# All Questions

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### Does anyone still use BAN or GNY logic in practice?

I want to implement a simple protocol, and I'd like to verify it through BAN or GNY logic. I would assume that if these logics are still used that there would be some programs available that would ...
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### Pseudo Random Function

The definition of pseudo randomness that leads to pseudo random function talks about indistingishability of a key-ed function and a random function. i.e. The key-ed function family $\{F_k\}$ is PRF ...
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I need some advice as I have been unable to find anything useful via the web - (Google search). I have used the application EventGhost so as to create a custom shell, that I run using the Windows 7 ...
22 views

### RSA Signature Forgery

We all know that x509 certificates carry a signature that represents the certificate digest encrypted by the private key of the issuer. I believe that the digest is encrypted only providing one ...
29 views

### HMAC for encrypted authentication token: recommended iteration number [duplicate]

In the web application I use 10,000+ iterations for hashing passwords stored in database (random salt and all). Password-related operations are not frequent enough to create a noticeable performance ...
43 views

### How is wpa2 authentication structured

I would like to understand the cryptography behind Wpa2. As far as I know, there are 4 messages on the 4-way handshake and three of them are values concatenated with hashes. First, I am trying to ...
24 views

### Determine safety of exercise hash functions

There have been several attacks against hash functions such as $h_{sha1}$ and $h_{md5}$. Professor A suggests a new function $h_{666}$ with an output length of 666 bits. Professor B suggests ...
33 views

### Determine if encryption is safe against CPA

The following encryption scheme encrypts each block of length $n$ of the plaintext separately: $c_i = k_1 \oplus F(k_2 \oplus p_i)$ Where $F$ is a strong pseudo-random permutation (i.e. it is easy ...
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### Collision or second preimage for the Chacha core?

Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha core is an evolution of the Salsa20 core. Both are functions over the set of 512-bit bitstrings, partitioned as sixteen 32-bit words. Can we exhibit collisions, or ...
43 views

### Session key Exchange, some doubt

I have to find a solution to this problem: I have a network composed by 1 server and some client. The server has a couple of keys (public and private) and it shares a secret key with each client. My ...
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### Compromised Issuing CA [closed]

I'm configuring a PKI infrastructure with an offline root CA and several issuing CAs. Among other topics, I'm struggling to decide how the revokation of an Issuing CA certificate works. My Root CA ...
28 views

### Voting protocol - How many dishonest tallying centres can the protocol cope with?

We have the voting protocol that is described here. I am looking at the following exercise: Determine how many dishonest tallying centres the protocol can cope with before the following properties ...
29 views

### Digital signature in a group chat scenario?

I understand that RSA is great for 1-to-1 digital signature. In the group chat of N people, other than storing and maintaining N public keys, is there a simpler way of authenticating each and everyone ...
155 views

### How to quickly detect incorrect password in encrypted file without compromising security?

I am developing a software to encrypt/decrypt files/streams using symmetrical encryption algorithm. During encryption phase data wil be compressed and encrypted. When decrypting data, I want to be ...
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### Is there a scheme that allows to use RSA based challenge response protocol limited to signing only 8 bytes to create a secure signature of any data?

I have a tiny device that has a challenge-response authentication mechanism where the device signs 8 bytes of any data with it's internal 2048 bit RSA key. I would like to be able to certify any data ...
36 views

### Deriving 2 shared secrets from one private key and 2 different public keys

I have a key pair, say $(d, Q)$. I send my public key $Q$ to 2 different people. I also get their public keys $Q_1$ and $Q_2$. Now I can derive 2 shared secrets, $d*Q_1$ and $d*Q_2$. The 2 other ...
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### sha256_hmac for session keys using a counter

I need to generate some session keys from a master key that was generated from an ECDH key exchange. The master key is 256 bits and I need 256 bit sessions keys. Is it safe to use SHA256_HMAC with ...
42 views

### How hard is it to recover $p$ if I can get $h(p) \oplus h(p^*) \oplus r$ and $h(r)$?

Assume that $h:\{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^\lambda$ is a cryptologic hash function, $r$ is taken randomly from $\{0,1\}^\lambda$, $p$ is a low-entropy password and $p^*$ is a guess. Now we get ...
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### Correlation attack on Lagged Fibonacci Generator

Say that one uses a known LFG (2 known lags $a$ & $b$, known inner state length $N$, known modulo $m$) to hide some text with a basic à la Vigenère cipher: $C_i=(P_i + {PRNG}_i) \bmod 26$. Say ...
80 views

### Is it possible to encrypt a message's destination as well as its content?

I have imagined a way to break through any kind of censorship but since I don't have enough professional knowledge of cryptography I don't know whether it is feasible or not. If there is a method ...
46 views

### Secure content-defined chunking

I am writing an app that needs to split a stream of plaintext bytes into variable-sized chunks (for deduplication). The way this is traditionally done is using a rolling hash function defined over ...
74 views

### Why not put MAC in fixed position and cover padding for MAC-then-encrypt?

The biggest problem with using MtE with a mode where it's known to be secure (CBC) is with the padding, where you can't retrieve the authentication until you know where it is by looking at the padding ...
54 views

### Lightweight hash function

I am researching about lightweight hash functions and I've got two related questions: What is the standard or requirement for a hash function in general to be considered lightweight ? Why can it be ...
53 views

### Secure Channel - Encryption and Decryption Keys For A Message

I'm currently reading Cryptography Engineering and in Chapter 7, the topic of secure channel is discussed. The channel described is using CTR for encryption. Below I include images with pseudo-code ...
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### Is there a mental poker algorithm that does not rely on commutative encryption?

The algorithm for mental poker that I saw on Wikipedia and everywhere else relies on an encryption algorithm such that $E_k(E_j(P)) = E_j(E_k(P))$, but I can't find a modern and secure algorithm for ...
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### Why does OMAC2 exist?

The specification for OMAC has the following to say about OMAC2: For OMAC2, we adopted u−1 instead of u2 as Cst2. It requires one right shift to compute L· u−1 instead of one left shift to compute ...
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### Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof for discrete logarithm without random oracle

Is there any non-interactive zero-knowledge proof for discrete logarithm without random oracle over the group $\mathbb Z_p$?
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### Why is public key cryptography not widely used in governments? [closed]

Are there any practical limitations? Govt driving license, passport, SSN could be digitally signed making it easy for anyone to validate. They can have a qr code in them which can be easily validated ...
64 views

### Ring signatures in ECC

Are ring signatures possible with elliptic curves? If so how. The original paper by Rivest, Shamir, Tauman seems to require an invertible trapdoor function. But I've only seen algorithms for secret ...
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### Hardening of random number generators

Boxcryptor uses various CSPRNGs and apparently hashes the output using PBKDF2 to derive the final key. Even though the choice of ...
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### Attacking CBC with predictable but encrypted IV

Let P be a secure block cipher, eg AES-128. Let's say a server has a CBC encryption oracle which uses an attacker-selected yet unique nonce to generate the IV for each message = P(key, nonce). The ...
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### Decryption of Huffman code

I know that Huffman is not a encryption method, but I have a bit-stream that I know it's Huffman coded. However, the tree/table that maps the codes to real characters is not available. Surprisingly, ...
40 views

### Are digital signatures using preprocessed paper pads possible?

My idea was, given that a computer could produce some sort of lookup tables on paper, could then a human use those lookup tables to create a system for digital signatures? This was really an idea for ...
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### How do I verify a reset token if the token is hashed in DB?

I've been searching around the web for best practice how-to on secure password reset system (email with reset url), and the idea to hash the token in the database, which I did not implement at first, ...
99 views

### Calculating XOR Key Sizes

I've been playing around with the Matasano crypto challenges (cryptopals.com). I had a couple false-starts on the challenge that has you creating a program to calculate the key size of a XOR encrypted ...
39 views

### Commitment scheme to share money

I have such problem: party $X$ has an amount of money $M$, which it needs to share with $n$ other parties. Every week the amount of money is different. Let say not, that I am a party A, which is one ...
64 views

### Recovering key length from transposition block cipher ciphertext

First of all I would like to say hello to all StackExchange users. So far I've been stalking the forum for some time, now it's time to leave the shadows. In my master thesis I'm writing about ...
136 views

### Generate a list of valid ASCII codes

I have read many pages about encryption but I am really stuck on this. For access control to a building I want to print a 10 character ASCII code on a ticket (as a barcode). The barcode reader ...
47 views

### Avoiding known plaintext attacks with an additional XOR-Layer

Can a cipher that is vulnerable to an known plaintext attack be made secure by adding an additional XOR-encryption? That is: suppose I have an (w.l.o.g. symmetric) encryption algorithm E were the ...
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### AES_GMAC implementation [closed]

I need to implement AES_GMAC encryption and decryption in c/c++ programming language. For the implementation, I have referred following document: ...
63 views

### Understanding Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange [closed]

Help me understand the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange From what I understand: Agreed upon numbers: Both parties agree on the value of a large prime number $p$ and a generator $g$. The users each ...
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### Proper way to generate symmetric keys

I'm trying to educate my self in key management, how to store them, how to generate them, how to use them properly. I've been trying to find how you would generate a key for symmetric encryption (say ...
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### The non-interactive proof of verifiable computation: Pinocchio

I am reading the Pinocchio paper. The paper says, in paragraph "polynomial asymptotics" of section 4.2.1, a worker, in order to include $h(s)$ into the proof, has to interpolate $p(x)$, and then ...
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### Why does the ElGamal signature have the specific form that it does?

In the original paper, ElGamal(1985) starts his discussion of signatures by saying: "The signature ..... is chosen such that the equation: $\alpha^m = y^r r^s \text{mod p}$ (equation 3 from the ...
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### Integer encryption preserving equality

I have read too many different options for encryption that I now feel quite lost. I need a simple, secure (don't we all) scheme for encrypting integers (32-bit) with the following requirements: ...
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### Paillier Encryption: problems with double encryption

Given have two public keys $k1$ and $k2$, $E_{k1}(E_{k2}(m_1))$ and $m_2$. Is it possible to calculate $E_{k1}(E_{k2}(m_1 + m2))$? (or with multiplication instead of addition) At a first glance, I ...
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### Matsui's Linear attack on DES P box

I'm trying to understand Matsui's linear attack on DES and I have something I don't understand in his paper. In his paper he say that: $NS_{5}(16,15)=12$ (which is OK) and from that he say that: ...
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### How to securely map an element from an smaller domain to the other element in a large domain

Problem: I have a small sized domain, say s-bit. It's clear that the probability for an adversary to guess an element is $\frac{1}{2^s}$. I need to make the probability negligible. However, I need to ...