# All Questions

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### Combining AES-SIV and a password-derived key

I use the following scheme to encrypt and authenticate a 64-byte piece of data $P$: $$C = \textrm{AES-SIV}(K, \textit{AAD}, P)$$ where $AAD$ is a string of 48 bytes, of which 21 bytes are a random ...
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### PBKDF2 PRF: HMAC or just hash?

I understand the way $\textrm{PBKDF2}$ can be used to 'stretch' a password/passphrase that does not provide full entropy. My question: how does one choose the PRF? A common choice is any well-known ...
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### Is there a administrator key that can decrypt all ciphertexts encrypted with different keys by different persons in a group?

here is the scenario: $A, B, C, \ldots, Z$ are in a group with a administrator $Admin$, each of the users in the group has his own key $Key_A, Key_B$, and so on... everyone encrypt his own ...
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### What are the most appropriate PKI based cryptographic protocols for peer to peer communicaton?

I've been trying to find out which is the most appropriate PKI based cryptographic protocol for peer to peer communication. I do understand that they vary with respect to the peer to peer architecture ...
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### Is it possible to securely combine multiple hashes without hashing them?

Let's say we have 1000 files and 1000 already computed cryptographic hashes for those files. Now we want to derive a single hash that authenticates all of them. Is there a more efficient way to do ...
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### If I don't use XOR in Davies–Meyer, does it remain collision resistant?

If I don't use XOR in Davies–Meyer construction like in picture 2, does the function remain collision resistant?
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### Key Distribution Center Key Protocol Analysis

As shown in the image, why is Circle 1 to be B and Circle 2 to be A? Why is not the opposite, that is, Circle 1 to be A and Circle 2 to be B? like this picture From my understanding, Notation B in ...
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### How does this affine cipher work?

I have a question about how I need to solve the following: A sentence has been changed to ASCII and then encrypted with the formula $E(x) = ax + b \bmod 256256$. All I know is that the first 4 ...
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### Where in FIPS documents stated that SHA-1 is not secure?

SHA-1 is not secured for a very long time, but I still can see it here: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips140-2/fips1402annexa.pdf Where in FIPS documents stated that SHA-1 is not secure?
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### Is this a better involution S-Box for the Anubis cipher?

After swapping random indexes of trivial involution $S[x] = ¬x$, I found the following involution S-Box with a non-linearity of $98$ and a differential uniformity of $6$. Is there an upper limit to ...
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### Am I correctly understanding TLS 1.2 PRF (Pseudorandom Function)?

According to RFC 5246 Section 5 PRF(secret, label, seed) = P_<hash>(secret, label + seed) and ...
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### First preimage resistance check

So I have $H: \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow\{0,1\}^n$ a hash function resistant to the second preimage and to collisions. Let there be a function $H' : \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n+1}$ with the following ...
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### Does AAD make GCM encryption more secure?

Does AAD make AES GCM encryption more secure? What if we drop AAD in AES-GCM 256? If we drop it, how will it make the encryption less secure?
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### Factorization of RSA modulus using a qubic residue

Suppose that someone uses RSA with $n = pq$, exponent $3$, also $3$ divides $\varphi(n) = (p-1)(q-1)$ and $2$ different roots $y$ and $z$ of the equation: $$x \equiv c \ (mod \ n)$$ are known (for ...
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### How feasible is a preimage attack or speedups to brute force a substring of MD5?

Beyond the birthday problem analysis how feasible is a preimage attack or speed up brute force on a substring of MD5. For instance let's say from the 128 bits I decide to strip 24 bits, the first four ...
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### Why does OpenPGP encryption produce different ciphertexts from the same plain text?

With the same plain text to be encrypted and the same public key, OpenPGP tends to produce a different ciphertext every time I run the encryption operation. Why is this?
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### Is there a difference between $\mathbb{Z}_2^b$, $\text{GF}(2^b)$ and $\text{GF}(2)^b$?

I have read a lot about Galois Fields (GF). They are also presented in The Design of Rinjdael on page 13. In computer memory, the polynomials in $F[x]|_l$ with $F$ a finite field can be stored ...
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### El Gamal existential forgery using Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm

I found that there exists an algorithm that claims to make the El Gamal signature generation more secure. The algorithm can be found here as a pdf. I'm mainly interested in the two-parameter forgery ...
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### Calculating probability of finding collisions in an invertible hash function

Assuming we have an invertible hash function H that takes inputs of size 2n and outputs hashes of size n, I use the following algorithm to find collisions: Choose a random M as input. Compute its ...
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### Number of Sbox in a Cipher

Camellia has 4 SBOX and so does the TwoFish(key dependent 4 Sboxes). Where as AES uses only one. Would it have made AES more secure if AES had 4 or more SBOX too? Does using more Sbox with similar ...
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### Camellia Key Schedule

Camellia is a widely used International standard now. Its Key Schedule seems to be too simple as compared other famous Ciphers like Twofish and CAST-256. What are the per-requisites for the key-...
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### Numeric base conversion in cryptosystems?

I have been wondering if numeric base conversion has ever found an application in cryptography. By base conversion, an example that is probably familiar is Base64 encoding. This is an example of ...
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### Why Rabin fingerprints assumes data is prefixed with a “1” bit?

(I know that a Rabin fingerprint is not a cryptographic hash, sorry in advance if my question is considered out of topic) In the paper Some applications of Rabin's fingerprinting method, it is ...
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### Is normal to take wrong values of the polynomial for given x while applying Horner's rule

I want to evaluate the polynomial $a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+...a_nx^n$ using Horner's evaluation due to i want to speed up my performance of application written in Java. The problem is that sometimes it gives ...
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### How many field operations are needed when you compute kG in elliptic curves with a multiple additions or the double-ans-add-algorithm?

For an assignment, we have to calculate how many field computations are needed to calculate kG in an elliptic curve. They want us to show this for two different ways of calculating kG. The first way: ...
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### Combining secure hashes with insecure hashes?

Assuming I'm a bank which seeks for secure hash functions to use in the process of signing on digital contents. I'd like to explain / prove why using each one of the following hash functions might ...
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### How to generate an El Gamal signature without knowing the private key x?

Let $x$ be the private key. Let $k$ be a random generated number $< p-1$, with $p$ the large prime. Let $g$ be the generator of $p$ the large prime. Let $r$ be the equality $r=g^k$ Let $m_e$ be an ...
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### Message length for aes 256 in ctr, ecb and cbc mode

I want to encrypt a message that have values between 0 and 50. So message have maxim 1 byte. Is possible to encrypt with aes256 in ctr, ecb and cbc mode, messages from 1 byte, not necessary 32 bytes? ...
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### X509 Cert exploit CA check

Assumptions Let's theoretically assume that a browser skips the check that a certificate it receives belongs to the stated CA (that's an exercise). How could I exploit this in order to impersonate ...
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### Insecure third party connection

My organization processes some PII data and shares it with an outbound connection (outflow only) that is a third party. The data transfer transactions occur without human intervention. That outbound ...
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### How to forge signatures in the Schnorr scheme if $r=g^k$ is eliminated?

I need some help to demonstrate how to forge signatures in the Schnorr scheme if I eliminate the random string $r=g^k$ used in the hash – using $H(M)$ instead of $H(M||r)$. How would one be able to ...
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Good evening, I'm about to write my own quadratic sieve implementation in C using GMP library for large numbers. I'm facing an issue while attempting to do the last factorization step for the number: ...
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### Digital signature with collision

Let's assume a digital signature scheme such that there's a probability of 0.2 for two random messages to have the same signature. How can I exploit this sheme? I'm having difficulties in finding an ...
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### How to decrypt SSL data on a considered-to-be-compromised host? [closed]

I have a package which I want to encrypt on my machine and send it to another remote machine. If I use asymmetric encryption, I must have the private key on the remote side. However, I don't trust the ...
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### How to brute force sqlcipher encrypted file with MD5 hash of a 7 bit key?

I have a database file that is encrypted using sqlcipher and MD5 hash. Sqlcipher to my understanding provides 256 bit AES encryption. The key is 7 bits long. How do I brute force it?