All Questions

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Looking for encryption algorithm not subject to known-plaintext attack with IV reuse

I've encountered an interesting problem where we can basically say the following: We need to encrypt messages, but we have no room to store IVs. We can synthesize IVs; however an attacker would be ...
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What does ⊕ mean in cryptography?

Can someone please help me with the question below? Explain why 0 ⊕ x ≠ 1 ⊕ x, whatever the value of the bit x. Hence, explain why flipping a bit in the plaintext produces a predictable ...
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How to attack the Two Time Pad?

I encrypt 2 random keys with the same 'one' time pad. You can get both encrypted keys. You don't know anything besides the size. Is there a way to attack the two time pad in this scenario? And what ...
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How do revocation certificates work in PGP?

I've already read how to build and upload them, but I'm wondering how revocation certificates work, what informations they hold and so on. Suppose my private key is compromised, but I have a ...
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arithmetic calculation problem to quadratic arithmetic program

I am reading the Pinocchio paper (verifiable computation): http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/180286/pinocchio.pdf The paper is rather hard for me. I am considering this calculation problem: ...
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I have a question about decryption. Let's say I have a bunch of files that are encrypted. Someone gains access to those files, and finds out that he already has one of them, unencrypted. My question ...
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Why use randomness in digital signature algorithms?

I understand why randomness has to be employed in encryption, because deterministic ciphers are not IND-CPA. I don't understand why digital signature schemes that employ randomness, like RSA-PSS, are ...
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Deterministic outputs based on non-connected inputs

I am looking for a one way function that can generate outputs deterministically. However, revealing any of the inputs dont allow the person to generate other inputs. E.g: lets say we have a list of ...
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OTP encryption is unbreakable as it seems. I have read some stuff (wiki, blogpost, etc.) but i would not find any information how they are used. If i wanted to create a messenger service, how would i ...
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Determine encryption method with input and output

A website stores username and password in a session cookie. In the cookie the password is "encrypted" or modified in some way. Given that the "encrypted" version is always the same, I do not believe ...
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How to generate the APA SBox?

I am trying to generate the S-Box provided in the Affine Power Affine paper (PDF) but I'm not sure I understand it fully. The essence of the paper is this: ...
It is not easy to understand why this becomes a hard problem. The discrete logarithm problem as defined here: “any integer k that solves $b^k = \{g\mod{n}\}$ is termed a discrete logarithm” i.e.: ...
In NTRU crypto system I have used these polynomials and parameters: $N = 17, p = 7, q = 64$ and $f$ as private key is: $$f = -1 + x + x^2 - x^4 + x^6 + x^9 - x^{10}$$ So the inverse of $f$ in ring ...