# All Questions

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### Where is defined the fact of having a “learning” and “challenge” phase in cryptography proofs?

I've read Bellare and Rogaway 2004 and Shoup 2004 about game-based cryptography proofs, but I lack precisions about how should be built the "learning" and "challenge" phases, since my games will ...
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### For calculating the index of coincidence for each sequence

I was learning about the finding the key length reading the following web site... http://practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/stochastic-searching/cryptanalysis-vigenere-cipher/ and I really don't ...
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### How Secure is a Pronounceable Password? In means of entropy

There are some strong studies which support the use of pronounceable passwords and multiple tools which provide generation of such passwords. According to this question the entropy of a password ...
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### What does “learnable with oracle queries” mean?

I came across the following quotes in reading papers on obfuscation (1, ibid, and 2): The next result follows from the fact that point functions are not exactly learnable (since a uniformly chosen ...
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### Generic group model: use of polynomials in the proof of the master theorem

I've been looking at the paper of Boneh, Boyen, Goh Hierarchical Identity Based Encryption with Constant Size Ciphertext which contains a general theorem (Theorem A.2) about the advantage of an ...
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### Proof that counter mode of operation and CBC mode are CPA secure when pseudorandom permutations?

I know counter mode can be CPA secure, when used with block ciphers modeled as random permutations. If we use pseudo-random permutations, is it still CPA secure? Is there a proof? How about CBC ...
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### Checking the share membership in secret sharing schemes

I was thinking of this since yesterday. Imagine, a secret is split into its respective shares (using any secret sharing scheme) with threshold $t$ and total $n$. Can we find out given any random ...
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### Serpent 256bit key wrong round keys

Assume that we have this 256bit key: 15FC0D48 D7F8199C BE399183 4D96F327 10000000 00000000 00000000 On first 0-7 keys we can't apply formula wi=(wi-8 xor wi-5 xor wi-3 xor wi-1 xor phi xor ...
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### Encrypt a file for random access but only after an initial read of the whole file

I'm symmetrically encrypting a file (using a random salt and a user supplied password with PKCS5S2, i.e., nothing special) and I need to be able to access it randomly. Therefore I'm using a stream ...
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### What's algorithm encryption ?Twofish or AES [on hold]

I have one ciphertext but i do not know algorithm it . i know it's AES or Twofish what are your suggestions ?
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### Committing Bilinear equation in Groth-Sahai framework

Groth-Sahai framework enables us to commit to QE, MSME, PP equations. Now, is the equation below committable in GS framework? A bilinear map $e: G_1 \times G_2 \rightarrow G_T$. $g_1 \in G_1$ and ...
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### Does google's Crypto.JS AES encryption use PBKDF2 as default?

Does google's Crypto.JS AES encryption use PBKDF2 as default? Some references, but I can't figure out the answer myself: https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/#The_Cipher_Algorithms ...
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### Bouncy Castle and Salsa 20

I want to use Salsa 20 in Java, so I downloaded Bouncy Castle, and... it makes no sense to me. I've got it working, but most of my choices were essentially random. But I can't see there anything ...
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### Calculate the security of a cascade cipher

I’m reading “The Security of Multiple Encryption in the Ideal Cipher Model” and I’m having a hard time understanding something. How do I calculate the bounds of cascade cipher from the following ...
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### How can I use SSL/TLS with Perfect Forward Secrecy?

I'm new to the field of cryptography, but I want to make the web a better web by setting up the sites that I host with Perfect Forward Secrecy. I have a list of questions regarding the setup of ...
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### ZIP 2.0 encryption bruteforce attack

I have an old sourcecode backup from my DOS days stored in a ZIP 2.0 encrypted archive, but I lost the password. The password was written on a paper slip, but I remember that it consisted of 30+ ...
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### To prove $r_2$ is a uniformly at random value in $Z_n$, where $r_2=r_1 . m$

$m$ is arbitrary value in $Z_n$, where n is RSA modulo. Then we do: $r_2=r_1 . m (modn)$, where $r_1$ is a random value such that $r_1\in Z^*_n$. ** Question(1): is $r_2$ a uniformly at random ...
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### Crypto Libraries with Pairing Based Functions for Academic and Educational Use? [on hold]

I am aware of some crypto libraries containing functions and tools for pairing based cryptography. However, I want to have a more extensive list of them. My ultimate purpose is to implement some of ...
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### becoming a cryptographer after math studies [duplicate]

After studying philosophy and being a philosophy teacher, I took back studies 4 years ago and I did a bachelor in maths. I'm in maths grad school now (I'm 32), and I would like to work in ...
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### Which mathematical operations does secp256k1 point multiplication use?

To convert a bitcoin private key to a public key, the secp256k1 point multiplication math is used. Could I – theoretically – convert a private key to a public key just using the four arithmetic ...
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### Verify signed file using GPG by passing in signature hosted online rather than stored locally (i.e. in keyring)? [migrated]

Is it possible to pass the URL of a GnuPG signature when executing a verify query against a signed file? For example, instead of: gpg --verify file.txt Is there ...
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### The security of an encrypt-and-MAC

I would like to know what is the security of an encrypt-and-MAC with different keys for each transaction For example: the one-time-pad with $k_1$ and the HMAC with $k_2$ C = M \oplus k_1\\ MAC = ...
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### Detect desynchronization in HOTP authentication [duplicate]

In HOTP authentication, is there a way for a system to detect that the token has been desynchronized? If so how does it know that the OTP was generated from a desynchronized (but valid) token and is ...
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### Protection of Elliptic Curve Implementations against side-channel attacks

Recent fast elliptic curve implementations, for example a presentation at Eurocrypt 2014 (earlier presentation slides, the paper) talks about protection against only timing attacks. Why only timing ...
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### Implementation of garbled circuits using RSA

I was just reading these notes on garbled (Yao) circuits and I just stuck trying to figure out how an implementation of Table 1 would work using RSA encryption. In RSA the public key is (n,e). So for ...
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### Is it just as difficult to find a desired output in a hash digest, for MSB vs LSB?

This question comes to mind after seeing "custom" Bitcoin addresses with some special string at the beginning of the address. They are generated in the same way Bitcoins are "mined", continually ...
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### Arranging Vigenere Cipher into columns [migrated]

As I understand if you arrange a Vigenere cipher into columns you can use the Index Of Coincidence to find out the key length. I'm struggling to write an Algorithm that would take a piece of text and ...
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### Security of chameleon hash functions

With the knowledge of the trapdoor, we are able to compute the same digest for differents messages. I've read that given two messages $m$, $m'$ and two numbers $r$, $r'$ such that ...
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### problem with “one time pad” [on hold]

I am a french student and I read the post on the forums (How does one attack a two-time pad (i.e. one time pad with key reuse)?). I need your help if possible. I 'm 11 encrypted messages , all ...
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### Does the transposition cipher have a network application?

So I'm reading a chapter in my networking book and it talks about substitution and transposition ciphers (Transposition Cipher Wikipedia). I know that most network security uses public key or ...
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### Can we run a probabilistic function on ciphertext with Functional Encryption (or Attribute Based Encryption)?

In the definition of functional encryption ($FE$): $FE.Setup(1^k)$ takes as input the security parameter $1^k$ and outputs a master public key $fmpk$ and a master secret key $fmsk$. \$FE.KeyGen(fmsk, ...
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### SHA-1 collision resistance

I'm researching on the SHA-1 algorithm and looking for reasons why it has fallen prey to differential cryptanalysis. I have read the research papers by Merc Stevens and Wang both of which describe how ...
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### Decryption of .png and .jpg files [on hold]

I'm trying to modify graphic assets of the software I'm using (for aesthetic puroposess, I guess it's hard to do something harmful with graphic assets) but developer encrypted them. I'm not sure why ...
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### How do you perform frequency analysis to break Vigenere cipher programmatically?

I am trying to write a program to which when provided a ciphertext(maxlength - 200) and a key length(maxlength - 40), gives a plaintext as output from a possible set of plaintexts. By possible set of ...
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### MD5 update functions

In the hashlib module in python is a function called m.update() where m is a ...
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### Encrypting twice with different modes?

I was using a SOCKS5 proxy today (tunneled through SSH) and I began to wonder what the effect of encrypting twice (TLS over encrypted SOCKS5 in this case) would have on the security of the transmitted ...
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### Why can't garbled circuits be reused?

There are a bunch of papers do research on resizable garbled circuits. But I wonder why garbled circuits cannot be reused? For example, the constructor constructs a garbled circuit of "AND" like ...
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### What is the history of recommended RSA key sizes?

One can find up to date recommended key sizes for RSA at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-131A/sp800-131A.pdf for example. In short it suggests a key size of at least 2048 bits. Is it ...