# All Questions

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### AES-Paillier Homomorphic encryption [closed]

How can I implement following problem in java code for addition? (here I use Paillier homomrphic encryption): Input would be to generate a new AES key, encrypt the private data with that key, encrypt ...
26 views

### RSA Signature Forgery

We all know that x509 certificates carry a signature that represents the certificate digest encrypted by the private key of the issuer. I believe that the digest is encrypted only providing one ...
29 views

### HMAC for encrypted authentication token: recommended iteration number [duplicate]

In the web application I use 10,000+ iterations for hashing passwords stored in database (random salt and all). Password-related operations are not frequent enough to create a noticeable performance ...
71 views

### How is wpa2 authentication structured

I would like to understand the cryptography behind Wpa2. As far as I know, there are 4 messages on the 4-way handshake and three of them are values concatenated with hashes. First, I am trying to ...
28 views

### Determine safety of exercise hash functions

There have been several attacks against hash functions such as $h_{sha1}$ and $h_{md5}$. Professor A suggests a new function $h_{666}$ with an output length of 666 bits. Professor B suggests ...
71 views

### Session key Exchange, some doubt

I have to find a solution to this problem: I have a network composed by 1 server and some client. The server has a couple of keys (public and private) and it shares a secret key with each client. My ...
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### Compromised Issuing CA [closed]

I'm configuring a PKI infrastructure with an offline root CA and several issuing CAs. Among other topics, I'm struggling to decide how the revokation of an Issuing CA certificate works. My Root CA ...
30 views

### Voting protocol - How many dishonest tallying centres can the protocol cope with?

We have the voting protocol that is described here. I am looking at the following exercise: Determine how many dishonest tallying centres the protocol can cope with before the following properties ...
34 views

### Digital signature in a group chat scenario?

I understand that RSA is great for 1-to-1 digital signature. In the group chat of N people, other than storing and maintaining N public keys, is there a simpler way of authenticating each and everyone ...
167 views

### How to quickly detect incorrect password in encrypted file without compromising security?

I am developing a software to encrypt/decrypt files/streams using symmetrical encryption algorithm. During encryption phase data wil be compressed and encrypted. When decrypting data, I want to be ...
34 views

### What is the general idea of truncated differential attack on hash functions?

What is the general idea of truncated differential attack on hash functions ? i'm using stream cipher and sponge hash construction and i want to know what is the general idea of differential attack ...
47 views

### Distinguishing between two probabilities and the uniform probability

Say I have a polynomial adversary $A$ that can distinguish with a non-negligible adventage between $x$ generated from a probability $X$ and $y$ generated from a probability $Y$. Obviously, this ...
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### Deriving 2 shared secrets from one private key and 2 different public keys

I have a key pair, say $(d, Q)$. I send my public key $Q$ to 2 different people. I also get their public keys $Q_1$ and $Q_2$. Now I can derive 2 shared secrets, $d*Q_1$ and $d*Q_2$. The 2 other ...
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### How is an epsilon of 1/1000 non-negligible? [duplicate]

Lately I've been studying cryptography and in the current course I'm taking we're reviewing statistical tests and how they can be used to determine if a pseudo-random generator is secure or not. ...
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### Correlation attack on Lagged Fibonacci Generator

Say that one uses a known LFG (2 known lags $a$ & $b$, known inner state length $N$, known modulo $m$) to hide some text with a basic à la Vigenère cipher: $C_i=(P_i + {PRNG}_i) \bmod 26$. Say ...
81 views

### Is it possible to encrypt a message's destination as well as its content?

I have imagined a way to break through any kind of censorship but since I don't have enough professional knowledge of cryptography I don't know whether it is feasible or not. If there is a method ...
48 views

### Secure content-defined chunking

I am writing an app that needs to split a stream of plaintext bytes into variable-sized chunks (for deduplication). The way this is traditionally done is using a rolling hash function defined over ...
61 views

### Lightweight hash function

I am researching about lightweight hash functions and I've got two related questions: What is the standard or requirement for a hash function in general to be considered lightweight ? Why can it be ...
66 views

### Secure Channel - Encryption and Decryption Keys For A Message

I'm currently reading Cryptography Engineering and in Chapter 7, the topic of secure channel is discussed. The channel described is using CTR for encryption. Below I include images with pseudo-code ...
64 views

### Is there a mental poker algorithm that does not rely on commutative encryption?

The algorithm for mental poker that I saw on Wikipedia and everywhere else relies on an encryption algorithm such that $E_k(E_j(P)) = E_j(E_k(P))$, but I can't find a modern and secure algorithm for ...
37 views

### Why does OMAC2 exist?

The specification for OMAC has the following to say about OMAC2: For OMAC2, we adopted u−1 instead of u2 as Cst2. It requires one right shift to compute L· u−1 instead of one left shift to compute ...
55 views

### Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof for discrete logarithm without random oracle

Is there any non-interactive zero-knowledge proof for discrete logarithm without random oracle over the group $\mathbb Z_p$?
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### Does the encryption algorithm DES perform random permutations? If so how is information not lost?

Before round 1 begins, all 64 bits of an incoming message and all 56 bits of the secret key are separately permuted (shuffled) My question is this : Is the shuffling of the bits performed ...
53 views

### Why is public key cryptography not widely used in governments? [closed]

Are there any practical limitations? Govt driving license, passport, SSN could be digitally signed making it easy for anyone to validate. They can have a qr code in them which can be easily validated ...
75 views

### Ring signatures in ECC

Are ring signatures possible with elliptic curves? If so how. The original paper by Rivest, Shamir, Tauman seems to require an invertible trapdoor function. But I've only seen algorithms for secret ...
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### Hardening of random number generators

Boxcryptor uses various CSPRNGs and apparently hashes the output using PBKDF2 to derive the final key. Even though the choice of ...
71 views

### Attacking CBC with predictable but encrypted IV

Let P be a secure block cipher, eg AES-128. Let's say a server has a CBC encryption oracle which uses an attacker-selected yet unique nonce to generate the IV for each message = P(key, nonce). The ...
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### Decryption of Huffman code

I know that Huffman is not a encryption method, but I have a bit-stream that I know it's Huffman coded. However, the tree/table that maps the codes to real characters is not available. Surprisingly, ...
47 views

### RSA_DH vs ECDH implementation

In ECDH protocol is possible, naturally, to use the same algorithm for calculate a secret key for both communication parties (Alice and Bob for example). It is possible to design also a same algorithm ...
46 views

### How do I verify a reset token if the token is hashed in DB?

I've been searching around the web for best practice how-to on secure password reset system (email with reset url), and the idea to hash the token in the database, which I did not implement at first, ...
125 views

### Calculating XOR Key Sizes

I've been playing around with the Matasano crypto challenges (cryptopals.com). I had a couple false-starts on the challenge that has you creating a program to calculate the key size of a XOR encrypted ...
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### Commitment scheme to share money

I have such problem: party $X$ has an amount of money $M$, which it needs to share with $n$ other parties. Every week the amount of money is different. Let say not, that I am a party A, which is one ...
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### AES_GMAC implementation [closed]

I need to implement AES_GMAC encryption and decryption in c/c++ programming language. For the implementation, I have referred following document: ...
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### Understanding Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange [closed]

Help me understand the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange From what I understand: Agreed upon numbers: Both parties agree on the value of a large prime number $p$ and a generator $g$. The users each ...
126 views

### Proper way to generate symmetric keys

I'm trying to educate my self in key management, how to store them, how to generate them, how to use them properly. I've been trying to find how you would generate a key for symmetric encryption (say ...
66 views

### Key derivation design to avoid key leaks

I have the first function that generates keys from AES decryption (128-bit key). It takes seed as input: ...
35 views

### The non-interactive proof of verifiable computation: Pinocchio

I am reading the Pinocchio paper. The paper says, in paragraph "polynomial asymptotics" of section 4.2.1, a worker, in order to include $h(s)$ into the proof, has to interpolate $p(x)$, and then ...
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### Why is it a bad idea to use Diffie-Hellman with a prime such that $p - 1$ is smooth?

I recently stumbled upon another question in which somebody menitoned that using custom primes for DH is safe if you keep in mind, that $p-1$ should not be a smooth number. Why is that?
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### Why does the ElGamal signature have the specific form that it does?

In the original paper, ElGamal(1985) starts his discussion of signatures by saying: "The signature ..... is chosen such that the equation: $\alpha^m = y^r r^s \text{mod p}$ (equation 3 from the ...
109 views

### Integer encryption preserving equality

I have read too many different options for encryption that I now feel quite lost. I need a simple, secure (don't we all) scheme for encrypting integers (32-bit) with the following requirements: ...
54 views

### Matsui's Linear attack on DES P box

I'm trying to understand Matsui's linear attack on DES and I have something I don't understand in his paper. In his paper he say that: $NS_{5}(16,15)=12$ (which is OK) and from that he say that: ...
51 views

### How to securely map an element from an smaller domain to the other element in a large domain

Problem: I have a small sized domain, say s-bit. It's clear that the probability for an adversary to guess an element is $\frac{1}{2^s}$. I need to make the probability negligible. However, I need to ...
247 views

### Montgomery Reduction

I'm taking a hardware cryptography class and working on a problem that focuses on Montgomery Reduction. So by definition: Computing a x b (mod N) Pick R, s.t. R > N, gcd (R,N) = 1 Compute N^-1 ...
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### Cache Attacks on Cloud Infrastructures

I read something about cache attacks like this: Enter KSM (Kernel SamePage Merging). KSM enables the kernel to examine two or more already running programs and compare their memory. If any memory ...
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### Known plaintext attack on 3 round SIMON block cipher

I am attempting to write a program to perform a linear approximation attack on a reduced round version of the SIMON block cipher, but I am stuck on how to actually apply the linear approximation to ...
338 views

### nonce of AES-GCM in SSL

It seems that the nonce of AES-GCM in SSL has 3 parts: salt, 4 bytes, generated in handshake, not changed in whole session nonce_explicit, 8 bytes, chosen by the sender and carried in each SSL ...
81 views

### Meaning of Signature hash algorithm field in certificate

I'd like to understand what is the meaning of this field, especially considering that when calling a crypto library to sign data the digest method is specified by the caller. For example, this simple ...
67 views

### Standards/RFCs for non-Diffie-Hellman perfect forward secrecy?

Some time has passed since PFS introduction and we now have secure&proven asymmetric ciphers that can generate strong keys very efficiently (elliptic RSA variants and/or QD-Mceliece can generate ...
I want to develop a ZKPK for the following problem: $$Y=g_0^{r_Y} \prod_{i=1}^n g_i^{s_i}$$ and $$Z=h_0^{r_Z} \prod_{i=1}^n h_i^{s_i}$$ I want to proof knowledge of $r_Y,r_Z$ and $s_i$ which I have ...