# All Questions

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### How secure is this modified Bazeries Cylinder?

This device is a modification of the Bazeries cylinder, it has two stacks of 5 rotors which each bear two alphabets plus numbers 0-9, one in correct order and one in random order ( 36 characters in ...
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### Does CTR mode yield a PRF?

Can the keystream generated by CTR mode be considered a pseudo-random function? I give more information. Assume $f$ is a PRF. We define a function which takes 2 inputs, the desired length, and an ...
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### Key Size for Symmetric Homomorphic Encryption Over the Integers

In the paper Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers, it mentions a symmetric key scheme on page 1 and 2. Key Generation: Pick a random odd number $p \epsilon [2^{N-1},2^N)$ Encrypt A Bit m: ...
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### Is there a practical security difference between OTP with letters and OTP with numbers?

Is there a practical security difference between OTP with letters and OTP with numbers? If, for instance, I encrypt a letter message, using Tabula Recta, with a random letter key THISI SATES TXAAA - ...
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### Requirements for the modulus in the Massey-Omura three pass protocol

In the Massey-Omura three pass protocol: How many bits long should the prime modulus $M$ be in order to be secure? Should the $M$ be secret? Should the $M$ be generated every time or it could be ...
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### Proving an encrypted message contains (but does not 100% consist of) a plain-text message?

I have keypair (u,r), and two pieces of data, X and Y. I reveal X publicly but keep Y secret. Y has high entropy. I then concatenate X and Y, into Z. I encrypt Z, into "encrypt(Z,u) = Q". r is ...
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### Concepts for realization in applied cryptography

I'm a computer science student (not a mathematican) and I'm gonna to write a master degree diploma on applied cryptography. Specifically, I'd like to create a realization of some cryptographic stuff ...
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### Generate RSA-2048 private key for a VERY fast decryption (don't care if it will be unsecure)

Given public standard RSA exponent e = 65537, is there any (d, n) pairs so that RSA decryption becomes a trivial operation? The modulus n must be no less than 2048-bit. The goal is to get a real ...
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### Where is CFB-MAC defined?

I can find a couple of descriptions of using CFB mode to create a MAC, but cannot find any standard or papers analyzing its security bounds. Is there a standard for CFB-MAC? Where can I find an ...
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### Is Curve25519 vulnerable to private key exposure in the case of a bad RNG?

I'm really excited by what I've learned of advancements in elliptic-curve cryptography. Curve25519 seems to be a great choice at this point in time, but if I recall correctly, some elliptic curve ...
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### Can we use the authentication tag as Nonce / IV for the next message?

Let's assume we're in some scenario requiring transfer of large amounts of data. This means we can only use AES-GCM chunk-for-chunk as its maximal size is restricted to a few GiBs. This means we have ...
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### A periodic PRNG based on hash function?

I need a PRNG which provides 128 bytes numbers. Let's say that given a symmetric key $K$ and an internal state $s$ I use the PRF HMAC-SHA512 this way: The output is PRNG($K, s$) = ...
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### Are there ANY text strings that will generate the same SHA-512 Hash output? [duplicate]

Are there ANY text strings that will generate the same SHA-512 Hash output? Please provide an example, and how you came to that conclusion. I've tried thousands of variations, including ".." vs. "." ...
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### PGP String to Key specifiers

I've been reading through the PGP Standard and here I'm a little confused. This section is discussing converting string data to a session key. I'm confused about the paragraph in bold. First off, what ...
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### Proving an encrypted message contains (but does not 100% consist of) a plain-text message? [duplicate]

I have keypair (u,r), and two pieces of data, X and Y. I reveal X publicly but keep Y secret. Y has high entropy. I then combine X and Y, into c(X,Y) = Z. I encrypt Z, into "encrypt(Z,u) = Q". r ...
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### Formula for the number of expected collisions

Say we have a hash function that produces $n$ bit outputs. From the birthday problem that after around $\sqrt{2^n}$ different inputs to the has function, we can expect a collision. Say instead that ...
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### DES hardware implementation of substitution lookup table [ ReWorked ]

I'm a crypto enthusiastic and student of cryptography. I'm developing a project with other students titled "A hardware implementation of a DES cryptography for educational purposes", our idea was to ...
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### Why do we truncate the hash when using DSA?

All the articles I read on the web about DSA keep telling me that the size of the hash needs to be truncated so that the bit length is equal to or lesser than the bit length of the prime number of the ...
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### Size of encrypted AES CEK in CMS block

When I run openssl cms -encrypt -aes256 -in sample.der -out wrapped.der -outform DER -recip ecc.crt -keyopt ecdh_kdf_md:sha512 the part of the CMS output which ...
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### Calculating $\mathbb F_{p^2}$-rational points of an elliptic curve defined over $\mathbb F_p$

How can I calculate points on an elliptic curve defined over $\mathbb F_p$, for example $y^2 \equiv x^3 + 1 \pmod p$, with coordinates in $\mathbb F_{p^2}$? (points might have complex number format in ...
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### Is there any equivalent to the apache xml security library for JSON? [on hold]

I'm talking about org.apache.xml.security(santurio) Is there any equivalent library that works with JSON and provides the same set of features? (mostly AES-128 with KEK support)
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### Privacy and Integrity in Public Cryptography

I'm trying to figure out which is the best way to get privacy and integrity together in public cryptography. Alice needs to send multiple files $f$ (may be big) to Bob. I've thought: Alice computes ...
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### Are ideal hashes possible to create?

In a hash function, you map an input of arbitrary length to an output of finite length such that the relationship is one-to-one (or at least that's what you are trying to achieve). Hence, isn't it ...
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### What security authorities and standards reject $e=3$ in RSA, when, and with what rationale?

In RSA, some security authorities and/or standards allow the public exponent $e=3$, others require or recommend $e>2^{16}$ (or perhaps some other minimum). I gathered the following: PKCS#1 allows ...
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### Are there any cryptosystems that use multiple keys to perform encryption instead of one or two? [on hold]

Are there any cryptosystem that uses multiple keys (3 or more) to perform encryption rather than one (symmetric-key cryptography) or two (RSA, public-key cryptography, etc)?
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### Ensuring integrity and confidentiality together with symmetric encryption

I've been required to answer a question: As usually, we have Alice and Bob. Suppose Alice wants to send a file F to Bob, ensuring integrity and confidentiality. They share a symmetryc key ...
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### One time pad- XORing or substitution

I have come across 2 versions of otp while reading it and want to confirm it. they have taken a plain text consisting of alphabets where they are shifted and replaced by alphabets itself. XORing of ...
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### CPA-security proof of “l-padded RSA” encryption scheme

The 10.9 exercise from the Katz-Lindell textbook creates a lot of confusion, let me state it here. Consider the following experiment for an algorithm $A$ and a function $l$ with $l(n) \leq 2n-2$ for ...
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### Hitting a counter example in homomorphic encryption over the integers

The paper Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers talks about a super simple symmetric key implementation on page 1 and 2. It says that to generate a key, you pick a random odd number between ...
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### Does Curve25519 only provide 112 bit security?

In a recent mail on the IETF CFRG mailing list it was claimed that: The (currently missing) security considerations (or somewhere) should describe why Curve25519 is ok when used in contexts where ...
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### Exchanging keys via third party

In many symmetric key ciphers sender and receiver have to exchange a single key. They may also do it through 3rd party who distributes it to both of them. since 3rd party can read all messages ...
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### Randomness in Public Key Encryption

For a scheme to be at least CPA secure, one has to randomize the scheme. In case of a secret key encryption scheme, the used randomness will typically become part of the cipher text as in the case of ...
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### Can iterated hashing be used to mitigate collision and preimage weaknesses?

How much security does double hashing add regarding collisions and preimages? Is it helpful to iterate a hash function even more times than two? For example, can MD5 be fixed (in practice) by ...
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### Encipher the following plaintext message using the Vignere method using the key K = [4,2,3] [on hold]

Encipher the following plaintext message, Exotic, using the Vignere method using the key K = [4,2,3] Can anyone help me get the ...
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### Is there a way to generate sound one-time pads out of public information?

Is there a way to 'mangle' a public data-source (for example, the current date in YYYYMMDD or the top New York Times headline) to form a one-time pad that will sufficiently hide the pad's source? ...
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### What was the NSA's reasoning for making their bitwise combination functions in SHA-1 the way they did?

I know that these functions are there to actually make the program work. What I want to know is why they made the functions one way but not another. For example, why did they pick F1(B, C, D) = (B ...
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### Cryptography and FPGA

I see a lot of papers about FPGA implementations. For what kind of "concrete" application should we implement cryptographic algorithms on FPGA ? Which secured application require such a huge data ...
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### Clarification of RFC2246 with regards to Finished Message

I'm working on a client handshake finished message for a TLS client, and I'm reading through the RFC 2246 spec. The spec states (in section 7.4.9): The hash contained in finished messages sent by ...
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### Choose a random number that is different from a bunch of other secret numbers

I'm looking for an algorithm where n participants each have a different secret number between $[0..x]$ (and where $x$ is known) and where the participants then select randomly another, non-secret, ...
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I have an OLD work database that seems to have a simple encryption on the PW. I have one users whose pw is 7777 the cipher text is ...
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### Symmetric key in homomorphic encryption over the integers

Much like this question: Public key in fully homomorphic encryption over the integers I am also reading I'm reading Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers, but I'm working on implementing the ...
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### Proving set membership in less than log(N) bandwidth

I have an unchanging set of unique items, and I want my server to show one of those items to a client, then cryptographically prove that the item is part of the set. How I do this currently: ...
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### What is stopping someone from saving encrypted info, and decoding it later?

When I send encrypted data to a website, using public key encryption, what is stopping someone who is listening from storing my encrypted data, and decryption it in a few years after they have ...
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### Can RSA be securely used for “blind decryption”?

Assume we have the following setup: A client with trusted storage and computing capabilities (e.g. a smartcard) A server with trusted computing and short-term storage capabilities (e.g. RAM + CPU, ...
### Shamir Secret Sharing: Why cannot we recover polynomial's root if we have $t-1$ shares?
Imagine we have $t-1$ shares in $(t,n)$ shamir secret sharing. So at least $t$ shares are needed. Question: Why cannot we use $t-1$ shares to find a root of the polynomial and then recover the ...