# All Questions

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### Output of a Feistel network with all “0” round function

What is the output of an r-round Feistel network when the input is $(L_0, R_0)$ and each round function outputs all 0s, regardless of the input?
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### Is One Time Pad something like this? [closed]

Alphabet: [A-Z] = [0-25] Plaintext = HELLO = 7 4 11 11 14 // QUESTION: do this key must be as long as plaintext? KEY: [QWERT] KEY = 16 23 4 17 19 Plaintext + Key = 23 27 15 28 33 Plaintext + Key ...
67 views

### How Could the Music Industry Go About Implementing Crypto? [closed]

So I'm currently doing the Dan Boneh online Crypto course. In the last problem set there was a question on AACS for DVDs and wondered if a similar method could be used for music. Have the music ...
167 views

### Is it possible to find plaintext from ciphertext if (n) and (a) are known for RSA?

I have a couple of questions pertaining to a RSA problem. I need to decipher some ciphertext and find out what the original plaintext was. Modulus: $n = 2537$ and exponent: $a = 11$ Encrypting ...
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### How to calculate bit strength of Integer Factorization Cryptography (IFC) such as RSA using Python

I would like to know how to calculate the bit-strength of Integer Factorization Cryptography (IFC) such as RSA by using Python. I gathered it is based off the complexity of factorizing the modulus ...
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### Theory for pre-paid debit card: card-to-card transfer [closed]

In Sweden in the late 90's they deployed a electronic prepaid cash system system, and if I remember correctly you could transfer money between cards without online access. Wikipedia states that the ...
48 views

### The improvement of the private key exponent in the M.Weiner Attack

I am working on attacks on RSA and came across the M. Weiner attack. The limit for $d$ in order for the attack to apply is $d <= (\frac{1}{3})N^{0.25}$. The paper states that Boneh and Durfee ...
47 views

### Error propogation in CBC mode

Going through the wiki for modes of operation I see that the section error propogation says that an error in one block in the ciphertext in CBC mode only impacts two blocks. I do not quite get that. ...
40 views

### How to make sure the pre-agreed information safe for DH-Key Exchange

The definition of DH key exchange was given as the method let two authenticate each other & exchange the crypto key over an insecure channel. DH-key-exchange was innovated to defence ...
65 views

### How do they implement MAC in TLS?

I recently read questions about "MAC then Encrypt/Encrypt then MAC" which made me curious about how they actually use the algorithm. MAC only calculated once either case (according to what I read). ...
165 views

### cryptography and use of python programming language [closed]

why is it recommended to write cryptography programs ,for example crypt-analysis projects with python programming language? what is the advantages of python? why not use c or any other language?
55 views

### What's wrong with this “order-preserving MAC” function?

Please note: this is purely a thought experiment and not intended for any real-world usage! I came up with a simple function $\mathrm{OPF}$ to map the integers $[0,C)$ (where $C$ is the "ChunkSize") ...
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### In Needham Schroeder key distribution what happens if responder's part is not encrypted in step 2 with Kbs but encrypted instead by Kab in step 3

The Needham-Schroeder protocol is: 1 A→S:A,B,Na 2 S→A:{Na,B,Kab,{Kab,A}Kbs}Kas 3 A→B:{Kab,A}Kbs 4 B→A:{Nb}Kab 5 A→B:{Nb−1}Kab Here Na and Nb are nonces. Kab is the key between a and b Kas is ...
132 views

### Hash Based Encryption (fast & simple), how well would this compare to AES? [duplicate]

First of all, I know it's a very bad idea to invent your own encryption algorithm. It's better to use existing known, trusted, extensively tested and studied algorithms with a proven track record. The ...
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### Affine encryption function

Let $f(x) = ax + b$ be an affine encryption function. $a$ and the cardinal of the field of our keys $K$ (in English, 26) must be coprime so that the encryption ...
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### Hypothetical question about AES output

Consider that you stumble upon 5 different AES output strings. One of these strings can be decrypted with a secret phrase, the other four strings are based on the real string but have had random parts ...
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### Assuming that we had a way of finding primes, could RSA be used without computers?

I once asked a question "Would RSA make sense if we used no computers?". The answer was negative, because finding primes that would make secure keys would prove too hard. Assuming that we had found ...
134 views

### How do I cryptanalyze a password field?

In a PostgreSQL database, I can see the following fields in a table (for a specific record): User = administrator Password = "ceMv9Me6go" Now the following are true: The password length is not ...
109 views

### Is there way to combine secrets first and later split them?

Shamir's Secret Sharing allows a secret to be split into multiple shares so that it can be reconstructed later. Is there a way to do the reverse? Can we combine a few secrets first and later split ...
942 views

### Learning to encrypt/encryption algorithms [closed]

I am a beginning programmer interested in coding an application of my own to encrypt sensitive files of mine. For example: lists of passwords, bank accounts, Credit Card numbers etc. I was wondering ...
102 views

### Why is it said that if we know few bits of pseudo random sequence we can predict the whole of it?

I am new to this cryptography and in the source from which i study it is said that if we know the first few bits of a pseudo random sequence we can predict the whole of it.How is it possible? The ...
331 views

### Verify Signature Failed [closed]

I am writing a small module which will verify signed message. Message will be signed using private key in Smart Card. The inputs are: Signed Message Original Message Public Key / Certificate with ...
1k views

### How does the rand() function in C work? [closed]

I want to know how rand() works (even when I don't provide any seed how it produces PRNs?) thanks!
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### What are alternatives to the random oracle model for modelling hash functions? [closed]

I was looking for more realistic alternatives to the ROM for describing hash functions in theoretical proofs. I came across the common reference string model (where hash functions can be modeled as ...
134 views

### Cryptographic Primitive Method

Is there any cryptographic primitive bijective (one-to-one and onto) function for creating cryptographic tools like symmetric encryption/decryption, Hash code generator, MAC, HMAC and Random number ...
37 views

### Convert message to polynomial NTRU

How to make a message into a polynomial? I saw many answers to this question and yes, i know that here are some questions. But i did not get it. I think that i am making some mistakes. I took a word ...
48 views

### Prove that the affine cipher over Z26 has perfect secrecy if every key is used with equal probability of 1/312

Prove that the affine cipher over Z26 has perfect secrecy if every key is used with equal probability of 1/312. Just some guidance/help with this problem would be greatly appreciated not sure how to ...
44 views

### How to use the key from a Diffie Hellman exchange? [closed]

I watched a YouTube video about Diffie-Hellman called "Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange", and it said after doing some modulo operations with the public modulus and generator and the random private ...
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### Block Cipher Modes

I have a question here asking the following: Why do block ciphers need the use of blocking modes? To encrypt messages larger than the size of the block. To avoid having the same block ...
157 views

### RSA given q, p and e?

I am given the q, p, and e values for an RSA key, along with an encrypted message. Here are ...
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### Witness and Commitment in Commitment schemes [closed]

In connection to a commitment scheme, how are witness and commitment different? Are 'Binding' and 'Hiding' properties defined w.r.t. witness and commitment or both?
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### Vigenere ciphertext encrypted with another vigenere cipher

I have been learning about Vigenere ciphers and then thought of this scenario: if a cryptographer encrypts a plaintext English message with a Vigenere cipher and then another cryptographer, who wants ...
38 views

### Hash function and indifferentiability [closed]

What are the properties derived from the fact that a hash function is indifferentiable from a random oracle?
93 views

### What's the best packet cipher mode for use with UDP for example? Advantages or disadvantages of any alternatives?

Cipher modes typically assume data is streamed or read from a reliable channel with guaranteed ordering. However, many communication transports, such as UDP, are not reliable and don't guarantee order ...
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### I am new to Cryptography and I wonder if one can Suggest me Beginner Projects [closed]

Sorry for this kind of a question, but I really like to learn and improve in cryptography. At the moment I am following online lectures from https://class.coursera.org/crypto-011 , can anyone suggest ...
91 views

### Questions on FHE over the Integers - the question modified!

I modified my question since it is not as specific as I wanted. I'm studying FHE over the Integer which is https://eprint.iacr.org/2009/616.pdf I got questions about the proof of Lemma A.1. In page ...
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### PGP message integrity : How can receiver of an email check the integrity using the sender's public key?

PGP message integrity: Basically, only private key can decrypt message encrypted with public key. But in the message integrity service in PGP does the reverse, where the Hash of the message if ...
70 views

### Pseudo Random Generator with fixed Hamming Weight [closed]

I'm searching for way to generate secure pseudo random sequence with a fixed Hamming weight using a seed. I found below code but I need a seed to generate a sequence ... (and need know if is possible ...
114 views

### How Does Progressive Hashing Work?

Example: http://jsfiddle.net/KGtUE/ https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/#Progressive_Hashing sha256.update("abc"); sha256.update("def"); sha256.update("ghi"); ...
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### How small are we talking about when defining the small public/private key exponent [duplicate]

I've been wondering about the 'small' part of the attacks on RSA, like the small public key exponent and the small private key exponent and what's not really clear is how small are we talking about? ...
120 views

### Reverse engineering a single checksum byte [closed]

I am working to understand a system which saves a few bytes of data together with what appears to be a single checksum byte that provides a very naive guarantee that the data has not been tampered ...
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### How can the key size be calculated [closed]

If the decrypting key is 448, then what is the key size? Suppose I am encrypting a plain text with a key by choosing some random numbers between ...
124 views

### PRG existance and P versus NP

how can we prove that if there is a secure PRG then P!=NP or in reverse order?(is there any reduction?) a secure PRG is a pseudo random generator that for every eficient (running in probabilistic ...
85 views

### Symmetry for finite cyclic groups (Z/pZ)∗

How well is it known that for $i$ such that $1 \leq i \leq \frac{p − 1}2$: $$g^{i+(p−1)/2} = g^{i−1+(p−1)/2} − g^i + g^{i−1} \pmod p$$ Whilst working in the finite cyclic group of prime moduli ...
242 views

### How can I convert numbers into prime numbers?

I'm working with one-way accumulators, but I'm not knowledgable in cryptography. Is there an easy peasy way to hash numbers (or whatever) into prime numbers? Obviously I'd like it to be collision ...
51 views

### Positioning of keys in encrypted text

I'm just looking at very simple encryption. I've noticed that the key is typically either at the front or at the back of the encrypted text. This is quite easy to break if you know the key. It can ...
68 views

### encrypting data signals using the time variations between two independent coupling functions [closed]

There was a recent article about a new encryption technique that encrypts "using the time variations between two independent coupling functions". What is this technique they are referring to?
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### How to create PSK key? [closed]

I'd like to create a PSK key to use with TLS-RSA-PSK-WITH-AES-256-CBC-SHA - what is the format of this key?