# All Questions

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### Hard-core predicates: should the adversary be given $1^n$?

In most (all?) classical sources such as the book of Goldreich (2001), hard-core predicated are defined thus: A polynomial-time computable predicate $b : \{0,1\}^* \to \{0,1\}$ is a hard-core of a ...
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### Hash length extension attack - SHA256 to 512 - impossible, correct?

Just want to be sure about something before I sign off on a method we're about to put into place. We have a secret, to which a user-defined key is appended. The user can see the SHA256 hash of the ...
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### Logjam: “composite order subgroups” explained for TLS developers and system admins?

I have read the recent logjam paper Imperfect Forward Secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman Fails in Practice. On page 11 in the Recommendations section, they state: ...
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### The difference in size between ECDSA output and hash size

So if I use secp256k1 for example, I've got my key size of 256 bit, and say I sign a SHA256 hash of a message, with size 256 bit, I get an output of size 512bit. Why is there a difference between the ...
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### I've been sent a code in binary, but I can't seem to figure out what to do with it [on hold]

My friend sent me a "puzzle" in binary, and said that there are multiple steps to solving the puzzle, all of them including decryption. I translated the binary into text and he said that was a good ...
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### Finding Patterns in Encrypted Data

I am looking for an application (Windows) or code example that might help me find patterns in an encrypted file. I have a ciphertext for which I want to see when a key is repeated. I am not trying ...
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### How to find the encryption method and password?

I got an encrypted text, which was encrypted using a substitution cipher, and the corresponding plaintext. Now I want to find out what algorithm and password was used to encrypt it. How can I ...
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### one-way deterministic hash for low entropy input?

My problem is the following: we have a low entropy data called ID. (personal id number of 10 decimal digits plus a sum, and it contains a date) We want to create a data (H) which is the same for the ...
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### Decryption of Huffman code

I know that Huffman is not a encryption method, but I have a bit-stream that I know it's Huffman coded. However, the tree/table that maps the codes to real characters is not available. Surprisingly, ...
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### Algorithms for Extracting Linear Equations in Algebraic Cryptanalysis [on hold]

There are some algorithms for solving linear equations in algebraic cryptanalysis but my question is that what the extracting algorithms are? Any help is appreciated. Regards.
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### prepaid meters that rely on a disconnected system

i have some experience with cryptography in the banking sectors, mostly in block ciphers like DES 3DES etc. im interested in prepaid electricity meters as it is a number that is generated from a ...
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### Is it possible to have colliding public keys across ciphers?

Is it possible (and is there any research I can read) to have 2 key pairs for different ciphers, for example RSA 1024 and some yet to be released EC (or other asymmetric cipher) than uses 1024 bit ...
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### Cannot verify rsa signature on Android [on hold]

I'm trying to sign an encrypted message with a private key and verify it in Java. This is my first time working with encryption and signatures so I'm not sure how it is supposed to work and I'm kind ...
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### Would this method deliver a perfectly non-malleable encryption for at least two blocks?

Say I’m using a 128 bit block cipher and would like to encrypt a 256 bit input that would be divided to two blocks, however I wish that every bit changed in the ciphertext would completely corrupt ...
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### HTTPS and plaintext authentication

I have client connecting a server over HTTPS to send and retrieve data. The client always connects through HTTPS The certificate is known to the client beforehand (hard coded into the software) The ...
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### Why exactly Blowfish max key length is 448

Could anyone, please, tell me history of birth of Blowfish algorithm? Specifically, what is substantiation of Blowfish key length to be in range from 32 till 448 bits? Why, for example, it wasn't ...
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### Severity of Cooking NIST P Curve Constants

Bruce Schneier and Gregory Maxwell have both stated that they believe the constants chosen for NIST's P curves (i.e. P-256r) are cooked. DJB has put together a detailed list of red flags but, outside ...
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### Can i get a list of over hard and long RSA keys? i think i have found a vulnerability in RSA Algorithm [on hold]

al-right, I need some examples of hard and long RSA keys cause i think i have found vulnerability in RSA. i need you to give me few hard Values of n (which is pxq) and i will tell you what p and q ...
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### How to perform homomorphic multiplication in ElGamal?

How can I compute homomorphic multiplication in ElGamal? That is: Given two ciphertexts $(R_1,c_1)$ and $(R_2,c_2)$ corresponding to plaintexts $m_1$ and $m_2$ under some public key; how can I compute ...
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### application for cryptography algorithms [on hold]

i am working on an article named "Performance Analysis of Data Encryption Algorithms" and i am going to compare AES , DES , 3DES and etc performance. implementing all these algorithms is a time ...
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### RSA Signature : Process of Sign the message and Verify

I have read that the RSA numeric signature works as the following: Generation of keys : $p,q,N,e,d$ Process of signing the message $m$ (which is BigInteger) : it uses the secret key $sk=(p,q,d)$ so ...
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### secure dynamicaly growing memory (libsodium)

I am collecting sensitive form user input which, when the input has finished, I want to encrypt using asymmetric encryption. I do not know the length of the data beforehand. I dont't want the data to ...
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### prevent padding oracle attack on key exchange process

I found in my searches that the padding oracle attack can be used against the RSA with PKCS1PAdding or OAEP padding, and I used this algorithm for a symmetric key exchange. How can I prevent a padding ...
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### What should I think about these unique certificate serial numbers [on hold]

I was looking at the serial numbers of the certificates for www.google.com and wordpress.com. Wordpress was listed by openssl as: 04:0B:D4:F8:25:88:C5 This serial is listed as the serial for both ...
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### How can a block cipher in counter mode be a reasonable PRNG when it's a PRP?

Wikipedia claims: A secure block cipher can be converted into a CSPRNG by running it in counter mode. This is done by choosing a random key and encrypting a 0, then encrypting a 1, then encrypting ...
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### What are the Real World Applications of merkle tree and merkle root [on hold]

How can I use merkle tree concept for doing payments in banking technology ?
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### Is sending encrypted message and signed message a secure way of transmitting data? [duplicate]

I know that the industrial standard is normally sending data in the following format: Send Encr(msg, Sign(msg)) Is the following way a secure as well? ...
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### Has a collision ever been found for SHA-1/2/3 when truncated to 128 bits?

I'm aware that MD5 is broken, and collisions have been found for it. I'm interested in other hashes (SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3) when truncated to the same digest size, i.e. 128 bits. The time complexity of ...
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### Exist this chat protocol?

I want to implement a secure chat on mobile. I like to know if the following protocol for key agreement that use any asymetric encryption exist: Suppose Alice and Bob are two clients of the app. For ...
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### Elliptic Curve Cryptography Encrytion and text representation implementation

I'm writing a coursework and right now I've implemented the ECDSA algorithm, but I also need to encrypt and decrypt small text files (.txt) using elliptic curve cryptography. The problem is that I do ...
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### Is the hash function defined in this exercise collision-resistant?

I have this problem: "Let ${\rm Enc}_k(m)$ a safe block encryption system. We define a hash function $H(m)$ as follows: $m$ will be concatenated with $0$ until $|m|$ is a multiple of ...
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### Strenght of TLS handshake

I asked this question recently but I was told it is not save to simply send over the identifier for your crypto method you want to use. for example, say the server has crypto method 3 5 and 6, the ...
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### Is it possible to encrypt x coordinate of an EC point with a password? [on hold]

With reference to EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol I have a question: What are the problems arise if x coordinate of an EC point is encrypted using a pre-shared key like ...
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### Post-quantum authenticated encryption

It is well-known that the Grover's algorithm reduces cryptographic strength of symmetric ciphers to a square-root - e.g. AES-256 becomes only 2128 strong. However, these statements are always made ...
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### Rsa Key Exchange Protocol

Moderators: Maybe this question will be move to other sub-forum. My question is Anybody know some link with a tutorial of how implement the RSA key exchange protocol using java for chat comunication?
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### Can spatial filters be used to factor composite numbers?

$Z=(N-XY)^2$ is a surface with absolute minima ($0s$) anywere $Y=N/X$. I know this question is naiive, but shouldn't it be possible to apply a lossy compression filter to this function which ...
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### RSA_DH vs ECDH implementation

In ECDH protocol is possible, naturally, to use the same algorithm for calculate a secret key for both communication parties (Alice and Bob for example). It is possible to design also a same algorithm ...
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### Building a combined encryption scheme from two encryption schemes that's secure if at least on of them is secure

Any thoughts on how this can be done? Let $\Pi_1 = (\mathrm{Gen}_1, \mathrm{Enc}_1, \mathrm{Dec}_1)$ and $\Pi_2 = (\mathrm{Gen}_2, \mathrm{Enc}_2, \mathrm{Dec}_2)$ be two encryption schemes for ...
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### Do hand-based hash functions / MACs exist?

Is there research on a hash function or a MAC that can be executed without computers? I know there's a lot of history on hand-based ciphers and the OTP can easily be excecuted by hand. (By using ...
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### Are digital signatures using preprocessed paper pads possible?

My idea was, given that a computer could produce some sort of lookup tables on paper, could then a human use those lookup tables to create a system for digital signatures? This was really an idea for ...
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### What are some hashes that do not exhibit the avalanche effect?

I do not know much about cryptography. But, I'm in a situation where I need a hashing method that does not exhibit the avalanche effect. I tried Googling but couldn't find anything.
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### Could this alternative hash based MAC construction be as, or even more secure than an HMAC?

Begin hashing (Key||Message) Encrypt the hash state (or some part of it, such as the first 128 or 256 bits), with the key. Add the encrypted hash state to the ...
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### Inversion Free Direct Conversion between Twisted Edwards (X,Y,Z) and Montgomery (X,Z)

The Wikipedia page for Montgomery curves shows how to convert points on a twisted Edwards curve to and from points on an equivalent Montgomery curve. However, their description and the original ...
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### What is the difference between online and offline brute force attacks?

I read some papers saying a certain scheme is secure for offline brute force attacks, but vulnerable to online brute force attacks. I wonder the difference between the online and offline brute force ...
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### Does failure of indistinguishability of encryptions imply lack of CPA-security?

Suppose we have an encryption scheme that fails the indistinguishability of encryptions test. That is, given messages $m_0, m_1$ and a ciphertext $c_b = Enc_k(m_b)$, where $b \in \{0, 1\}$, the ...
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### Encryption on mobile devices? [on hold]

I have studied the basics of cryptography, so it would be okay to say that I am familiar with the concepts of Cryptography (Theoretical). I have surfed the net for days to implement my theoretical ...
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### On composition of encryption schemes

If we composed (as in function composition) multiple CPA-secure encryption schemes would the result also be CPA-secure?
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### Is there an asymmetric One-Time-Pad? [duplicate]

Is there something like a perfect asymmetric crypto-algo? Is there proof that there must be one or not. From a logical point of view it seems to be possible to design such algorithm if your keysize is ...
Let F be a block cipher with 128-bit block length. Consider the following encryption scheme for 256-bit messages: to encrypt message $M=m_1∥m_2$ using key $k$ (where $|m_1|=|m_2|=128$), choose random ...