofish with key-dependent S-boxes are almost impossible to implement without table lookups, and thus are almost impossible to implement in software ...
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### About random self-reducibility of DDH

In Section 8 of this, Lindell presents a construction of an oblivious transfer protocol which is secure in the malicious model under the following variant of the DDH assumption (page 53): [F]or ...
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### Collisions in the cyclotomic knapsack function

I've been working my way through the paper “Efficient Collision-Resistant Hashing from Worst-Case Assumptions on Cyclic Lattices” by Peikert and Rosen, and I've come across something that doesn't seem ...
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### Is Threefish the only cipher with 1024 bits of security?

Threefish has up to a massive 1024 bits of security. Is it the only cipher with such overkill security?
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### Do I need to worry about timing attacks in Base64 encoding/decoding of private keys?

Do I need to worry about timing attacks in Base64 encoding/decoding of private keys? This is a common operation (ex. PEM keys) and is variable time in typical implementations.
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### How do two parties put together the AUTH data in the SKEME protocol?

SKEME is a Key Exchange protocol used in the Internet Key Exchange (IKE). It contains three phases: SHARE, EXCH, and ...
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### Full encryption of IDs, partial decryption with customer specific key

I am looking for a "partial" encryption/decryption algorithm. Let's say I am encrypting the following List of IDs (long values) $[1,2,3,4]$ (with a secret key) to an encrypted string $e$, I would ...
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### System parameters in identity-based encryption

In IBE schemes, the system parameters are $(q, \mathbb{G}, F, \hat{e}, P, Q, T, H_1)$. I don't know $\hat{e}$. For example, in type A pairing… ...
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### Secure content-defined chunking

Intro For deduplication purposes, I need to split a stream of plaintext bytes into variable-sized chunks. The way this is traditionally done is using a rolling hash function defined over some window ...
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### Designing a secure protocol to avoid MITM?

Imagine that you are designing an online game, the framework consists of a player A, a game host H and a trusted central server S. The player A has a symmetric key KAS and id A that is known ...
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### ORAM over Third Party DB

Oblivious Ram (ORAM) is a cryptographic technique that is used for secure DB querying without leakage on the access patterns. There are several schemes for ORAM, amongst the most popular ones, there ...
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### Can you still decrypt XTS if half of the cipher text is deleted?

If a part of my data is damaged, corrupted, or deleted, is it then still possible to decrypt the rest of the data if you still have the key? The situation: a piece of data (something like a document ...
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### Decrypting an encrypted text out of order

Does there exist a cipher that can be encrypted twice with two different keys and then decrypted twice using either key first? For example: ...
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### Use $e$ in GGH as shared secret?

I was wondering if we could construct a symmetric encryption scheme by assuming that the secret key itself in GGH is public and the shared "key" is the error vector $e$. To encrypt we would take the ...
524 views

### Using bcrypt for MAC - is it correct and secure?

Suppose there is a hashing function: $$ph = bcrypt(sha256(m + k), salt)$$ Here $ph$ is a password hash obtaining by applying $bcrypt$ on $sha256$ result of concatenating a message $m$ with a secret ...
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### Election communication protocol

I'm not a cryptography expert, but this seems like it falls into this area. Imagine I want to design an election system (senate race for example) where I send the exact same ballot of 100 candidates ...
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### How to sign a large file for random-access reading?

I need to write an "Authoring" application which produces large files. These files must be signed so that the "Consuming" application knows that it was authored with a matching key. The consuming ...
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### What is this encryption type? [on hold]

I just get the encryption from some website. Here the encryption output: 1) ZFRSA00013GDU and this is the key before encrypted PKR003 2) YHZSA00100PE9 and this is the key before encrypted PJR011 ...
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### NORX parallel speedup?

How much of a speedup can be expected going from serial NORX (6441) to 4-way parallel NORX (6444) assuming the latter is implemented as 4 word-sliced instances of the former?
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### AES implementation to encrypt files

I'm making a small python program to encrypt an arbitrary text file. Currently I have a file to store passwords (hashed values), so nothing stored in plaintext. The user enters the command line ...
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### How to convert roots of Weber polynomial to Hilbert class polynomial over modulo prime?

Using any non square root discriminant $D$, we should be able to find the Weber class polynomial. How can I convert the roots of a Weber polynomial to a Hilbert class polynomial over modulo prime?
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### Is a composition of clocked entities a clocked entity in the UC model?

In the book titled "Secure Multiparty Computation and Secret Sharing" the authors define an interactive agent and an interactive system. Further, the author defines a clocked entity for considering ...
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### How to prove that an integer is hard to factorize when sampled from a known distribution

Suppose that an $n$-bit integer $c$ has been randomly drawn from a distribution $\chi$, whose description is known. Is there a general method to check if this particular sampling helps factorize $n$? ...
Just to establish notation with respect to the RSA protocol, let $n = pq$ be the product of two large primes and let $e$ and $d$ be the public and private exponents, respectively ($e$ is the inverse ...
I'm investigating this function: $a := ((b\cdot c) \bmod k) - (b \cdot c)/k$ where $/$ indicates integer division. Two things I've noticed: It's equivalent to multiplying a·b, and then ...