# All Questions

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### Client-server communication

The base scenario goes as follows: A program stores some user's confidential data encrypted on their disk. The user is most probably clueless and the disk might get stolen, but these are the classical ...
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### Efficiently show/prove knowledge of third party secret without leaking information

Say Alice publishes (i.e. all parties in the universe) a key or certificate $x$ and sends a secret $s$ to Bob. Bob then publishes some data $d$ (his identity or a message or smt.) and an ...
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### Is AES's parity key-dependent?

Is the parity of the permutation of the set $\{0,1\}^{128}$, defined by AES encryption for a certain fixed key, dependent on this key? DES, and any pure Feistel cipher, has even parity for any key. ...
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### How are salt values more secure? [duplicate]

If a database stores password encrypted by using salt values, how are they stored? I read somewhere, it uses timestamps. So is the timestamp also stored? How about when a user tries to login next ...
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### Proof that counter mode of operation and CBC mode are CPA secure when pseudorandom permutations?

I know counter mode can be CPA secure, when used with block ciphers modeled as random permutations. If we use pseudo-random permutations, is it still CPA secure? Is there a proof? How about CBC ...
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### Encrypting twice with different modes?

I was using a SOCKS5 proxy today (tunneled through SSH) and I began to wonder what the effect of encrypting twice (TLS over encrypted SOCKS5 in this case) would have on the security of the transmitted ...
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### Does the following linear equation hold in bilinear pairings:

Does the following hold in bilinear pairings: $$e(g^{a_1x_1}g^{a_2x_2},g^{c_1}g^{c_2})=e(g^{x_1+x_2},g^{a_1a_2(c_1+c_2)})$$
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### AES: Guess Password using the unencrypted text?

I am using the same password for some encrypted files currently (I know this is bad practice, though), and I wonder whether an attacker could decrypt if one decrypted file fell into his hands.
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### Key management protocol for end-to-end security on Advanced Metering Infrastructure

I am currently working on a research on end-to-end security implementation for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Pardon me if I a bit off topic or not asking the right question as I am ...
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### How to calculate the entropy of passwords? [duplicate]

Here is a cartoon about password entropy. http://xkcd.com/936/ I dont quite understand how the entropy is calculated in the cartoon assuming they are calculate correctly. But in general, I dont have ...
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### Encrypt a Zip File with Caesar Cipher

I'm trying to understand, why the Filesize of a Caesar Cipher encrypted foo.txt.zip File is smaller than a Caesar cipher encrypted foo.txt File. For example: Foo.txt size: 90bytes foo.txt.Caesar.enc ...
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### Using C_Sign to create a PKCS7 signature

I am using the PKCS#11 function C_Sign to sign some data. The output I get is just a signature. How do I get it in PKCS#7 format - i.e. ASN1 with signature and certificate (for detached) or ASN1 with ...
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### What is meaning of “Decipher the rest of the message by deducing additional words”?

I have an assignment in cryptography. I am not asking here answer, but meaning of question. This is a question : 2.4 The following ciphertext was generated using a simple substitution algorithm. ...
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When plaintext padding is required, there are various commonly-used padding techniques. It seems the two most used approaches are : Always add at least one byte of padding, and have every byte of ...
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### Is this chat protocol safe?

I am in the design phase of a secure chat application at the moment. I am trying to make this as secure as possible. The Serverprovider should not have access to the messagedata. So my idea was the ...
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### Fast AES-128 on 32 bits encryption

Suppose in AES-128, there are $5$ tables, namely Te0, Te1, Te2, Te3, Te0 which help in fast encryption on $32$ bits CPU. Each table contains 256 numbers, where each number is $4$ bytes. Te4's ...
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### Generating child keys for a hill climb algorithm

As a little pet project I'm writing some code to do a little cryptanalysis. Starting with something simple I have created a hill climbing algorithm for solving a simple substitution cipher. So I ...
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### Hash function and indifferentiability [closed]

What are the properties derived from the fact that a hash function is indifferentiable from a random oracle?
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### Roots of polynomial in Shamir secret sharing

I need to know whether one can obtain any roots of the polynomial in Shamir secret sharing if he possesses less than threshold shares. For instance in (t,n) if he has t-1 shares can he obtain any ...
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### Group Dependent Language

The text below has been taken from the below paper Groth-Sahai Paper. The relevant part is highlighted in red. What does this group-dependent language mean in this context? From the definition of a ...
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### Is it possible to hand-negotiate an SSL/TLS session?

I'm interested in trying to hand-negotiate an SSL/TLS session. Similar to how one would use telnet to port 80 and type GET / HTTP/1.1. I know there's a lot of steps ...
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### Checking the share membership in secret sharing schemes

I was thinking of this since yesterday. Imagine, a secret is split into its respective shares (using any secret sharing scheme) with threshold $t$ and total $n$. Can we find out given any random ...
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### Security properties and Cryptography objectives applied in algorithms

We all know there are five properties of Security. They are: Confidentiality Availability Authorization Integrity and Provenance As Security and Cryptography are co-related these properties ...
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### How can i calculate prime of Elliptic Curve?

In many articles i have found directly the calculation of prime elliptic curve. How can i calculate this prime $p$ ? For example if I consider NIST P-256, $p = 2^{256}-2^{224}+2^{192}+2^{96}-1$. Why ...
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### Definition of perfect secrecy using ciphertext

This week my professor in class taught us the definition of perfect secrecy. He said that for any ciphertext the probability that it might have come from any message in the message space should be ...
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### How is HMAC hashed message decrypted on the receiver side

We know that MAC algorithm and key are used in both sender and receiver side to get the matching MAC tages to prove that the data is authentic. Now in HMAC we know that, it makes use of crytographic ...
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### Proof for composed signatures

Assumes that we have 3 signature algorithms, $S^A$ with key pair $(sk^A,pk^A)$, $S^B$ with key pair $(sk^B,pk^B)$,$S^C$ with key pair $(sk^C,pk^C)$. We denote by $\epsilon$, $\epsilon'$ and ...
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### GPG & Mcrypt - difference?

in short I'm learning GUI programming in python and thought it could be interesting to make a small GUI for symmetric encryption. Not being mad/mathematical/experienced (take your pick) enough to try ...
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I am working on AES. Can we expand $s(a \oplus b)$ in terms of $s(a)$ and $s(b)$ where $a$ and $b$ are two eight bit inputs and $s(a)$ is the S-box value of $a$?
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### Noise bound in FHE over the integers

I'm studying the paper Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers by Marten van Dijk, Craig Gentry, Shai Halevi and Vinod Vaikuntanathan. I have questions about the proof of Lemma A.1. In page ...
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### Known plaintext attack on ElGamal encryption

Assume that Alice uses Bob’s ElGamal public key ( = 2, Yb = 8) to send two messages $M = 17$ and $M' = 37$ using the same random integer $k = 9$. Eve intercepts the ciphertext and somehow she finds ...
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### Vigenère cipher: Security when key length and plaintext length are the same

I have read the Vigenère cipher is secure as long as the key length is the same as the length of the data to be ciphered. Is this true in cases where the same key is used multiple times. In that case ...
321 views

### Problem with Python Implementation of Key Exchange part OTR Protocol

Being new to software development and crypto in general, I thought I would write a simple p2p encrypted chat app using the otr protocol detailed here: https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html ...
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### RSA decrypting of a huge file by parts [closed]

I need to decrypt a huge file that I own previously encoded by myself with a RSA public key (it's possible for this step using a symmetric algorithm key). Problem is that I can't load it in my ...
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### ECDSA: Retrieving non-random k [duplicate]

I have a question regarding the random $k$ number of ECDSA encryption. As far as I know, it is possible to retrieve $k$ (and thus the private key) from two signed messages if both used the same $k$. ...
198 views

### How Does Progressive Hashing Work?

Example: http://jsfiddle.net/KGtUE/ https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/#Progressive_Hashing sha256.update("abc"); sha256.update("def"); sha256.update("ghi"); ...
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### Is the private key static or variable key in the elgamal algorithm?

I read about elgamal algorithm it work like the follow steps Bashir chooses a large random prime p and a primitive root α modulo p. Bashir then chooses a random integer a with 2 ≤ a < p - 1 and ...
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### Size of p in ElGamal cryptosystem?

In the ElGamal cryptosystem, I was wondering whether the $m$ (message) should be less than $p$ (large prime). Because on decryption, we are getting $m \bmod p$. For $m \bmod p$ to be equal to $m$, ...
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### Building cryptographic primitives using additive maps?

Suppose we have a one-way function F(x) that exhibits the property F(a + b) = F(a) + F(b). Such a function could be used as a cryptographic primitive, no?
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### find $x$, given $\{c_ix = k_i + y_i\}_{i=[1,n]}$

Given $$c_1x = k_1 + y_1$$ $$c_2x = k_2 + y_2$$ $$\vdots$$ $$c_nx = k_n + y_n$$ where the values of $\{c_1 \ldots c_n \}$ and $\{ k_1 \ldots k_n \}$ are known, and $x, \{y_1 \ldots y_n \}$ are ...
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### Generating the keys for the RSA cryptosystem in probabilistic polynomial time

In general every public key cryptosystem has'' a probabilistic polynomial time algorithm $G$ such that $G(1^k)=(\textrm{public key}, \textrm{private key=trapdoor})$; $G$ is called the key generator. ...
137 views

### How to implement a Cryptographic Pseudo Random Function

I need three pseudo random functions which all take a seed S (t-bits long). The functions should map from $d$ bits to $d$ bits $d$ bits to $1$ bit $d$ bits to $t$ bits $d$ is $10$ bits $t$ is ...
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### Diffie Hellman Key Exchange (Finding # of bits/digits of secret key)

As we know that in DH key exchange, both Alice and Bob would agree on the parameter $p$ and $g$. Next, Alice would choose a secret key $A$ while Bob would choose a secret key $B$. Alice would compute ...
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### How can I generate a brief (100) stream of random numbers, not using the computer or throwing dice? [closed]

I am looking for a method of making random numbers that is off-line and is also independent of specialist equipment like a Geiger counter.
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### Cryptography systems based on NP complete problems

There is any cryptography system that have a good reputation based on NP complete problem? I read about the knapsack, but it was cracked.
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### CVE-2014-1295 (Apple's Secure Transport and Triple Handshake Attack)

Apple is releasing some updates today. They have not published the bulletins yet, but they are available here: https://gist.github.com/FredericJacobs/11189734. In the writeup for CVE-2014-1295: ...
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### Existence of a map $\phi:\mathbb{Z}_{N^2}^* \mapsto \mathbb{F}$

Is there a map between the group of $\mathbb{Z}_{N^2}^*$ where $N$ is a composite number , a product of two equal size secure prime numbers $p$ and $q$ and a finite field $\mathbb{F}$, such that for ...
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### Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE

IKE Protocol have 2 modes, that modes have different structure. Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE.