# All Questions

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### File format of an $2048$ bits RSA public key

From here, there are $14$ bytes specifying the file format of the key. I am still quite confused about the format bytes. For example, the following public key 30 82 01 0a 02 82 01 01 00 8e a3 d1 c7 ...
78 views

### Is Paillier cryptosystem commutative?

Is Paillier cryptosystem commutative? If not, how can we construct an oblivious decryption protocol based on Paillier?
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I've got an API spec that specifies NRPAD and FPAD as possible padding schemes. I see these being used together with the Korean SEED algorithm. The SEED specification however is void of any padding ...
81 views

### Complexity of preimage resistance

Why is the complexity of pre-image resistance $2$ raised to the power of $n$? I have been looking in everything lecture about pre-image resistance, but I still didn't know the answer.
304 views

### How do I safely anonymize/hash a unique identifier to protect privacy?

I am building a system to collect a unique identifier (MAC addresses from 802.11 probe requests). The system will have several collection points over a large area, submitting to a central database. I ...
201 views

### How represent message in Menezes–Vanstone elliptic curve cryptography

I ask about represent message in Menezes–Vanstone elliptic curve cryptography I now encrypt function as follow $C_1 = (M_1 * K_1) mod\ P$ $C_2=(M2 * k_2) mod\ P$ My question is about how much the ...
846 views

### how to calculate non linearity of AES S-box?

S-box has to satisfy different design criteria. How to calculate non-linearity , propagation criteria for an AES S-box?
93 views

### How can a good encryptor be made?

I am making an encryptor software for a stream cipher with my own PRNG as a project for an inter school science competition. How can I make one so that after it generates the pseudo random nos. it can ...
228 views

### AES: Changing plaintext to state

Can someone explain this to me? For example how M chanes to 0c? Changing plaintext to state:
5k views

### Is python a secure programming language for cryptography?

I know Python is a powerful programming language but is it secure for cryptography? I mean is it possible to reverse engineer the program (written in python) and discover the algorithm of cryptography ...
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### Is a RSA 2048 bits public key secure [duplicate]

I realize servers such as Google, Yahoo, which use RSA has 2048 bits public key. After comparing those keys, I realize that the public keys share a common property, that is first 9 bytes and last 5 ...
87 views

### Why do we need password in a server which uses TLS?

Suppose a server uses TLS to protect communication between us and the server. I observe that in the TLS handshake protocol, password is not mentioned anywhere. Then why do we need to have a password?...
261 views

### Crypto libary with Commutative Encryption

I want to implement Mental Poker in JavaScript as a toy program and lead in to a larger serious project so I did my research and found Massey-Omura cryptosystem and the Shamir three-pass protocol ...
448 views

### Can public key be recovered from ciphertext & encrypted private key?

I'd like to implement something like a write-once public/private encrypted shared secret (no better quick description for the lack of terminology knowledge). I guess, I'm trying to implement HSM. The ...
218 views

### Security of RSA with $\gcd(pq, (p-1)(q-1))\ne 1$

The Congress of ThéOùÇa enacted that civilian use of any public-key encryption system is authorized on the territory of ThéOùÇa, subject to meeting certain security requirements published by the ...
60 views

### When homomorphic encryption goes wrong?

Consider I have two ciphertext $c_1$ and $c_2$ encrypted using RSA encryption. By definition if I multiply them I'd get $c_1.c_2 \ modN$. My question is what would happen if $c_1.c_2 >N$. Can we ...
180 views

### Show that the equal difference property exits for a modified DES encryption system

My cryptology professor gave us this problem on a past homework assignment and I only managed to get one of the 3 parts correct. Needless to say, I want to know how to do the other two parts as well. ...
221 views

### What, cryptographically speaking, is a “long message”?

I have read about long message attacks on some cryptographic hash functions. However, I don't quite understand what is being referred to as a "long message". Also, do long message attacks only apply ...
388 views

### CRC32 vs. low 32 bits of cryptographic hash

I was having a discussion with a colleague yesterday whose education and experience exceeded mine. He said something yesterday that sounded incorrect to me intuitively, but I don't have the knowledge ...
102 views

### what is contained in a public key certificate

Public key certificate is a digitally signed document which verifies the sender is indeed the person. May I know how can the receiver tell the sender is indeed the person solely based on information ...
500 views

### Simplest code for 64-bit block RSA-like encryption/decryption and key generation

Looking for the simplest code in C. Need a set of functions that will first generate a public/private 64-bit key pair, and then the function to code/decode a given 64-bit block, no built-in checksum ...
181 views

### Type of cipher used where ciphertext has no discernible pattern, spaces. Type?

What type of cipher could give ciphertext where for example random ASCII chars between say F-z (symbols and numerals inclusive), but with only a few spaces? Frequency of chars shows some similarities ...
473 views

### RSA Decryption given n, e, and phi(n)

my cryptography professor gave us this problem for extra credit a while back and I attempted it but I didn't get it correct. I have gone back to it, but I'm even more lost now than I was the first ...
373 views

### AES— Brute force attack versus Known plain text attack

I am taking a codes and cryptology course and the following is a questions on a past exam that I could not and still can't solve: ...
79 views

### Why is it hard to calculate Logarithm on Diffie Hellman?

i read something about Diffie Hellman. What i don't understand: Alice selects a randomly generated Number, calculates X = g^x mod p and sends X to Bob. If she calculates g^x, she needs to calcluate ...
55 views

### RSA signature scheme

In RSA signature scheme, it is a common practice to 'sign' the hash value of the message so that the length can be fit. Question: If we have $s=m^d \bmod n$ where $d$ satisfies $ed \equiv 1 \pmod{n}$...
541 views

### Are there any digital signature algorithms in common use that result in 32-byte signatures?

I don't consider myself to be an expert in this field, so forgive me if there is an obvious answer. I am having a tough time finding an algorithm that can sign data and output a 32-byte signature, ...
90 views

### Low exponent attack against RSA

According to this: http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~regev/teaching/lattices_fall_2004/ln/rsa.pdf One can calculate the message m, if there was no padding scheme involved. My question: is it possible to find ...
132 views

### Symmetric vs non-symmetric pairing based crypto

I am trying to find a comparison of how different pairing-friendly elliptic curves perform (in terms of security) in real world applications; I am using PBC library, and it has type A curves and type ...
90 views

### Why develop new stream ciphers when block ciphers can be trivally made into streams?

I've just been reading about a new drop-in replacement for the RC4 stream cipher, but why develop new stream ciphers when AES can be made into a stream with a little XORing?
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### Is equal length of primes in Paillier cryptosystem is mandate for security reasons?

In continuation to this question about length of primes , I am in doubt about the restriction on length of primes itself . In Paillier cryptosystem , equal length of primes are used . My doubt is ...
63 views

### DLOG in $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}^*$?

Assume that we are given an element $g\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}^*$ and $g$ does not belong to any of the smaller subfields contained in $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$. If the degree of $g$ is some number $q$, how much ...
201 views

### Serpent 256bit Non bit sliced version (Table Sbox/IP/FP/LT/ILT) (Non-bitslice notation rules)

Good afternoon! I got some mismatches while counting Round Keys at non bitsliced version of Serpent. I have used official AES submission outputs (file ecb_iv.txt). AES submission package test vector: ...
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### Public key encryption without ciphertext expansion [duplicate]

Say I have a database column that is defined as VARCHAR(255) that stores names. I can assume that names can be up to 255 chars. I need a public key encryption so that I can replace names with their ...
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How bad is the following strategy for a password manager on a local machine? The user wants to sign up for somesite.com where he needs a password. The user has previously generated a secret key ...
109 views

### Direct sum of Binary numbers In Mixcolumns

I have just started learning cryptography and I am trying to make sense of the direct sum on some binary numbers. I am trying to find a column of a state space after a Mixcolumns operation has been ...
238 views

### Encrypting twice with same key gives back plain text

I read in the answer here that when encrypting twice the plain text with same key could result in plain text as shown below $encrypt_{key}((encrypt_{key}(plain)) = plain$ Which block-cipher ...
3k views

### What are SNARKs?

What does it mean and what is it used for, I have been hearing this term a lot lately. From the context I've heard it talked about it seems to be connected with zero knowledge?
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### How can a good pseudo-random number generator be made?

I am trying to make a pseudo-random number generator so that I can use it in a synchronous stream cipher for encrypting plain text. I want it to generate numbers which are as random as possible. What ...
436 views

### What are these twist attacks with cost $2^{58.4}$ on NIST P-224 curve, and when do they apply?

This page on Twist security mentions a combined attack and a twist rho attack, applicable in particular to NIST P-224 curve with cost $2^{58.4}$ something, with no mention precise definition of ...
509 views

### Understanding Twist Security with respect to short Weierstrass curves

I'm trying to understand the "Invalid-curve attacks against ladders" section of SafeCurves Twist Security page and I have difficulties to apply it to short Weierstrass curves. That section claims ...
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### Why does openssl use SHA1 in ECC when I use secp384r1 curve

I need a small clarification that why openssl using SHA1 in ECC when I am using secp384r1 curve, but in rfc they are saying we should use SHA2. Thing here is am using nanoECC in my DTLS, nanoECC ...
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### Encryption algorithm designed to be easy to decrypt by machine but impractical to decrypt by hand

I am looking for - or considering the design of a new - encryption algorithm that does not use variable keys, such that it is easy for a computer to encrypt and decrypt any message regardless of its ...
I've thought up a way to represent the transformation of S-Box in DES by ANF. Let $x_i\;(1\le i\le 6)$ be the input of an S-Box, $y_i\;(1\le i\le 4)$ be the output, for example, then y_1= 1\oplus ...