# All Questions

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### How to normalize data of a generic HTTP request for the purpose of signing

I am working on PowerAuth 2.0, a solution for counter-based signing of HTTP requests (for the purpose of mobile banking). One of the tasks that I solved somehow but I am still not happy with the ...
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### How to break a Quagmire 3 cipher?

What would be a good way to go about attacking a Quagmire 3 cipher? I understand that it is polyalphabetic with a key and an indicator. I have started by taking the cipher text, taking every n-th ...
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### DTLS 1.2 Finished message

I am implementing DTLS 1.2 and using ECDHE_RSA_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 cipher suit. Below is my client finished message Can anyone explain this message? How many bytes for verify data? Is there ...
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### Simulation-Based Proof: When a Secret Key is Involved

Assume we have a protocol in which a party receives an encrypted random polynomial. The polynomial is encrypted using his public key. We want to construct a simulator for this party (so this party ...
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### Encrypting/Decrypting using RSA and AES; standards?

I'm looking for a standard way of encrypting and signing a message using RSA and AES. I understand that in pseudo code the actions taking place are like this: Alice's actions for sending a secret, ...
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### Does a password that's cracked someone's account increase the chances of cracking someone else's account?

For every find in password that cracks someone's account, does that particular password have a higher probability of cracking someone else's account more than a brute force dictionary choice? How ...
29 views

### Algorithm to rotate values in a predefined manner

I will start with an example. Some beacon like estimote Beacons use something called secure ID. The ID transmitted by the beacon change every 10 minutes autonomously without contacting the server. ...
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### Is 3 rounds more secure than 2 in this simplified DES?

Consider the following simplification of DES: a plaintext message block of $2n$ bits of length is divided into two blocks of length $n$ (left half $L_0$ and right half $L_1$). In other words, the ...
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### Determining an encryption key when ciphertext and algorithm are known

I would like to know how I can tell that I have successfully performed an exhaustive search attack on an encrypted message. Here are the conditions: key is 40 bit I am aware of the cipher text and ...
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### How to use OpenSSL command line utility to encrypt data with encrypted key from public key?

I may not be asking the right question. I am fairly new to data encryption. I am currently being sent encrypted data that's stored as follows: [ [keysize] [key encrypted with public key] [ivsize] [...
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### What functional encryption scheme can be used to compute a linear function?

I am looking for a functional encryption scheme that can compute a linear function. I do not need to work with attributes. All I want is to compute the result of a function $y = a*x+b$, where $x$ is ...
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### Does using a verifiable secret sharing scheme ensure robustness of a protocol if it is secure under the semi-honest adversarial model

Consider a protocol $\pi$ which uses a linear secret sharing scheme like that of Shamir secret sharing. Further assume that the protocol $\pi$ has been proven to be secure (correctness and privacy) ...
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### Calculating the discrete logarithm

I'm given a prime number $p = 1217$ I'm also given the following equations:  40 \equiv \log2 \pmod{64} \\ 63 \equiv \log3 \pmod{64} \\ 13 \equiv \log5 \pmod{64} \\ 13 \equiv \log2 \pmod{19} \\ 10 \...
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### Why is Siphash-128 considered “experimental”?

Why is Siphash-128 still considered "experimental"? What does this mean?
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### How do I prove the tracing part in a ring signature model?

I have a question about the article “efficient and multi-level privacy-preserving communication protocol for VANET” by H. Xiong et al. I need the ID of malicious vehicle, but I could not prove how I ...
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### How to invert a linear hash function?

My friend is trying to convince me that his linear hash function (with a few bit operations) is secure. Is there a way to disprove this? (Or prove this, but I've read from multiple sources that this ...
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### Finding missing probabilities for formal proofs

In formal proofs, you often need to use probabilities to show that the Advantage of an algorithm is negligible. In proofs by contradiction, these probabilities are often tied to probabilities of other,...
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### Parallel hashing function that always gives the same hash despite a variable number of cpus

The title pretty much sums it up :) I'm looking for a hashing algorithm that does not need to be cryptographically secure beyond reducing the number of accidental collisions. There is no need to ...
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My question is about how the padding is formated in TLS1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 I came across the PKCS7 format for the padding: ...
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### Using quadratic residue to learn the sign of a field element

Given $x' \in \{-x, x\} \bmod q$ (where $q$ could be any prime of my choice), $s$ is a random element in the field, $y = x'\cdot s$ and $y' = \pm\sqrt{(x\cdot s)^2}\bmod q$ (i.e., both solutions to ...
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### How to deal with collisions in Bitcoin addresses?

When creating a Bitcoin account, you need to issue a couple of private/public ECDSA-keys. Then, you derive your account address by taking a 160-bit hash (through sha-256 and ripemd) of the public key ...
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### Simple application of verifiable random function?

I have been reading a little bit about verifiable random functions (e.g.). In the literature, these are described as "pseudo-random functions that provide a non-interactively verifiable proof for the ...
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### Which protocols / file formats use CBC with a random IV and without a MAC?

Disclaimer: I am a noob so this may well be a stupid question or one that's been asked before. I didn't see it come up after searching, though, so I'm going to assume it hasn't been asked here. The ...
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### Encryption & decryption of integers using modular multiplicative inverse and extended euclidean algorithm

I'm looking for a neat algorithm, which is capable of encrypting an integer to another integer and decrypting it again AND is secure. When I was in university, my professor showed me an awesome way ...
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### Security of a lightweight heartbeat protocol

I am implementing a heartbeat protocol so that a server can send notifications to clients. The notifications are not occurring so often, so I don't want to keep an open TCP+TLS session for each client,...
70 views

### Differential bound of the S-Box in GOST R34.11-2012

In Russian GOST R34.11-2012 LPS-transformation is used. LPS gets all of its non-linearity from the 8-bit S-box S, which apparently has been designed to offer resistance against classical methods of ...
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### IX509Extension XCN encoding?

I understand from reading MSDN that the X509 v3 extensions must be handcrafted. This involves the CRL, AIA, name and policy constraints, policy mapping, private key usage period, and subject ...
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### Is it possible to create a detection oracle for all block cipher modes? — ciphertext-only cryptanalysis

I have made an ECB/CBC detection oracle, and am now trying to make a detection oracle that can differentiate between CBC/CFB/OFB/CTR/etc. I can already tell ECB apart from the others due to this ...
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### How to calculate min entropy of the output of PRNG?

As min entropy of a random variable provides the maximum probability of getting the desired realization of the random variable, which is the most conservative way of measuring the uncertainty of ...
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### Rijndael variant using AES for key schedule?

The weakest part of Rijndael is considered to be the key schedule (I believe that this is true for all variants, including ones not standardized as AES). One solution to this problem is to use (...
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### For the LTV-FHE scheme, after how many additions should modulus switching be used?

From the LTV-FHE paper I find out that after every multiplication there must be a modulus switch to mitigate the noise in the resulting ciphertext, besides relinearization. But, assuming the ...
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### Partially homomorphic addition - not all parties present

I often see homomorphic encryption as a solution to a problem where a server wants to know the sum of $n$ users' numbers but can not know each individual users' number plaintexts. My question is: if ...
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### Can we use the sponge construct to efficiently authenticate any cipher?

The sponge construct facilitates authenticated encryption independently of the function used to mix its state. Could we use any strong cipher (i.e. AES-256) as the mixing function in a sponge to ...
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### Confidentiality then Integrity with different keys

Can anyone describe how we can do what is said in the below sentence which is in Mark Stamp crypto slides (PPTX) on slide number 101 : Can do a little better - about 1.5 “encryptions” The whole ...
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### Is it safe to use a key as message in keyed hashing (HMAC)?

Scenario: User gives password. A "password key" is derived from the password (e.g. by PBKDF2). A random salt is applied. The password key is hashed with a HMAC algorithm (e.g. HMAC-SHA256), with ...
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### Why is the compression function in Miyaguchi-Preneel scheme secure?

I was reading about the Miyaguchi-Preneel scheme and had difficulty in understanding why the compression function, $h(H,m)=E(H, H \oplus M) \oplus M \oplus H$ can be called secure. The only resource I ...
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### Reykeyed AES in CTR mode as a stream cipher

Suppose one uses AES in CTR mode to generate a keystream, but every $l$ bytes the $n$ bits that would follow are used as a new AES key. Assuming that AES is a secure PRP: Is this a secure stream ...

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