# All Questions

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### Why Rabin fingerprints assumes data is prefixed with a “1” bit?

(I know that a Rabin fingerprint is not a cryptographic hash, sorry in advance if my question is considered out of topic) In the paper Some applications of Rabin's fingerprinting method, it is ...
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### DES Encryption Implementation

My program allows for the key and plaintext input to only be in numbers. However, I also need it to work when the input is in letters. For example the first input should be 0000000000000000 for both ...
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### How feasible is a preimage attack or speedups to brute force a substring of MD5?

Beyond the birthday problem analysis how feasible is a preimage attack or speed up brute force on a substring of MD5. For instance let's say from the 128 bits I decide to strip 24 bits, the first four ...
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### Ciphers providing Deniable encryption?

I stumbled on the concept of Deniable encryption on Wikipedia, with the following scenario: Deniable encryption allows the sender of an encrypted message to deny sending that message. This ...
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### Factorization of RSA modulus using a qubic residue

Suppose that someone uses RSA with $n = pq$, exponent $3$, also $3$ divides $\varphi(n) = (p-1)(q-1)$ and $2$ different roots $y$ and $z$ of the equation: $$x \equiv c \ (mod \ n)$$ are known (for ...
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### How to find the keyword of the Playfair text knowing/not knowing the plaintext and having decrypted text?

I know how the Playfair cipher works. I would like to know how can I find the keyword of the play fair cipher in two cases: 1) knowing the plaintext 2) not knowing the plaintext? Some examples: ...
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### Combining secure hashes with insecure hashes?

Assuming I'm a bank which seeks for secure hash functions to use in the process of signing on digital contents. I'd like to explain / prove why using each one of the following hash functions might ...
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### Meeting people interested in Crypto and Programing [migrated]

I have done some basic Micro controller programming in the past. I am now just starting to learn C++ and plan to move into Java and SQL eventually. I just got done reading one of Simmons books. It was ...
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### About the Rijndael/AES sbox polynomial (subBytes)

I've recently read a question about the irreducible polynomial behind the subBytes() operation in the Rijndael that has awakened and old curiosity I have: Why $\,m(x)$ was chosen as ...
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### Qubit / Qutrit - Is there a theoretical limit on how many orthogonal states a quantum bit has?

Seems like a quantum bit with $3$ orthogonal quantum states is called a qutrit - and they have been demonstrated practically. In comparison with $n$ qubits that have ~$2^{n}$ states, these have ...
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### Are there any advantages in using proprietary encryption?

Proprietary software generally relies on the fact that in keeping the encryption algorithm private, it gets an extra layer of security implying "Security through Obscurity." Obviously this phrase has ...
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### Why does OpenPGP encryption produce different ciphertexts from the same plain text?

With the same plain text to be encrypted and the same public key, OpenPGP tends to produce a different ciphertext every time I run the encryption operation. Why is this?
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### Why is plain-hash-then-encrypt not a secure MAC?

It seems that even in MAC-then-encrypt systems like SSL, something like HMAC is used rather than a plain hash. Why? Suppose we use some stream cipher; then why can't we use $Encrypt(m | H(m))$ as ...
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I have a cryptosystem that I'm using for secure chat. It is using AES 256 (with RSA 2048 for key exchange). Would a predictable, and repetitively sent ciphertext plaintext compromise the ...
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### Is there a difference between $\mathbb{Z}_2^b$, $\text{GF}(2^b)$ and $\text{GF}(2)^b$?

I have read a lot about Galois Fields (GF). They are also presented in The Design of Rinjdael on page 13. In computer memory, the polynomials in $F[x]|_l$ with $F$ a finite field can be stored ...
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### In the Quadratic Sieve, why restrict the factor base?

In the Quadratic Sieve, when factoring a number $N$, many descriptions and most implementations select as the factor base the set of small primes $p_j$ less than some bound $B$ restricted to having ...
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### What is the difference between chosen-plaintext attack and adaptive-chosen-plaintext attack?

I've just dived in cryptography and would like to learn basics of this science. Currently I can't understand the difference between these two types of attacks. As I understood from Bruce Schneier's ...
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### Security Strength of Double Substitution Ciphers

I am wondering why people are using RSA keys when some types of double substitution ciphers seem to be just as secure if not better off. By some types of double substitution ciphers I mean one Which ...
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### Different kind of PGP keys or IDs, how to interpret them?

When people say "Here's my PGP key", they tend to come up with all sorts of different stuff. Sometimes they provide an 8-digit hexadecimal number, which seems to be a key ID (although I'm not sure). ...
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### Perfectly secure shift cipher

Prove that if only one character is encrypted using a shift cipher, then the shift cipher is perfectly secure. I want to show that $P(P=p | C=c)=P(P=p)$. But I don't know how to relate. Can anyone ...
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### hash function for elliptic curve co-ordinates

Is there any hash function which takes the co-ordinates of an elliptic curve $E_p(a,b)$ as input and gives an integer value i.e. $h(.) : \{(x,y) \in E_p(a,b)\} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$
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### how to prove our algorithm is secure against chosen plaintext attack?

I am working on a topic in cryptography where I have tried to develop an encryption scheme. How could I prove mathematically that my algorithm is secure against chosen plaintext attacks?. Will it ...
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### Can you decrypt with 1 round key?

If one has the last round key in an SP or Feistel network (the 16th round key in DES for example), would that someone be able to decrypt the rest of the encryption?
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### El Gamal existential forgery using Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm

I found that there exists an algorithm that claims to make the El Gamal signature generation more secure. The algorithm can be found here as a pdf. I'm mainly interested in the two-parameter forgery ...
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### SIV - Synthetic IV - S2V Construction? Benefits over a MAC or Hash?

Looking at the SIV construction in rfc-5297 - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5297 With regards to the generation of the SIV, using S2V construction, I am struggling to find the benefits of the chosen ...
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### Number of Sbox in a Cipher

Camellia has 4 SBOX and so does the TwoFish(key dependent 4 Sboxes). Where as AES uses only one. Would it have made AES more secure if AES had 4 or more SBOX too? Does using more Sbox with similar ...
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### Where is the authentication tag stored in file encrypted using AES-GCM?

So I am using cryptopp to encrypt a file in a project and I am using AES-GCM. I have a 256bit key and a 128bit ivec and a 128bit tag that I use to encrypt files. However, I want to know where the ...
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### Rijndael S-boxes: Where do the $\mu$ and $\nu$ polynomial ring elements come from?

I've asked some other questions before about Rijndael's S-boxes, and step by step I'm coming to an understanding; but those steps often guide me to new questions. I did some lines of code to ...
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### is Authentication tag always appended at last to ciphertext in AES-GCM 256? [duplicate]

I am using AES GCM 256 to encrypt/decrypt a UUID string,We are using java 7 + bouncy castle library for this,We are getting authentication tag of 128 bit ,i am confused ,whether it's position is ...
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### Sieving the sequence $x^2-n$ to recognize b-smooth numbers

I am currently programming the quadratic sieve and have several literature books / papers and will take an example out of [1] for my question: [1] An Introduction to Mathemtaical Cryptography by J. ...
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### Why is it that most messages seem to be expanded?

Whenever I have seen a more secure version of a message, the message seems to be expanded by some factor. One example is RSA encryption, but whenever a message does not appear to be expanded it is ...
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### How many field operations are needed when you compute kG in elliptic curves with a multiple additions or the double-ans-add-algorithm?

For an assignment, we have to calculate how many field computations are needed to calculate kG in an elliptic curve. They want us to show this for two different ways of calculating kG. The first way: ...
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### What are the pros and cons of deterministic site-specific password generation from a master pass?

I've been reading up a bit on deterministic password generators. All the ones I can find basically do something like this: Pick a master username and a master passphrase. The username could be your ...