# All Questions

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### Calculating Multiplicative Inverse for Rijndael S-box using EEA

I am currently learning, and I'm stuck on something that I thought is very simple. On many academic sources they suggest using Extended Euclidean Algorithm to calculate the multiplicative inverse for ...
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### Does anyone still use BAN or GNY logic in practice?

I want to implement a simple protocol, and I'd like to verify it through BAN or GNY logic. I would assume that if these logics are still used that there would be some programs available that would ...
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### Pseudo Random Function

The definition of pseudo randomness that leads to pseudo random function talks about indistingishability of a key-ed function and a random function. i.e. The key-ed function family $\{F_k\}$ is PRF ...
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### Is this client-side password hash scheme secure?

I want to build an app that uses client-side encryption for storing encrypted data on the server. A user-specific master key would be used, so to easily share it between devices a encrypted version of ...
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### Forgery attack on OCB

When using same nonce in OCB mode of authenticated encryption, how forgery attack can be done?
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### Can I use HKDF to improve security of HMAC used with weak hash function?

I am writing a framework which encrypts/decrypts files (or streams, in general) with symmetric key using block cipher (for example, AES). To authenticate encrypted file, I use HMAC, which is ...
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### Derive cipher IV and cipher Key using PBKDF2 with random salt?

It is said that cipher IV does not have to be secret and the only secret component of the encryption scheme should be a cipher key. Question: is it safe to generate IV using PBKDF2 function, which ...
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### Determine if encryption is safe against CPA

The following encryption scheme encrypts each block of length $n$ of the plaintext separately: $c_i = k_1 \oplus F(k_2 \oplus p_i)$ Where $F$ is a strong pseudo-random permutation (i.e. it is easy ...
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### Understanding Meet-in-the-Middle attack on block ciphers

I understand how to implement a Meet-in-the-Middle attack on 2DES/3DES, by computing for one half all possible keys and storing the outcome and then subsequently do the same for the other half but ...
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### Period of pseudo random sequence generated from (5, 2, 0) LFSR

I was reading about the Linear Feedback Shift Registers and I am confused about the technique to find the period of a primitive polynomial. Consider the polynomial $x^5 + x^2 + 1$. As this is a ...
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### Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange Software [closed]

Are there any optimised implementations of the Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange by Defeo, Jao, and Plut. It seems like this would be a great drop-in replacement for Diffie-Hellman in both OpenSSL ...
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### What's the principle to design the functionality under UC framework?

Though I can get the basic idea of UC Framework, namely let the environment cannot distinguish the real protocol with the real adversary and the functionality with the simulator, I am still puzzled in ...
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### Why does P1363 require RW signature with $0 ≤ s < n/2$?

I'm using an older copy of P1363 Public Key Cryptography was used below. It may (or may not) reflect the current state of affairs. P1363 has the following requirement in section 8.2.8 IFSP-RW, p. 45: ...
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### Tweaked Square Roots and Rabin-Williams

I'm reading Bernstein's RSA signatures and Rabin–Williams signatures: the state of the art. In section 6, Bernstein states: Recall that Rabin’s system needed to try several values of r, on ...
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### What is meant by - computational complexity $2^x$?

Recently Bi-clique Cryptanalysis allowed to obtain following results on full AES ES that claim to have The first key recovery attack on the full AES-128 with computational complexity $2^{126.1}$ The ...
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### Why is a Feistel network bijective?

EDIT: Fixed for clarity of intention I was reading "The FFX Mode of Operation for Format-Preserving Encryption" when I came across Figure 1 (see below). It's obvious why it's reversible (top-down ...
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### Differences between HMAC and HKDF in a specific case

I want to use a key derivation function to derive a key to another one. I think HKDF is the easiest solution in my case. The following picture gives a clear definition of it : ...
117 views

### About Primitive roots mod n in Diffie-Hellman [duplicate]

I'm on the study of Diffie-Hellman and its related math (multiplicative group of integers $\mod n$). In some crypto papers and documents I've read that $g$ needs to be a primitive root mod $n$ ($g$ ...
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### Are pseudorandom permutation really permutation in mathematical sense?

In security, and specifically Block Cipher (AES, DES, etc), when we talk about pseudo random permutations, is the term "permutation" refer to the same meaning as in discrete mathematics. That is, the ...
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### Does the One Time Pad rely on confusion or diffusion?

From what I could research, XORing a random key adds confusion. But I do not undertand the rationale for that classification. Shannon's confusion is supposed to obscure the relationship between the ...
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### HKDF entropy extraction

I collect entropy from the following sources: system_entropy = System provided crypto entropy stream (CryptGenRandom on Windows) user_entropy = User-provided entropy - in a form of a byte stream of ...
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### Can a TLS client perform any DH regeneration?

I have only the barest understanding of cryptography, but I've been following the Logjam issue; some posts and articles (elsewhere) imply that a client can regenerate DH keys. Is Logjam solely a ...
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### one-way deterministic hash for low entropy input?

My problem is the following: we have a low entropy data called ID. (personal id number of 10 decimal digits plus a sum, and it contains a date) We want to create a data (H) which is the same for the ...
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### Are digital signatures using preprocessed paper pads possible?

My idea was, given that a computer could produce some sort of lookup tables on paper, could then a human use those lookup tables to create a system for digital signatures? This was really an idea for ...
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### Could this alternative hash based MAC construction be as, or even more secure than an HMAC?

Begin hashing (Key||Message) Encrypt the hash state (or some part of it, such as the first 128 or 256 bits), with the key. Add the encrypted hash state to the ...
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### Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman in a symmetric crypto context

I'd like forward secrecy in a case where the two sides have a shared long-term symmetric key. I intend to use AES in GCM. It looks like ephemeral Diffie-Hellman is the best way to generate the session ...
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### How to exchange authentication keys

I am trying to create a secure Bluetooth Low Energy connection. The peripheral server (the main device other people would connect to) would need to service many clients (users) and due to hardware ...
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### Generate a list of valid ASCII codes

I have read many pages about encryption but I am really stuck on this. For access control to a building I want to print a 10 character ASCII code on a ticket (as a barcode). The barcode reader ...
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### Reciprocal block ciphers

I'm interested in the property of involution in block ciphers and how one would go about constructing one. Creating a cipher where $E_K(E_K(M))=M$ for any $M$ and $K$ isn't an obvious task and the use ...
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### Turning data into seemingly random noise

I am currently working on a python script that does image steganography, altering the least significant bit on each channel of the image. Now imagine encrypting a file with a bunch of null bytes, or ...
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### “Strict” software for playing and learning with private and public key

my question is just for teaching/learning practice and I think it's not meaningful for the real world. I've played with openssl a lot but from my understanding it's somehow not strict in the format ...
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### Malicious party security model: When one party is corrupted at a time

Consider we have three parties,namely client $A$, client $B$ and a server. Client $B$ and the server can be malicious, but we do not allow the adversary to simultaneously corrupt the server and ...
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### Renewing session key

I have a system which (should) never shut down, there are keep alive messages every 30 seconds and normal traffic is very variable, might be a few KB/sec might be nothing more than the keep alive ...
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### Where can I learn the basics of AES?

I was tasked with making an expo about AES and its steps, but I still can't grasp it, especially when it comes to "key schedule". Does anyone know some good material to start learning? Or can someone ...
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### How to decrypt unusual Many Time Pad

How does one decrypt the many time pad: ($R$ is a random string, $C$ is ciphertext, $P$ is plaintext) $R_0 \oplus R_1 = C_0$ $R_2 \oplus R_1 = C_1$ $P_0 \oplus R_1 = C_2$ assuming that $R_n$ are ...
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### Are there any quantum-resistant symmetric encryption schemes?

It seems that quite a few currently available encryption schemes will possibly be broken by quantum computing. Are there any symmetric encryption schemes that will remain unbroken (either because of ...
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### Can Winternitz be easily converted to a many-time encryption scheme?

The Winternitz scheme is typically cited as being an OTS scheme. Can it also be used as a one-time encryption scheme? If it can be used as a one-time encryption scheme, then is it possible to easily ...
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### Reducing the keyspace for a brute force attack on a chained 64-bit xor

I have a block of data which I know is encrypted using a chained 64-bit xor (sorry if that makes no sense, I'm not familiar with crypto lingo). I know a little bit about what the plaintext should look ...
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### Paillier Encryption: problems with double encryption

Given have two public keys $k1$ and $k2$, $E_{k1}(E_{k2}(m_1))$ and $m_2$. Is it possible to calculate $E_{k1}(E_{k2}(m_1 + m2))$? (or with multiplication instead of addition) At a first glance, I ...
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### How do revocation certificates work in PGP?

I've already read how to build and upload them, but I'm wondering how revocation certificates work, what informations they hold and so on. Suppose my private key is compromised, but I have a ...
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### Rabin-Williams, blinding and size of Integer r?

I was reading the paper Breaking the Rabin-Williams digital signature system implementation in the Crypto++ library. The library uses blinding, but it was not enough to stop key recovery. But my ...
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### SHACAL-2 vs. AES as underlying block cipher for Secure Hash (aka SHA-256)

The hashing scheme SHA-256 (for instance) is based on Merkle-Damgard construction with the underlying compression function based on the block cipher SHACAL-2 configured in Davies Meyer mode. SHACAL-2 ...
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### How to generate the APA SBox?

I am trying to generate the S-Box provided in the Affine Power Affine paper (PDF) but I'm not sure I understand it fully. The essence of the paper is this: ...
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### Authenticated EC key exchange without a signing/signature scheme?

From my little understanding of EC-based authenticated key exchange protocols, I believe that it is not possible for authenticated key exchange without a signing/signature scheme. Is this correct? ...
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### DHKE choice of private keys

In some literature it is written that the private key should be chosen random from {2,3, ..., p-1} and in some it says {2,3, ..., p-2} I guess p-1 is a weak private key, but why is that so? The ...
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### Are there equivalent IVs in DES/CBC?

I'm playing around with the CryptoPP library with DES/CBC and I've noticed that for some sets of data, if I decrypt the ciphertext with Key1, IV1, I get a good cleartext result -- but if I decrypt the ...
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### Errata for NIST SP 800-63

I'm looking through the latest version of NIST SP 800-63, and there is a table (Table A.1) in the Appendix that supposed give the "entropy" of a password for a 94 character alphabet for various ...
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### CTR_DRBG versus OFB_DRBG

As far as I know, in the development of ANSI X9.82, there was consideration of OFB_DRBG, a pseudorandom number generator based on block ciphers like CTR_DRBG, but it appears to have been rejected of ...