# All Questions

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### Sieving the sequence $x^2-n$ to recognize b-smooth numbers

I am currently programming the quadratic sieve and have several literature books / papers. I have several literature books and will take an example out of [1] for my question: [1] An Introduction to ...
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### Why $p-1$ needs large factors in discrete logarithm?

In discrete logarithm over cyclic group $\Bbb Z_p$ where $p$ is a prime or $p=q^n$ a prime power it is desired that $p-1$ needs to have large factors except for $2$. What is the consequence even if ...
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### Why is a-symmetric so much harder to compute and why does it need such big keys? [duplicate]

I read that a symmetric encryption requires a way bigger key size to have the same security as symmetric encryption with smaller keys. But why is this, and why is it so much harder to compute?
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### In RSA, how CPU deals with this huge modulus (8196)?

Whilst I understand how RSA algorithm works, i don't understand how CPU operates, when it needs to use function mod with huge number n, for example. $n = 8192$ bit; $c = m^e \mod n$; In ...
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### Scalar Multiplication for Elliptic Curve

Let $\mathbb{E}$ be the elliptic curve $y^2 = x^3 + 6x \text{ mod } 11$ and consider the point $P = (2, 3)$ on it. How do I compute $3P$? I have been able to figure out what $2P$ is, $2P = (5,10)$. ...
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### how does the Number Field Sieve find the target number for Deffie Hellman

I have read some papers relating to the Number Field Sieve, but I could not figure out how this algorithm helps in Logjam, or even what is meant by the number field. What is this? What is meant by ...
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### Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers with Shorter Public Keys

I want to implement Homomorphic scheme in this paper https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/441.pdf I successfully implemented key generation by taking lamda(λ)=2,beta(β)=4,eta(η)=4 But I am not getting ...
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### ANSI X9.9 Cryptography Standards

I'm trying to create a ISO8583 Rev93 message. What is the standard way of generating MAC key in ANSI X9.9 DES-CBC encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the ...
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### Can I change an encryption key used without decrypting first

I'm looking to solve for a little challenge I have in regards to changing the encryption on a message with asymmetric keys. I'd love to be able to swap the encryption to a different key in memory and ...
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### Do I need to use a CSPRNG when creating salts for user accounts?

I'm not sure about the need of using CSPRNG to create salts for each user account. I found “Cryptographically Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator in Qt/C++ (Cross platform)” (at StackOverflow) with ...
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### How are salt values more secure?

If a database stores password encrypted by using salt values, how are they stored? I read somewhere, it uses timestamps. So is the timestamp also stored? How about when a user tries to login next ...
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### Salts, how does the script know what the salt is?

I am new to PHP programming and trying to grasp the idea of hashing and encryption for protecting passwords, credit card details and such. I've done a lot of reading about MD5 which I think I ...
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### Correlation Immunity Of 4 bit S Box

I have a 4 bit S Box byte[] S = new byte[16] { 0x9, 0xE, 0x5, 0x6, 0xA, 0x2, 0x3, 0xC, 0xF, 0x0, 0x4, 0xD, 0x7, 0xB, 0x1, 0x8 }; How can i calculate Correlation ...
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### Where and how to store private keys in web applications for private messaging with web browsers

I am working on a web application enabling users to communicate over private messages which is just one part of the whole system. The main focus during my development process is to protect the privacy ...
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### PGP String-to-Key specifiers

I've been reading through the PGP Standard and here I'm a little confused. This section is discussing converting string data to a session key. I'm confused about the paragraph in bold. First off, what ...
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### Is this a good choice of a digital signature scheme?

This is a concrete instantiation of Rabin-Williams signatures. Specifically: The private key is 2 primes $p, q$. The public key is their product $N = pq$ and is approximately 3072 bits long. the ...
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### Are there any signature schemes for underpowered devices (8-bit microcontroller)?

I am currently researching into a small scale home automation system, aiming for cost. The system architecture is basically one master and several slaves which are connected in parallel. Recently ...
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### Derive $x$ when given $g,g^x$ and $g^{(1/x)}$?

If an adversary has access to the generator g of a group G and is given access to $g^{x}$ and $g^{(1/x)}$, will it make it any easier to derive the value of $x$ compared to when he had access to only ...
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### OpenSSL ECDSA verification [migrated]

Using ECDSA, how do you verify integrity of Data (D), Given the value for the following: Random number (r) Signature (s) ECpublic Key (K) In other words, Using OpenSSL command line, can I decrypt ...
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### How to detect what crypto-method is used by Filecoder.Q?

I have 2 different images, one original, and one locked by a malware detected by eset as "Win32/Filecoder.Q". How to detect the encryption method that is used and the key, that is not using any ...
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### Why is padding the plaintext with a random string before encryption worse than OAEP / PKCS#7?

I'm reading about OAEP / PKCS padding used for PGP to turn deterministic algorithms like RSA from deterministic encryption to probabilistic encryption (randomness in the resulting output). That way ...
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### What use cases would benefit from a faster RNG?

The paper “Explicit Two-Source Extractors and Resilient Functions” (PDF) by Eshan Chattopadhyay and David Zuckerman is described by some as being a technological leap in RNG – opposed to slow and ...
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### The effect of truncated hash on entropy

Suppose I have a 128-bit random binary string (128 bits of entropy), then I hash it using SHA-256, then I take the first 128 bits of the output hash. Does the taken bit string still have (almost) 128 ...
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### Why can an elliptic curve private key be 1?

I often see in papers (e.g. this one) that for an elliptic curve with generator point $G$ and order $n$ the private key $d$ can take on any integer value in the range $[1, n)$. When $d = 1$ the ...
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### How to multiply a matrix of bits with another?

For example, assume I have two 4x4 matrices of bits: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 I want to apply ...
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### Master keys' strengh

If I am going to use a master key to generate a session key, why the master key must be "stronger" than the session key? Like should not be distributing 128-bit AES keys derived from a 56-bit DES ...
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### Use MDC to provide origin authentication for public key encryption?

Why can't we use an MDC to provide origin authentication when using public-key encryption?
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### Differential & linear characteristics for integer multiplication

What are the probabilities of differential & linear characteristics for the function that XORs the high and low bits from a $n \times n \rightarrow 2n$ bit multiplication? I remember reading ...
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### Padding schemes for asymmetric encryption with provable security in the standard model

Most padding schemes for asymmetric encryption (OAEP, OAEP+) are only proven secure in the random oracle model. Although no attacks are known, it would be nice to find a padding scheme with provable ...
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### Should I use XTS or GCM to encrypt my hard drives?

I want to start encrypting all of my hard drives, but I don't know whether to choose XTS or GCM mode. Why is it that XTS is recommended (since the most websites I visit use GCM in their HTTPS ...
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### Do key-dependent S-boxes make efficient constant-time software implementations almost impossible?

It seems to me that algorithms like Blowfish and Twofish with key-dependent S-boxes are almost impossible to implement without table lookups, and thus are almost impossible to implement in software ...
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### About random self-reducibility of DDH

In Section 8 of this, Lindell presents a construction of an oblivious transfer protocol which is secure in the malicious model under the following variant of the DDH assumption (page 53): [F]or ...
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### Collisions in the cyclotomic knapsack function

I've been working my way through the paper “Efficient Collision-Resistant Hashing from Worst-Case Assumptions on Cyclic Lattices” by Peikert and Rosen, and I've come across something that doesn't seem ...
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### Is Threefish the only cipher with 1024 bits of security?

Threefish has up to a massive 1024 bits of security. Is it the only cipher with such overkill security?
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### Do I need to worry about timing attacks in Base64 encoding/decoding of private keys?

Do I need to worry about timing attacks in Base64 encoding/decoding of private keys? This is a common operation (ex. PEM keys) and is variable time in typical implementations.
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### How do two parties put together the AUTH data in the SKEME protocol?

SKEME is a Key Exchange protocol used in the Internet Key Exchange (IKE). It contains three phases: SHARE, EXCH, and ...
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### Full encryption of IDs, partial decryption with customer specific key

I am looking for a "partial" encryption/decryption algorithm. Let's say I am encrypting the following List of IDs (long values) $[1,2,3,4]$ (with a secret key) to an encrypted string $e$, I would ...
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### System parameters in identity-based encryption

In IBE schemes, the system parameters are $(q, \mathbb{G}, F, \hat{e}, P, Q, T, H_1)$. I don't know $\hat{e}$. For example, in type A pairing… ...
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### Secure content-defined chunking

Intro For deduplication purposes, I need to split a stream of plaintext bytes into variable-sized chunks. The way this is traditionally done is using a rolling hash function defined over some window ...