# All Questions

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### What is meaning of “Decipher the rest of the message by deducing additional words”?

I have an assignment in cryptography. I am not asking here answer, but meaning of question. This is a question : 2.4 The following ciphertext was generated using a simple substitution algorithm. ...
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When plaintext padding is required, there are various commonly-used padding techniques. It seems the two most used approaches are : Always add at least one byte of padding, and have every byte of ...
109 views

### Is this chat protocol safe?

I am in the design phase of a secure chat application at the moment. I am trying to make this as secure as possible. The Serverprovider should not have access to the messagedata. So my idea was the ...
165 views

### Fast AES-128 on 32 bits encryption

Suppose in AES-128, there are $5$ tables, namely Te0, Te1, Te2, Te3, Te0 which help in fast encryption on $32$ bits CPU. Each table contains 256 numbers, where each number is $4$ bytes. Te4's ...
115 views

### Generating child keys for a hill climb algorithm

As a little pet project I'm writing some code to do a little cryptanalysis. Starting with something simple I have created a hill climbing algorithm for solving a simple substitution cipher. So I ...
45 views

### Hash function and indifferentiability [closed]

What are the properties derived from the fact that a hash function is indifferentiable from a random oracle?
118 views

### Roots of polynomial in Shamir secret sharing

I need to know whether one can obtain any roots of the polynomial in Shamir secret sharing if he possesses less than threshold shares. For instance in (t,n) if he has t-1 shares can he obtain any ...
41 views

### Group Dependent Language

The text below has been taken from the below paper Groth-Sahai Paper. The relevant part is highlighted in red. What does this group-dependent language mean in this context? From the definition of a ...
97 views

### Is it possible to hand-negotiate an SSL/TLS session?

I'm interested in trying to hand-negotiate an SSL/TLS session. Similar to how one would use telnet to port 80 and type GET / HTTP/1.1. I know there's a lot of steps ...
64 views

### Checking the share membership in secret sharing schemes

I was thinking of this since yesterday. Imagine, a secret is split into its respective shares (using any secret sharing scheme) with threshold $t$ and total $n$. Can we find out given any random ...
54 views

### Security properties and Cryptography objectives applied in algorithms

We all know there are five properties of Security. They are: Confidentiality Availability Authorization Integrity and Provenance As Security and Cryptography are co-related these properties ...
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### How can i calculate prime of Elliptic Curve?

In many articles i have found directly the calculation of prime elliptic curve. How can i calculate this prime $p$ ? For example if I consider NIST P-256, $p = 2^{256}-2^{224}+2^{192}+2^{96}-1$. Why ...
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### Definition of perfect secrecy using ciphertext

This week my professor in class taught us the definition of perfect secrecy. He said that for any ciphertext the probability that it might have come from any message in the message space should be ...
143 views

### How is HMAC hashed message decrypted on the receiver side

We know that MAC algorithm and key are used in both sender and receiver side to get the matching MAC tages to prove that the data is authentic. Now in HMAC we know that, it makes use of crytographic ...
174 views

### Proof for composed signatures

Assumes that we have 3 signature algorithms, $S^A$ with key pair $(sk^A,pk^A)$, $S^B$ with key pair $(sk^B,pk^B)$,$S^C$ with key pair $(sk^C,pk^C)$. We denote by $\epsilon$, $\epsilon'$ and ...
76 views

### GPG & Mcrypt - difference?

in short I'm learning GUI programming in python and thought it could be interesting to make a small GUI for symmetric encryption. Not being mad/mathematical/experienced (take your pick) enough to try ...
86 views

I am working on AES. Can we expand $s(a \oplus b)$ in terms of $s(a)$ and $s(b)$ where $a$ and $b$ are two eight bit inputs and $s(a)$ is the S-box value of $a$?
213 views

### Known plaintext attack on ElGamal encryption

Assume that Alice uses Bob’s ElGamal public key ( = 2, Yb = 8) to send two messages $M = 17$ and $M' = 37$ using the same random integer $k = 9$. Eve intercepts the ciphertext and somehow she finds ...
173 views

### Vigenère cipher: Security when key length and plaintext length are the same

I have read the Vigenère cipher is secure as long as the key length is the same as the length of the data to be ciphered. Is this true in cases where the same key is used multiple times. In that case ...
217 views

### Problem with Python Implementation of Key Exchange part OTR Protocol

Being new to software development and crypto in general, I thought I would write a simple p2p encrypted chat app using the otr protocol detailed here: https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html ...
293 views

### RSA decrypting of a huge file by parts [closed]

I need to decrypt a huge file that I own previously encoded by myself with a RSA public key (it's possible for this step using a symmetric algorithm key). Problem is that I can't load it in my ...
109 views

### ECDSA: Retrieving non-random k [duplicate]

I have a question regarding the random $k$ number of ECDSA encryption. As far as I know, it is possible to retrieve $k$ (and thus the private key) from two signed messages if both used the same $k$. ...
140 views

### How Does Progressive Hashing Work?

Example: http://jsfiddle.net/KGtUE/ https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/#Progressive_Hashing sha256.update("abc"); sha256.update("def"); sha256.update("ghi"); ...
37 views

### Is the private key static or variable key in the elgamal algorithm?

I read about elgamal algorithm it work like the follow steps Bashir chooses a large random prime p and a primitive root α modulo p. Bashir then chooses a random integer a with 2 ≤ a < p - 1 and ...
102 views

### Size of p in ElGamal cryptosystem?

In the ElGamal cryptosystem, I was wondering whether the $m$ (message) should be less than $p$ (large prime). Because on decryption, we are getting $m \bmod p$. For $m \bmod p$ to be equal to $m$, ...
64 views

### Building cryptographic primitives using additive maps?

Suppose we have a one-way function F(x) that exhibits the property F(a + b) = F(a) + F(b). Such a function could be used as a cryptographic primitive, no?
55 views

### find $x$, given $\{c_ix = k_i + y_i\}_{i=[1,n]}$

Given $$c_1x = k_1 + y_1$$ $$c_2x = k_2 + y_2$$ $$\vdots$$ $$c_nx = k_n + y_n$$ where the values of $\{c_1 \ldots c_n \}$ and $\{ k_1 \ldots k_n \}$ are known, and $x, \{y_1 \ldots y_n \}$ are ...
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### Generating the keys for the RSA cryptosystem in probabilistic polynomial time

In general every public key cryptosystem has'' a probabilistic polynomial time algorithm $G$ such that $G(1^k)=(\textrm{public key}, \textrm{private key=trapdoor})$; $G$ is called the key generator. ...
117 views

### How to implement a Cryptographic Pseudo Random Function

I need three pseudo random functions which all take a seed S (t-bits long). The functions should map from $d$ bits to $d$ bits $d$ bits to $1$ bit $d$ bits to $t$ bits $d$ is $10$ bits $t$ is ...
81 views

### Diffie Hellman Key Exchange (Finding # of bits/digits of secret key)

As we know that in DH key exchange, both Alice and Bob would agree on the parameter $p$ and $g$. Next, Alice would choose a secret key $A$ while Bob would choose a secret key $B$. Alice would compute ...
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### How can I generate a brief (100) stream of random numbers, not using the computer or throwing dice? [closed]

I am looking for a method of making random numbers that is off-line and is also independent of specialist equipment like a Geiger counter.
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### Cryptography systems based on NP complete problems

There is any cryptography system that have a good reputation based on NP complete problem? I read about the knapsack, but it was cracked.
327 views

### CVE-2014-1295 (Apple's Secure Transport and Triple Handshake Attack)

Apple is releasing some updates today. They have not published the bulletins yet, but they are available here: https://gist.github.com/FredericJacobs/11189734. In the writeup for CVE-2014-1295: ...
90 views

### Existence of a map $\phi:\mathbb{Z}_{N^2}^* \mapsto \mathbb{F}$

Is there a map between the group of $\mathbb{Z}_{N^2}^*$ where $N$ is a composite number , a product of two equal size secure prime numbers $p$ and $q$ and a finite field $\mathbb{F}$, such that for ...
222 views

### Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE

IKE Protocol have 2 modes, that modes have different structure. Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE.
62 views

### Multi cipher CTR

What is your opinion on this scheme: 1)get IV from CSPRNG 2)set 3 encryption keys k1,k2,k3 (3*key_lenght) (KDF/PBKDF) 3)Use 3 ciphers in CTR mode like this: The initial IV is encrypted using ...
98 views

### What are alternatives to number theory based crypto? [closed]

Quantum crypto,lattice based crypto, Neurocryptography and cellular automata based cryptography are alternatives to number theory based crypto. I need to know what are the other hard problems like ...
168 views

### Demonstrating Diffie-Hellman key exchange using only p, A, B;

I'm trying to figure out how to demonstrate DH key exchange using what is given to me. I'm unsure of how to tackle the problem. Question: Demonstrate Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Given p=104933, ...
72 views

### Testing hardware random number generators? [closed]

I would like to know how to test hardware random number generators. What techniques, tools or tricks to solve the problem ? Any practical difficulties, implementation complexities etc.
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### No of keys used in Triple DES Algorithm

I am studying Triple DES. I have got two basic questions. One, why are we following a sequence like encrypt(decrypt(encrypt)); what is the problem using a sequence encrypt(encrypt(encrypt))? ...
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### AES CBC encoding of decomposable OAuth2 tokens

We're building a stateless RESTful API that relies on the content of OAuth2 tokens to identify users and what they have access to. Users authenticate with other means and are given a token, which they ...
106 views

### DES-encrypted cipher

Suppose that you knew that a plaintext was encrypted with DES and consisted only of 16-bit Unicode letters, numerals, and punctuation marks available on a standard English-language QWERTY keyboard. ...
51 views

### Digital Signature with Encryption

Hope it will be clear. I need to digitally sign pieces of information. What I'm currently doing is the following (for each piece of information): Run SHA1 on the information Encrypt the result with ...
239 views

### how do you calculate the private exponent in asymmetric key encryption [duplicate]

Here is an excellent paper on the math of asymmetric key encryption: http://www.mathaware.org/mam/06/Kaliski.pdf‎ See the example on Page 6. The public key = $55$ Primes used to calculate public ...
86 views

### Testing a steganalysis technique on realistic data [closed]

I'm developing a new image steganalysis technique, and I'd like to test how effective it is in practice. How could I do this? Are there such things as standard "test vectors" for steganalysis?
109 views

### Generate random in secure message transfer

I’m doing a school assignment about secure communications between a Server and a Client. Basically, messages are exchanged between the clients and the server and these communications must implement ...
102 views

### A replay attack question

Which of the following protocols is susceptible to replay attack :- 1) A -----> B username, password 2) A -----> B username, h(timestamp,password) 3) A -----> B username timestamp, ...
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### Enhance CSPRNG output [duplicate]

If I XOR the output from 2 CSPRNG will the result be better (more random) than the output from either one? Assume one of the PRNG is biased.