# All Questions

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### Initializing PGP keys by one side

I am using a PGP method to encrypt and decrypt messages shared between users A and B. Upon the start of a message exchange is the initialization of the public and secret keys by both Users. Lets say ...
80 views

### Find plaintext from two ciphers encrypted with a one-time pad and the same key

I'm studying for a cryptography test and I came across this question: Assume a language has three letters: A=1111, B=0011 and C=1010. Two words in this language are encrypted with a one-time pad ...
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### How does Intel TXT prevent spoofing of PCR values?

I have read some content on trusted execution environment, and I like to ask exactly how it improves hashing. What I read at Wikipedia’s “Trusted Execution Technology” article states: ...PCRs) ...
102 views

### (Lightweight) Multicast one-way Authentication

Problem: I'm thinking about a lightweight solution to provide source authentication (only one source) to multiple receivers (multicast message). Context: Taking the problem to ground, we can think ...
166 views

### Simple digital signature example that one could compute without a computer?

I am working on a document to explain Bitcoin to students. But I am having a hard time translating the principle described in §2 of the Bitcoin whitepaper in layman's terms. There is a great question ...
58 views

### Semantic Security and Equal Message Length in the Context of Public Key Cryptography

A lot of definitions for semantic security make use an experiment $\text{Exp}$ which is performed between a challenger $\mathcal{C}$ and an adversary $\mathcal{A}$ that begins as follows: ...
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### How can I multiply an additively homomorphic encrypted value by a float number?

As we all know, if $E()$ is an additively homomorphic encryption, we can multiply $E(a)$ by an integer $b$, then we will get $E(ab)$. But what if $a$ is a float number? Can we still get $E(ab)$? Which ...
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### How to prove that a commitment hides the decryption of an ElGamal ciphertext?

I've decided to remove a previous unanswered question of mine and break it down into smaller pieces so it's not such a loaded question. For this question I need to prove that I've committed to a ...
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### Output of using the same key in all 3 boxes of 3DES

I am trying to figure this one out: What would be the encrypted output for an input x if the same key K is used in all three boxes of 3DES? The encryption scheme for 3DES with three different keys, ...
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### Hiding the identity of a party within the Kerberos authentication scheme

In the Kerberos authentication protocol, as described here: would it be safer to replace step (1) with: $$A \rightarrow T : A, E_{K_A{_{T}}}(B, N_A)$$ so that a passive adversary does not know ...
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### can pairings only be used with elliptic curves?

As far as I understand one big advantage of ECC is that we can use pairings on the group of torsion points of the curve. I was wondering if it is possible to construct pairings from general finite ...
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### Why is (gy, gx) signed in STS (station-to-station)?

My question relates to the station-to-station protocol as described in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station-to-Station_protocol [1] and http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/ [2] p 519. ...
53 views

Let's say we have Alice and Bob sharing a symmetric key $k$. Alice wants to leave a number of messages for Bob on an untrusted server (honest-but-curious model) that is also used by many other people ...
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### Bobcat hash, trying to find a 48-bit hash collision for x

I am trying to find a collision with the Bobcat hash of the 48-bit hash. I am a beginner coder so please point out any flaws in my modification of the bobcat program. It does find a truncated 12-bit ...
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### Quantitatively measure the private information revealed by a matrix?

Suppose I have a private matrix $A$ that I want to conceal. I do the matrix multiplication $A^\prime =AK$ and $A^\prime$ is public. How can I quantitatively measure "how well" the matrix $A$ is ...
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### Are the values of Tate and Ate pairing the same?

Assume we have a Baretto Naehrig curve over $GF(p)$ and a field extension $GF(p^{12})$ given by a minimum polynomial. Let $G \in GF(p)$ and $Q \in GF(p^{12})$ from the trace 0 subgroup. Do then the ...
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### Limit the number of private key uses for RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 with SHA-256 signature?

Assuming all messages and their signatures are available to the attacker, is it secure to use the same RSA private key to sign many messages (roughly $10^{6}$) via PKCS#11 ...
88 views

### Is there a way to slow down collision attacks using iteration?

The simple way to iterate a hash function $H(H(m))$ only makes brute force preimage finding slower, but leaves collision attacks as fast since a collision in the inner hash function is a collision in ...
59 views

### Detecting steganography by analysing non-significant data entropy?

I am not thinking only steganography in images, I think it is also possible to encode data for example into the length of spaces of a clear html text. I suspect, the steganography changes (elevates) ...
31 views

### How does FileVault2 Recovery actually work?

I'm a crypto-enthusiast but no expert at all, that'll explain why i didn't understand. Also please consider english isn't my native language :) I am about to enable FileVault2 FDE on the new macbook ...
62 views

### How did G.H. Hardy's work contribute to today's public-key cryptography?

I know that Hardy's work in number theory was used by Clifford Cocks in 1973 to develop the basis for public-key cryptography. What specifically was this work, and how is it used today in ...
55 views

### Most Secure Exchange of Keys [closed]

Given both Alice and Bob must exchange IP addresses to perform such an operation, what is the most secure way Alice and Bob can exchange public keys between two mobile devices without having to rely ...
54 views

### Test vectors for TLS PRF function

Does anyone know where I might be able to find test vectors for the PRF function in TLS? (either 1.0 or newer). I'm trying to implement a client and I am getting the BAD Record MAC return after ...
96 views

### Verify a RSA signature using only RSA encryption

I'm trying to verify a RSA signed message, however, the API that I have access to in that environment only has encrypt and decrypt. I think I understand that verification and encryption with public ...
31 views

### Hash-values's length in identification schemes

I am trying to understand the impact of applying a hash function in an identification scheme. It makes reference to the publication "On the length of cryptographic hash-values used in identification ...
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### How to break this PRNG encryption scheme? [closed]

Suppose we have the following symmetric algorithm: key = random bits G = PRNG(seed: key) input = [0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0, 0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1] // "hi" in ascii The key can ...
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### RSA - PKCS#1 padding - overall correction of algorithm

From PKCS#1, page 24: After we create the EM byte string and convert it to an integer, we then encrypt that integer with RSAEP (page 10) to get the ciphertext (as an integer). My question arrives ...
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### CPA-security proof of “l-padded RSA” encryption scheme

The 10.9 exercise from the Katz-Lindell textbook creates a lot of confusion, let me state it here. Consider the following experiment for an algorithm $A$ and a function $l$ with $l(n) \leq 2n-2$ for ...
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I know that, for any CPA-secure public-key encryption scheme, the size of the ciphertext after encrypting a single bit is superlogarithmic in the security parameter. That is, for $(pk,sk) \leftarrow ... 0answers 39 views ### Is it possible to generate backdoored DH parameters? I know it has been already asked and answered whether it's possible to generate weak DH parameters. But "recentely" we experienced the Logjam attack, which makes use of the pre-computation ... 0answers 42 views ### Testing PRNG quality from ECC public keys? Having a large set of ECC public keys$P_i = n_iB$on a fixed curve$E$over a prime field, is there a way to determine if coefficients$n_i$were generated using a bad PRNG? In other words, can a ... 0answers 43 views ### What are the current known weaknesses/attacks on quantum key distribution? I am writing a paper on the implementation of QKD in the future. I want to know if there are any viable attacks on the BB84 protocol or QKD in general? I know of the Photon Number Splitting attack or ... 0answers 119 views ### What are the constraints on using GCM with a tag size of 96 and 128 bits Say we want to use AES (or any other secure 128 bit block cipher) with GCM and a tag size of 96 or 128 bits. I'm assuming an AES key size of 128 bits and an IV size of 96 bits (the default). NIST ... 0answers 49 views ### search of patterns in key schedules I am developing a new key schedule, and there is this article (Enhanced Key Expansion for AES-256 by Using Even-Odd Method) where the authors also propose a new algorithm and one of the objectives is ... 0answers 85 views ### How can I design a cryptographically secure, key-dependent s-box? I would like to design a cryptographically secure, key-dependent s-box, but I am not sure how. Mainly, because I am unsure about the difference in design compared to a random s-box. What is the ... 1answer 84 views ### Why should$a,b < N$for Montgomery Reduction? In Montgomery reduction, when calculating$a \times b \mod N$, it is required that$a \lt N$and$b \lt N$. I think$0 \le T \lt N \times R$is enough for the Montgomery Reduction. Rationale: Let ... 0answers 111 views ### Blowfish Weak keys I've read about the weak key issue with Blowfish, but can't seem to find anything that explains the practical effect of weak keys on Blowfish with the full 16 rounds. Is there any actual attack upon ... 0answers 33 views ### DSSP reduction to DSSI In “Towards quantum-resistant cryptosystems from supersingular elliptic curve isogenies" by DeFeo, Jao and Plut, a reduction from the Decisional Supersingular Product (DSSP) problem to Decisional ... 0answers 51 views ### Differential addition on Montgomery curve Point multiplication using Montgomery ladder technique over Montgomery curves only require x coordinate, which in many situation leads to faster implementation as compared to point multiplication over ... 0answers 39 views ### Clarify EC point addition and multiplication Please clarify the below doubt regarding EC point addition and multiplication:$P$-Generator Point;$a$and$b$are integers;$X$and$Y$are EC points, defined as follows:$X = (a*P) + (b*P)Y = ...
Factorization of integers is hard, but finding irreducibles is expensive. Is there a ring where factorization is assumed hard but finding irreducibles is much cheaper than over $\Bbb Z$? It could ...