# All Questions

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### Physical Level Encryption

What types of algorithms that are capable of signing a message are out there that run on a physical level, e.g. lacking the infrastructure of a standard PC, no memory, processor or motherboard in the ...
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### Why this k parameter is in unary in adversary PPT algorithm?

While reading some text on cryptography, I found that algorithm $A$, that the adversary (called Eve by convention) runs to break the cipher message, needs two parameters, candidate message ($y$) and ...
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### Are there any hand ciphers not obsoleted by computer cryptanalysis?

Computerized cryptanalysis has obviously made formerly "secure" hand ciphers like Playfair, Four Square, and the Hill Cipher obsolete because they can be defeated in seconds. But is there a hand ...
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### How to calculate cycles per byte

I have this data: processor clock frequency: 2,1 ghz message length: 16 byte Speed: 4,3 Mbytes/s how can calculate cycles and cycles per byte?
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### Polynomial multiplication and division in 2^128

I want to multiply and divide polynomials, and implement the extended Euclidean algorithm for polynomial greatest common divisors, over a Galois Field of size $2^{128}$. Moreover, I want to use the ...
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### Is Base64(SHA1(GUID)) still unique like the original GUID?

Basically what the title is; GUIDs are unique by design. If you run the GUID through SHA1 and then Base64 the hash, will the resulting string have the same guaranteed uniqueness as the GUID, or not?
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### Alternatives to HMAC + CBC?

I'm looking at using HMAC + CBC. The combination looks like this: ciphertext = AES256(text, k1) data = HMAC-SHA256(iv | ciphertext, k2) | iv | ciphertext Where: ...
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### What are the potential security impacts of using CRAM-MD5 for Emails, when not using an SSL connection?

Background: My current server-provider tells me it's no problem to store the passwords in plain-text in the database, saying he has to do so because they use CRAM-MD5 for email authentication. But ...
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### How does OAEP improve the security of RSA?

The heart of OAEP algorithm used for RSA encryption are the cryptographic hash functions $H$ and $G$. Does everybody (so also an adversary) know these functions? If YES: How does it help the ...
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### Does encrypting twice using the same block cipher produce a security weakness?

If I use the output of a cipher, for example a block cipher such as AES and encrypt it again with the same algorithm, I read that this introduces weaknesses into the overall security of the system. ...
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### Designing a security system from scratch with a custom protocol, suggestions needed

For the reasons I cannot go into details, I need to design my own protocol and overall security system which will be used to establish secure data exchange between various devices (most notably ...
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### Why xor the message into the state for sponge hashes?

Sponge hashes like Keccak(SHA-3) and CubeHash, xor a message block into part of the internal state. Why use a reversible operation like xor for that, instead of replacing that part of the state with ...
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### What kind of adversary is the cloud?

I just started some work on computation over encrypted data in the cloud. We're still in the early planning stages, and to really understand the kind of security we can offer I need to determine what ...
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### Can someone help with the following hashes? [closed]

Here are a couple of hashes. I feel it should be easy (simple base conversions?) to decode them but I haven't succeeded so far. Can someone help? ...
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### Crypting text cheating wife on iphone [closed]

Wife received text looks like Chinese with boxes I am new to cheating with adware and crypting And embedding can I buy a service or app and cut and paste or copy these texts and they are Sent back ...
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### Combining LFSRs for Stream Ciphers: Why do we need high non-linearity?

Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) can be excellent (efficient, fast, and with good statistial properties) pseudo-random generators. Many stream ciphers are based on LFSRs and one of the possible ...