# All Questions

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### The Short Integer Solution (SIS) problem for square matrices

The short (or small) integer solution (SIS) problem is as follows: given an integer $q$, a matrix $A \in \mathbb Z^{n\times m}_q$, and a real $\beta$, find a nonzero integer vector $e\in \mathbb Z^m$ ...
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### A5/1 and LFSR incrementation

I am working on A5/1 and I'm not sure to all understand about it. We consider that we receive a burst(228 bits-sequence) to encrypt every 4.615 milliseconds. So when we have initialized our LFSR's ...
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### Can public key be recovered from chipher text & encrypted private key?

I'd like to implement something like a write-once public/private encrypted shared secret (no better quick description for the lack of terminology knowledge). I guess, i'm trying to implement HSM. The ...
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### signed message susceptible to block re-ordering , block deletion , block replication

We would implement a Public Key Cryptography (PKC) based digital signature by breaking the message into blocks and signing each block independently. One of the issues associated with digital ...
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### How to figure out the size of the output of a cryptographic checksum function

There is such a putting in Bishop's Introduction to computer security, page 118 as following: Definition 8–2. A cryptographic checksum function (also called a strong hash function or a strong ...
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### Low exponent attack against RSA

According to this: http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~regev/teaching/lattices_fall_2004/ln/rsa.pdf One can calculate the message m, if there was no padding scheme involved. My question: is it possible to find ...
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### Symmetric vs non-symmetric pairing based crypto

I am trying to find a comparison of how different pairing-friendly elliptic curves perform (in terms of security) in real world applications; I am using PBC library, and it has type A curves and type ...
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### Help in uderstanding NIZKPoK notation (and how to code it) needed

Hello fellow cryptographers I have a rather silly question for you; I am aware of how Schnorrs NIZKPoK / SoK works when someone must prove knowledge about DL: y = g^x; (and how to code it) RFC ...
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### Serpent 256bit Non bit sliced version (Table Sbox/IP/FP/LT/ILT) (Non-bitslice notation rules)

Good afternoon! I got some mismatches while counting Round Keys at non bitsliced version of Serpent. I have used official AES submission outputs (file ecb_iv.txt). AES submission package test vector: ...
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### Public key encryption without ciphertext expansion

Say I have a database column that is defined as VARCHAR(255) that stores names. I can assume that names can be up to 255 chars. I need a public key encryption so that I can replace names with their ...
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How bad is the following strategy for a password manager on a local machine? The user wants to sign up for somesite.com where he needs a password. The user has previously generated a secret key ...
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I found the term re-addition in https://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-shortw-projective.html and I cannot figure out what it is. It has actually same complexity of addition and I dont see the ...
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### rsa public and private keys

I have a question about RSA key generation: this is a simple rsa algorithm: Choose p = 3 and q = 11 Compute n = p * q = 3 * 11 = 33 Compute ?(n) = (p - 1) * (q - 1) = 2 * 10 = 20 Choose e such that 1 ...
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### A one way Function provably reversible at N applications with the same seed?

I'm looking for a function that is generally one way from some secret $F(s, A) \rightarrow Y$, where $A$ is known, $Y$ is produced (also known), and $s$ is kept secret. But whose repeated application ...
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### Computing the redundancy of language for a Vigenère cipher with m=5

Redundancy of L = 1- Entropy of L/ log base 2 {P} The Redundancy of L is given by 1 minus the Entropy of L divided by log base 2 of the Cardinality of the Plaintext space. Could someone advise me how ...
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### initiate the elliptic curve

when we consider a curve in a prime field for example Weierstrass form and want to initiate it in Miracl,we should give these inputs for initiate curve: ebrick_init(&binst,x,y,a,b,n,window,nb) ...
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### Existential Unforgeability of signature scheme against Adaptive Chosen Message Attack

While reading a literature on signature schemes, I came across the concept of Existential Unforgeability of signature scheme against Adaptive Chosen Message Attack. Can anyone point me to the paper ...
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### I need to know number of encryption/decryption operations? [closed]

If i want to break quadruple DES (say EDED), what is complexity? Like for EDE, it is O(2^112).
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### Need help solving a shift cipher problem?

A three letter alphabet {a, b, c} has probabilities p(a) = .5 and p(b) = p(c) = .25. A shift cipher is applied to pairs of letters. More precisely: plaintexts consist of two-letter sequences of ...
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### Key management protocol for end-to-end security on Advanced Metering Infrastructure

I am currently working on a research on end-to-end security implementation for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Pardon me if I a bit off topic or not asking the right question as I am ...
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### Forward Secrecy with pseudorandom functions

Let $H_1$, $H_2$ be keyed hash functions (e.g. $H_i(x) = SHA_{256}(s_i||x)$ for pseudorandom $s_1$, $s_2$). Let $s_n = H_1^k(s_0)$, $k_n = H_2(s_n)$, where $s_0$ is a secret (pseudorandomly chosen ...
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### Isn't 'exponent' only present in MSME equations in Groth-Sahai framework?

Below are different types of equations in Groth-Sahai framework. All three instantiations, viz. Subgroup Decision, SXDH and DLIN allow to commit to exponent. But, isn't the concept of exponent only ...
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### Generating a public key certificate with ECDSA params

I have an ECDSA key generated in a HSM and I am able to retrieve it's public key components via the PKCS11 library. I would like to create a public x509 certificate with the public params for the ...
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### Bit level permutation

Could anyone explain how secure is bit level permutation? What is the most serious threat against the security of this kind of cipher? Thank you
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### how to find key matrix in hill cipher

I want to solve this problem but there are 3 known plaintext-ciphertext pairs. The key of Hill cipher is a 3*3 matrix as k=[k1,k2,3; k4,k5,k6; k7,k8,k9] where the unknown ...
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### FEAL-4 Fk Function 4 Rounds

As I understood in FEAL-4 it needs 4 pair of round keys. Which means that we need to launch Fk function 4 times, but the problem occures on the 2nd round. At first round we have original 64 bits key ...
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### side channel attacks on AES

Say you have a web application that's performing AES encryption. What sorts of side channel attacks should one keep an eye out for? Timing attacks affect RSA more than symmetric ciphers in-so-far as ...
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### Need help solving message encrypted on an Enigma machine?

So basically I'm in a class an one problem we were given a while ago was one involving an enigma machine and a few messages. I do not have any idea of how to approach it, and I really need help. The ...
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### Session based AES with random key and static salt

I'm currently using aes to encrypt/decrypt messages to and from a web service. When the user establishes a session he sends a random generated secret via rsa public key. This secret is used to ...
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### advantages of hashing over elliptic curve signatures for a proof of work protocol

I'm trying to create a proof-of-work protocol for a proof-of-concept software, and it's basically something like this: ...
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### How to guarantee every plaintext is in a rainbow table?

This guide says that for a rainbow table or pre-computed hash chain, you can only get a probability that a plaintext is in a table, not a guarantee. Is there a way to guarantee every possible ...
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### How are key length and size of group elements related?

I am reading a paper on ring signature where the author has mentioned a correlation between key length requirement and size of group elements. Can anyone hint me how he arrived at this conclusion out ...
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### Is Attribute based encryption sub-class of Identity based encryption [duplicate]

I have a basic question related to Identity and Attribute based encryption. Construction of IBE scheme was first shown by Boneh et al. in 2001 and I think in 2004 Sahai and Waters introduced ...
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### Possible Digital Signature Hack?

I am starting to learn more about cryptography and I just read more about how asymmetric keys can make a digital certificate, and I would like if someone could explain me why the following case can't ...
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### Don't Understand these Parameters

I don't understand section 3 of the paper Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers. How can one calculate these paramters and make these equations in pictures into code?
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### impersonating attack against a protocol

recently I'm reading Efficient eCK-secure Authenticated Key Exchange Protocols in the Standard Model, and I sense that the scheme in the following(the reader can refer to the paper for details) is ...
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### Ability to locate free sectors on an encrypted volume

I am trying to understand, generally how could this be a security issue ? Assuming the volume's backing media has this weakness (lets say an NTFS sparse file based TrueCrypt container) what could the ...
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### Problem understanding the construction of block cipher distinguishers

I know a block cipher distinguisher is an algorithm which can predict with high probability whether a system is a random permutation or a block cipher by asking a few queries to the system. My ...
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### Montgomery Multiplication in FPGA explanation

I'm trying to implement an RSA module in a FPGA. I choose to use Montgomery multiplication. I've found a document where the Montgomery Multiplication is pretty clear. I don't understand only a step. ...
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### Need: Fast bulk signature verification followed by fast non-interactive multisignature aggregation

Q: Is there an efficient way to batch-verify signatures (e.g. some may be incorrect) and then non-interactively aggregate the correct ones into a multisignature (they are of the same message) such ...
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### Protocol for establishing physical ownership of a connected/IoT device?

If I'm connected to a device e.g. using BLE are there rules/protocols for establishing that I'm also in physical possession of that device (at least for the first time I connect to it)? Crypto is in ...
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### Perform general computation using a crypto algorithm as a building block

I have a somewhat special question. In our software we use a existing dongle which got cracked by our customers. The protection offered by the dongle isn't very sophisticated. For the moment I can't ...
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### AES Affine Transformation in $GF(2^4)$

in $GF(2^8)$ the AES affine transformation is defined as \begin{equation*} b( x ) = ( x^7 + x^6 + x^2 + x ) + a ( x )( x^7 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + 1) mod (x^8 + 1) \end{equation*} where the polynom \$( x^7 ...
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I have seen in few places (mostly papers) talking about plain cascade and XOR cascade. I know what is cascade cipher is but I am not clear about what these are. Can anyone help to understand using ...
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### fuzzy commitment implemenation to make secure biometric template

I want implement some ideas from an article that is about making secure biometric templates using fuzzy commitment and fuzzy vault. I need to implement just the fuzzy commitment (fuzzy commitment is a ...
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### Scalar multiplication of elliptic curve point by a fraction

I'm implementing an algorithm that works on a generic finite cyclic group written in the classic multiplicative notation: (G,*) = < g > , n = |g| At a ...
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### Using the same IV instead of random for CTR mode? [duplicate]

Why is it a bad idea to use the same IV instead of random one for CTR mode?
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### Calculating cost of variables and equation in Groth-Sahai (DLIN) proof system

In Groth-Sahai proof system under DLIN assumption [Page 29], they have provided a few number denoting the cost of each variable and equation. Can anyone please explain how did they calculated the ...