# All Questions

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### Microsoft CA Certificate Request

I am new to MS CA and I have recently installed a MS CA setup on a VM. I used the web service provided "http://test.server.name.tld/certsrv" to request a certificate. I approved my test certificate ...
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### Let N be known and d such that 3d = 1 mod phi(n)

Let N = pq be a product of two distinct primes. Show that if N and an integer d such that 3 · d = 1 mod φ(N ) are known, then it is possible to compute p and q in polynomial time.
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### Generalize the Merkle-Damgard construction for any compression function

I am trying to figure out this question: Generalize the Merkle-Damgard construction for any compression func­tion that compresses by at least one bit . You should refer to a general input length ...
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### Using beginning of TLS ecnrypted data to reveal secret

I have the following question about TLS security: Assume TLS-PSK protected HTTP with AES256-CBC cipher. When a TLS connection is established, client sends some encrypted data, where the plaintext is ...
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### How can compute execution time for generate key AES algorithm?

I try compute execution time for encrypt, decrypt and generate key for AES encryption algorithm. I think computed execution time for encrypt and decrypt is correct but I can't compute execution time ...
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### Will hashing over and over eventually give the same hash?

There are many cases in maths where doing the same thing over and over again will bring you closer to a value. Derivation of polynomials is the striking example: no matter what you start with, you end ...
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### How can we prove that two discrete logarithms are equal?

Suppose there are two elements $a = g^x$ and $b = h^x$, where $g$ and $h$ are generators in $Z^*_p$ and $p$ is a large prime. How can we prove that $a$ and $b$ have the same discrete logarithms with ...
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### Ruby OpenSSL vs Linux openssl [migrated]

I have a difficulty reconciling Ruby's OpenSSL library with the standard Linux command line openssl. What I'm trying to do here is encrypt the string mysecretstring with the password foobar but first ...
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### How to use MSG_MORE and MSG_OOB with AF_ALG while computing hash on a big file?

This is regarding the hash computation over a file with AF_ALG from user space. [without OpenSSL] The following link has the mail from Herbert with subject: "RFC: ...
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### ECC Complexity order of point addition, scalar point multiplication and selecting random point

I am facing this problem in calculating the order of a process which involves ECC point addition P+Q , scalar multiplication aP, and selecting random points in the group. the group is of prime order ...
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### Frequency analysis of transposition ciphers

Can we do frequency analysis of transposition ciphers? If yes, please tell me the procedure and I would be happy if you provide me with some links related to it. I heard that it can be done using ...
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### How can I generate a brief (100) stream of random numbers, not using the computer or throwing dice?

I am looking for a method of making random numbers that is off-line and is also independent of specialist equipment like a Geiger counter.
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### State of the art RSA key generation

I would like to know if there is an algorithm to generate a RSA key at the state of the art of the present cryptanalysis. Beside the key lenght I know there are some weakness in the choice of prime ...
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### Which homomorphic encryption scheme has the same size of plaintext space and ciphertext space?

I want to pre-compute the result for all possible ciphertext of a homomorphic encryption. Is it acheivable? Is there a fully homomorphic encryption scheme that has the same size of plaintext space ...
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### Solving Vignere Encryption

I'm currently trying to crack a cypher that I believe is Vignere Encrypted and I'm currently stuck. I calculated the key length by finding repeated sequences in the cypher and calculating the the ...
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### Questions about adding 0s to the key in HMAC and how it compares to SHAd

I noticed some strange behaviour when adding different characters onto the end of the key then inputting it into HMAC and I was getting the same output hash. First I generated a key and message to ...
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### How are private keys stored on disk? [migrated]

I have a public and secret key pair in my .ssh folder. How is the secret key being stored on disk? What I mean is .. Is it possible for someone to hack into my computer, steal the secret key and use ...
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### Spurious keys filter

Is there any possible way to filter a key space in a crypto-system to get a set of keys that decrypts out a valid text (text that is in same language or readable)? I tried a random approach and got ...
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### Encrypting a short phrase into two keys. both with length of 32letters

It doesn't need to be crazy secure. I wanted to figure out if there's a popular practice when encrypting a short phrase (less than 32 letter long) into two keys (two strings 32 length). Doesn't need ...
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### What can I change in Lane to

What can I change in Lane to increase memory (and compute) consumption. My first idea would be to change n, but with Lane hash function is there a way I can up the n to a level higher than 512. If I ...
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### Cryptography — with a semi-priveleged user in the middle — to prevent request-tampering with another server

I'm working on a chat server for a mobile app I am writing. I would like to use a different application server for non-chat related operations and another application for chat operations. I would ...
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### HMAC definition by using only one key

Suppose $H$ is a hash function; why is $H(k||H(k||m))$ not secure? See this HMAC definition. In there, indeed two keys are used and the mac algorithm is $H(k_1 ||H(k_2 ||m))$ . Why don't we use ...
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### Cryptography systems based on NP complete problems

There is any cryptography system that have a good reputation based on NP complete problem? I read about the knapsack, but it was cracked.
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### Nonlinearity of the J-K Flip Flop

In "Encryption Schemes for Computer Confidentiality", Pless describes how to use the J-K flip flop as a nonlinear combiner for linear feedback shift registers. This generator was broken because the ...
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### Are the MD5 constants an S-Box?

I noticed that several hash algorithms, in this case MD5, defines some constants. MD5 defines 64 constant values (the shift count per round) which also gets expand (via sine) to a summand for a ...
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### CVE-2014-1295 (Apple's Secure Transport and Triple Handshake Attack)

Apple is releasing some updates today. They have not published the bulletins yet, but they are available here: https://gist.github.com/FredericJacobs/11189734. In the writeup for CVE-2014-1295: ...
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### What are the key differences between the draft SHA-3 standard and the Keccak submission?

I just noticed that on the NIST website there is a PDF with a draft of the SHA-3 standard (i.e. FIPS 202) (marked as "new", and seemingly the page was last changed on April 7, 2014). Previously it ...
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### Can I prove set membership and uniqueness without revealing the element?

Assuming a publicly known set $\Psi$ with $N$ unique elements. I have a set $\Sigma=\{\sigma_1,\sigma_2,...,\sigma_m\}$ where $m\leqslant N$. I would like to publicly prove that all the elements in ...
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### Burn after read algorythm. Software verification on compromised environment. Software smart card

please help me pick right design of software I have to design client-server software, where server should verify that client runs software from exact source code. And where software doesn't simulate ...
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### Use cases for CMAC vs. HMAC?

Both can be used to verify the integrity of a message. Assuming you have the needed primitives available to you (i.e. the code space of needing both a cipher and a hash function isn't prohibitive), is ...
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### “Fine grain Cross-VM Attacks on Xen and VMware are possible” and OpenSSL 0.9.7

Here's a paper that just made its way into Cryptology ePrint Archive: Fine grain Cross-VM Attacks on Xen and VMware are possible!. Its a good survey of past attacks and presents a couple of new ...
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### Is less security required for a short stream cipher than for the AES enciphering of very long messages? [on hold]

Criticisms of a cipher system such as 'the ciphertext from one message must be indistinguishable from the ciphertext of a second message" surely only apply when there are very large amounts of ...
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### Key construction in the Full Cramer-Shoup cryptosystem

The Full Cramer-Shoup Encryption scheme needs to choose six random numbers from $\mathbb{Z}_q$, which we denote them by $x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2,z_1,z_2$. Then the scheme hides these random numbers in the ...
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### Why does computing g^a * g^{-a} with the PBC library result in zero?

My example code is as follows: /* * Example 1 * 1) Calculate g^a * 2) calculate g^{-a} * 3) multiply g^a * g^{-a} * */ Note: here ...
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### Definition of one-way functions: randomly-chosen point vs every point

Notation: $\Sigma^k$ is the set of $k$-strings on the alphabet $\Sigma$; $\Sigma^\ast$ is the set of all finite dimensional strings on the alphabet $\Sigma$. In the context of computer-science a ...
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### Leaving authentication data blank less secure for AES GCM?

The AES GCM example for Ruby / OpenSSL shown at: http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0/libdoc/openssl/rdoc/OpenSSL/Cipher.html has a GCM example of the following: ...
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### Stateless hash based public key cryptography?

Merkle-Winternitz signatures based on fractal hash trees are an attractive alternative to other post-quantum cryptographic schemes, in particular since they are conceptually simple, the security ...
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### Is it possible to track down copies of WW2-era codebooks?

I've got an academic curiosity regarding some of the old Japanese naval codes used during World War II specifically, but I was just wondering if any of the codebooks from this era had been made ...
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### Usage of different size chunks during AES encryption/decryption

I want to encrypt user's files on our server. For this purpose I decided to use the PHP Mcrypt library. I chose to use the Rijandel-128 algorithm and CBC mode for encryption. Since files are quite ...
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### Creating passwords that are both secure and memorable [on hold]

I have seven critical passwords. I want them to be long enough to be secure, memorable enough that I never forget them, unique enough to resist an attacker. How do I achieve this?
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### Recommendation for authenticated ephemeral key exchange

I am working on a home project and I wanted to implement an authenticated ephemeral key exchange using Elliptic curves. I first thought about Station-to-Station with EC protocol, but it does not seem ...
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### Cryptography Implementation in software

I am trying to implement a password manager in C and I had a question about the proper steps in implementing the crypto. I looked at some implementations, google talks on crypto and what the standards ...
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### Is a tweakable block cipher still considered deterministic in nature?

"a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key. - Wikipedia " But with a ...
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### Diffusion in Shamir's secret sharing scheme

The popular command line utility ssss implements the classic Shamir's secret sharing scheme over the generic field $GF(2^q)$ with $8 \le q \le 1024$. When $q>=64$, the constant coefficient ($c_0$) ...
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### XORing a header with SHA512-hash - secure?

I am writing a application that encrypts text several times and stores the result. The result looks like complete random bytes, therefore I add some random bytes at the end. To let the program know ...