# All Questions

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### Does Windows CNG store private information using LSA secrets?

I read that LSA Secrets have the capability of storing data privately, more importantly, ensuring that users without proper permissions cannot access that same data. Windows CNG has security measure ...
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### What is sLHAE (stateful length-hiding authenticated encryption)?

Can somebody please explaint me how does sLHAE works in TLS? I met this term in some TLS papers and struggled to understand how it works, specifically the "length-hiding" part.As to my understanding ...
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### If a DES key correctly decrypts one message, what's the probability it's the real key?

Suppose an adversary gets a message-ciphertext pair $(M,C)$, where $C=DES_K(M)$. They do an exhaustive key reach to locate the lexicographically first key $T$ for which $C=DES_T(M)$. What's the ...
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### What crypto scheme should I use on embedded m2m system with assymetric uplink/downlink bandwidth?

I am working on implementing info security into custom m2m radiolink communication system, which has some restrictions: MCU based endpoint can transmit to gateway with packets max 16 bytes long, and ...
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I read about zero knowledge proofs. Let's say you want to create an account at a website. You choose a password $p$ and from $p$ you derive deterministically a public & private key pair $(e,d)$ ...
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### arithmetic calculation problem to quadratic arithmetic program

I am reading the Pinocchio paper (verifiable computation): http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/180286/pinocchio.pdf The paper is rather hard for me. I am considering this calculation problem: ...
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### Known plaintext attack to CFB mode

How does a known plaintext attack on a block cipher in CFB mode work? I only see the following: If an attacker knows the plaintext $P_i$ he can recover the key $K_i = C_i \mathbin{\oplus} P_i$ from a ...
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### Montgomery Reduction

I'm taking a hardware cryptography class and working on a problem that focuses on Montgomery Reduction. So by definition: Computing a x b (mod N) Pick R, s.t. R > N, gcd (R,N) = 1 Compute N^-1 ...
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### Is there are code hidden in Wired Magazine's December 2014 Issue?

There seem to be several hints that there's more to Wired Magazine, December 2014 (Issue 22.12) that meets the eye. In his Letter from the Editor, Scott Dadich says: I’ll refrain from spoiling ...
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### Generating interactive, secure multiple ECC key pairs deterministically

In Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) assuming user A has a private public key pair of $S$, $P$ accordingly with generator point $G$ which as we know is: $$P=S*G$$ Assuming that user A wants to ...
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### Determine encryption method with input and output

A website stores username and password in a session cookie. In the cookie the password is "encrypted" or modified in some way. Given that the "encrypted" version is always the same, I do not believe ...
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### side channel attacks against TDES (compared to AES)

We all know AES has some pretty strong side channel attacks, some where (with a couple of hundred know plain- and ciphertext combinations) a key can be derived in a matter of minutes. Others may take ...
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### Protocols with deliberate errors

This question is motivated by discussion cocerning “The Two Sheriffs” puzzle, see (1) and (2). Are there any public key protocols where Alice and Bob intentionally insert errors in their messages? ...
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### Rabin cryptosystem with 1 mod 4

We have p and q which are distinct primes congruent to 1 mod 4. Then we have n = p*q. Do you know any algorith for calculating square roots for the decryption in this case? I'm asking for some ...
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### Security of basic SHA256 MAC in an authenticate-then-encrypt scheme

I know the following construct is insecure if the MAC as defined below is appended to the encrypted message in an Encrypt then Authenticate (EtA) scheme. $k_1$: encryption key $k_2$: authentication ...
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### Does it make sense to have multiple values of authentication and cipher offsets while encrypting a packet?

Consider a packet with N segments. cofsset(cipher offset - from where one must cipher) lies in arbitrary Segment "A". aoffset (authentication offset - from where one must authenticate) lies in ...
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### EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol

I would like to know: What is the currently best (efficiency and security wise) known EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol? (i.e. is there any EC based protocol may be similar to DH ...
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### Popularity of ECMQV authenticated key agreement protocol

I've got a few ECMQV related questions: Why is ECMQV a more efficient EC-based authenticated key agreement protocol? Why is ECMQV so popular? Is it because no other protocol of its strength exists? ...
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### Is the key schedule of Serpent a circle?

The creation of the prekeys for Serpent works by XORing some previous values with a counter and a fixed value. Every word is 32 bits big and 4 words form a round key (after applying a S-Box, but this ...
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### Would a pictographic, phoneme-based, hand cipher be difficult to crack with computer crypt-analysis?

What I'm talking about is a hand cipher which uses phonemes instead of individual characters and pictograms instead of the usual shuffling/substitution methods (e.g Caesar, Solitare, Vignere). The ...
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### Using a Secure RNG in Probabilistic Fair Exchange

I am attempting to implement probabilistic fair exchange described in Probabilistic Non-Repudiation without Trusted Third Party. A secures a message using AES with 512 bit keys (in my ...
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### Substitution Permutation Network (SPN) - Decryption In Mathematica

I am working with a Substitution Permutation Function, SPN, in Mathematica. I have an encryption function for an SPN. By changing the parameters that go into the spn function, and not the function ...
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### Are there any noisy homomorphic encryption schemes?

Are there any Homomorphic Encryption(HE) schemes that result in noisy answers ? By noisy i mean , the answers could be approximately near the actual answers by noise factor $\epsilon$. For example , ...
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### Vigenère + columnar transposition

I'm trying to decode a text which is encoded by Vigenère followed by a columnar transposition. The method I want to use is trying random columnar transpositions and then rating how much the text that ...
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### Recover keys using statistical saturation attack

I am having trouble here performing this attack on a block cipher. This is my block cipher, it is a toy with really bad diffusion just for the sake of performing a successful attack ...
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### What can cause similar MD5 hashes

I have a set of MD5 hashes with huge similarities in the second half of the hash, (made up) examples: ...
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### Is there any pattern in points on EC?

I read some where in crypto.stackexchange answer (related to EC-SRP protocol) that there is pattern in points on elliptic curves, i.e. if given some points containing mix of correct and wrong points ...
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### Device intercommunication with commands

I want to create a smart house project, and in that i bought some simple RF modules. Those modules don't support crypto out of the box but i want to connect them to a device that i would program to ...
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### Keystore and configuration file

It appears that Java Keystore is often used by web server using a configuration file, with the password opening the JKS written in it and also the password protecting the specific entry. How could ...
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### common ways / methods to try to break a SP network

I have a very little cryptography background (but a relatively solid maths background) so my below question is very general. Basically I have been given a SP network with an output to reverse. I ...
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### Key Confirmation Attack [Key Distribution Center (KDC)]

Okay this is how I understood it according to this: Alice $A$ establishes a connection to $KDC$ and prepares for session key Exchange $k_{ses}$ $A$ encrypts the request with her key $k_A(A, B)$ ...
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### security of pairing based cryptography

while going through some papers on cryptographic accumulators i find the following statement "several pairing-based accumulators have been proposed in the past. However, due to continuous and recent ...
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### AES product function

Small description: consider a polynomial in GF($2^8$) , which has the form $$f(x) = b_7x^7 + b6x^6 + b_{5}x^5 + b_4x^4 + b_3x^3 + b_2x^2 + b_1x + b_0$$ If we multiply by x , we have x * f(x) = ...
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### About the Security of PCBC Encryption Mode

We are designing an encrypted file system. We plan to use the PCBC (Plaintext Cipher Block Chaining) encryption mode for encryption. This is because we desire the feature ("small changes in the ...
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### Security of simple Skein PBKDF mentioned in the paper

From the Skein 1.3 paper section 4.8, Skein as a Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF), it mentions the following as a simple PBKDF (S = seed and P = password): An even simpler PBKDF is ...
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### How dangerous is it to encrypt with AES 256 if the end user knows the unencrypted value?

I am implementing a bit of security in a system that was originally built without encryption on a specific piece of data. The plan was to encrypt this piece of data and include it as part of the ...
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### Construct rainbow table to cracking DES

I'm facing to a project that is build a rainbow table to cracking DES. I've already collected information about Hellman, DP, rainbow table method. Finally, i choose rainbow table. I've read topic ...
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### Naive implementation of Rainbow Table and/or Hellman's trade-off

Is there any naive implementation of Hellman's cryptanalytic time memory tradeoff in C and/or a naive implementation of Oechslin's rainbow table algorithm in C as well? I have seen some ...
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### Composition of non-perfect encryption keys

Definition 1: A key $k$ is called perfect if it is uniformly distributed from the adversary's point of view; a key $k$ is called $ε$-perfect, if its distribution has an $ε$ trace (statistical) ...
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### Making PRFs out of PRGs

Is it possible that we take a $PRG$ $G(k)$ of stretch $n\cdot2^n$, and read its output as the table of a $PRF$ $F(K)$ with input and output size of $n$? Intuitively it sounds possible however I read ...
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### Resynchronizing brute-force attack against stream ciphers

There is a stream cipher without any known cryptographic weaknesses. The attacker knows parts of the key so she can reduce the key-space to a size that can be practically brute-forced. However the ...
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### Signature constructor using Self-signed certificate

I've the following scenario: One application signs JWT access/id tokens using the private key contained in a self-signed certificate, and then passes its public key to other parties to validate that ...
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### Where I can find a list of certified software / hardware RNGs compliant to NIST SP 800-22?

I need to use NIST SP 800-22 approved software / hardware to generate RSA key pair. Where I can find a list of certified software / hardware RNGs compliant to NIST SP 800-22? And how is the SP ...
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### Requested to encrypt data with AES256, digital certification, timestamped

at my job we have been tasked by gov to encrypt some data we send to them. The "law" says we have to do the title above, but they only need us to do the AES256 thing because the data is not really ...
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### Key exchange using hash function

Consider two types of attackers on a key exchange (KE) protocol and subsequent communication between the parties which used this KE instance to establish a secure communication key. Attacker Eve ...
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### Attack on key exchange with authentication

Suppose the honest parties - Alice and Bob - exchange public key in person/via telephone so that attacker can only eavedrop on the line. Alice has hashed the public key using a collision resistance ...
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### Key length requirement in a simple XOR implementation

I don't have much previous experience at all with cryptography, this is pretty much the first time I've tried anything similar. I'm trying to implement an extremely simple XOR encryption system in ...
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### Transport SA bundled inside a tunnel with encryption applied before authentication?

For IPsec I am considering different formats of ESP encryption and authentication. I am not sure what happens with "Transport SA bundled inside a tunnel with encryption applied before ...