# All Questions

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### Can I get successful signature verification with just altering message and signature?

Assuming I can modify a message and also modify the verification signature, and I also have the public-key but not the private-key. Can I create a message that can be verified with a signature that I ...
42 views

### Shamir secret sharing and homomorphism [on hold]

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### Ciphers providing Deniable encryption?

I stumbled on the concept of Deniable encryption on Wikipedia, with the following scenario: Deniable encryption allows the sender of an encrypted message to deny sending that message. This ...
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### Why is DSA falling out of favor?

Windows abandoned DSA rather than extend it to support > 1024 bits; but otherwise I cannot find a reason why DSA would be less desirable. I see in SSH the disabling it by default with a completely ...
8 views

### Cryptographic key with editing safeguard [on hold]

I need to encrypt a number in a file, say 142345. It encrypts to EfsFjs or something else. I need a method that safeguards ...
21 views

### CPA on theoretical OTP with CBC mode

Body of question Note: this is THEORETICAL exercise. I understand OTP and CBC does not get along. I have to find a CPA on CBC enc-mode using OTP as the encryption algorithm, s.t a new key is ...
13 views

### Determining an encryption key when ciphertext and algorithm are known

I would like to know how I can tell that I have successfully performed an exhaustive search attack on an encrypted message. Here are the conditions: key is 40 bit I am aware of the cipher text and ...
14 views

### Is AES-256 bit encryption secure against this kind of attack? [duplicate]

Recently I came across this article. http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~tromer/acoustic/ Could this put all computers at risk for decryption?
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I was looking through different hash methods the other day and was curious as to what the advantages or disadvantages of using separate chaining over linear or quadratic probing. I know that with ...
53 views

### What functional encryption scheme can be used to compute a linear function?

I am looking for a functional encryption scheme that can compute a linear function. I do not need to work with attributes. All I want is to compute the result of a function $y = a*x+b$, where $x$ is ...
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### Is it possible to combine two hash functions in such a way that cracking the constructed hash would require cracking the constituent hashes?

Suppose A is some arbitrary hash function, for example BCrypt or MD5. And B be some other arbitrary hash function, maybe SHA256 or SCrypt. Let ...
46 views

### How do attacks on WEP work?

There is an abundance of tools and tutorials on how to break WEP encryption. However, I fail to find a nice resource that gives a clear break-down of why the attacks are possible. For example, I know ...
154 views

### To what extent is WhatsApp's statement on secure messaging realistic?

As those of you who use WhatsApp Messenger probably know, with their recent update chats and calls are now encrypted. Here's what WhatsApp claims: Messages you send to this chat and calls are now ...
59 views

### How are boolean functions used in cryptography?

I recently started becoming interested in Boolean functions. Because they are defined as $f: \{0, 1\}^n \rightarrow \{0, 1\}$, or in other words only over $\{0, 1\}$, I guessed they can somehow be ...
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### How to choose the reduction function in rainbow tables?

I have a question regarding Reduction Functions in Rainbow Tables. If the hashing function is MD5 or SHA-1 etc then should the reduction functions also be MD5 or SHA-1? That is, should the Reduction ...
160 views

### Polynomials and efficient computability

In public key crypto, the popular definitions of security (CPA, CCA1,2) depend on PPT adversaries. I'm trying to understand why adversaries should be PPT. It's clear that adversaries should be at ...
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### Elgamal with secret key equal to zero possible?

From various sources (e.g. this paper, page 3), the key generation algorithm of Elgamal samples the secret key $x$ from $\mathbb{Z}_q$, which is identifiable to $\{0, 1, 2, \dots, q-1\}$. My ...
2k views

### Is HTTPS secure if someone snoops the initial handshake?

Let's say I'm on an open wireless network that's being actively sniffed and I connect to an HTTPS site. Even though my subsequent traffic is encrypted, couldn't the sniffer use the data from the ...
836 views

### Additive ElGamal cryptosystem using a finite field

I'm trying to implement a modified version of the ElGamal cryptosystem as specified by Cramer et al. in "A secure and optimally efficient multi-authority election scheme", which possesses additive ...
65 views

### What would happen to AES if we replaced MixColumns with ShiftColumns?

I have this as a question in an assignment and I guess I don't fully understand the steps. I understand that if we omit MixColumns, then every byte of the ...
137 views

### The difficulty of computing discrete logs

I understand that in Diffie-Hellman it should be hard to compute $a$ given $g$ and $g^a$. In computational Diffie-Hellman, it appears to be hard to compute $(g^{ab})$ from $g^a$ and $g^b$. As for ...
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### What happens if no final subtraction is done in Montgomery multiplication?

I'm doing Montgomery arithmetic modulo $N = 2^{255}-19$ for the Curve25519, picking $R = 2^{256}$ for Montgomery. After multiplying two numbers $0 \leq A,B < N$ in the Montgomery representation ...
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### What happens if someone implements tree-base signature scheme incorrectly?

I'm learning about signature schemes and read about Merkele's tree-base signature scheme. There are paragraphs about how the key and signings are generated. Using so-called tree structure and pseudo ...
23 views

### Unknown Hash or Cipher [on hold]

I'm trying to identify what method was used to hash or encrypt a string of text, I have the plain text and the output, however, I have been unable to identify the method used to produce the output. ...
226 views

### Zero knowledge-proof for discrete log that is not honest-verifier

Take a cyclic group of prime order. The Schnorr-protocol for proving knowledge of the discrete logarithm of some group element is honest-verifier zero-knowledge, meaning that if the verifier chooses ...
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### Can we do modulus switching for number theoretic encryption?

Can we do modulus switching for number theoretic encryption such as Paillier or ElGamal?
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### How to find the time complexity of modular multiplication? [duplicate]

There are two number of length m bits. How do I prove that the complexity of modular multiplication of these two numbers is $O(m^2)$.
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### What is the private key in RSA?

I'm new to cryptography and I have a doubt: I read some pages a bit different definition for the RSA private key: In 1 - (n, d) In 2 - ...
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### Authentication protocol which detects client impersonation from another machine

Consider following authentication protocol. Client ClientA knows some initial secret KeyA shared with server. Client also knows IP of legitimate server. Now when client wants to establish connection ...
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### improve of cryptography algorithm [on hold]

This is my algorithm.. ...
1k views

### RSA encryption using multiplication

Generally in RSA we encrypt as $m^e \pmod n$. Will RSA work if we replace the power by normal multiplication? $E = (m \times e) \mod n$ and decryption as $c \times d \mod n$. What will be $d$ ...
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### Is correlation in vector distributions “dangerous”?

Consider the two vector distributions $\xi,\chi$ described below, each one outputting integer vectors of length $n$ with coefficients in $\{0,\dots,n\}$. Distribution $\xi$ samples each coefficient ...
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### Symmetric cipher speed (AES vs Camellia vs Twofish)

If I have understand correct, Twofish is more secure (harder to break) than AES and Camellia, but Twofish is slower than AES and Camellia. But how can I mesure the speed difference between AES vs ...
22 views

### Currently Best Integer not bit FHE [on hold]

HElib encrypts and evaluates on bits. Are there any FHE that evaluates on encrypted integers? If there are more than one, which one to choose?
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### Generation of a cyclic group of prime order

I am trying to implement a cyclic group generator in Java, but I am running into some issues. In many cryptosystems, the following phrase is expressed during the key generation stage. Let G be ...
55 views

### Understanding the Hidden Subgroup Problem specific to Integer Factorization

I've been reading about the Hidden Subgroup Problem (HSP), specifically trying to understand how it is related to the integer factorization problem. I've read What exactly is the impact of the hidden ...
195 views

### Formal verification in cryptography

I have seen in some places that people use formal verification and/or computer-aided verification for cryptography (tools like ProVerif, CryptoVerif, etc.). How do these approaches work?
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### Modelling crypto protocols using Formal methods

How to start working with SPIN/Promela for modelling cryptographic protocols using formal method such as LTL?
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### How secure is the OTR protocol?

I am using Adium and wondering how secure it is. I believe it uses AES-256 (I do not understand what that means) by default. It also requests that users exchange fingerprints with each other before ...
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### Is the use of a 4-round Blake2b permutation in OPP justified?

The MEM-AEAD construction uses a 4-round Blake2b permutation in masked Even-Mansour mode as a (tweakable) block cipher. 4 rounds of the Blake2b permutation are already broken to my knowledge. Why ...
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### Why are hash functions like SpookyHash and MurmurHash so highly collision resistant?

Why are hash functions like SpookyHash and MurmurHash so highly collision resistant? I tried to test these hash functions using a few billion input messages and I found that there is no hash value ...
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### Is this cascading encryption, and is my security weakened as a result?

I'm trying to understand what is, and what is not, considered cascading encryption. All of the posts and conversations I've read over the past few days discourage the practice, including this article. ...