# All Questions

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### Compare two approaches for cracking RSA key

I came across these questions while studying for a crypto course, does anyone have any ideas on how to answer these? (a) Random prime numbers of size 1536 bits are chosen to generate an RSA modulus ...
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### Are LFSRs enough for this?

Consider the following experiment: Let there be a machine which runs (ie. continually clocks) an LFSR of size (ie. number of bits) $b$, having a button that, when pressed, extracts the next $t$ ...
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### How to better generate large primes: sieving and then random picking or random picking and then checking?

I'm writing an RSA algorithm, and am wondering what is the best and/or usual way to choose the initial prime numbers (p and q). I know of two methods to achieve this, one based on a prime number ...
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### How does TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV help?

After reading through https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-tls-downgrade-scsv-0, I could understand that this option is recommened for use when one has legacy SSL Servers which only support SSLv3. ...
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### AES: Guess Password using the unencrypted text?

I am using the same password for some encrypted files currently (I know this is bad practice, though), and I wonder whether an attacker could decrypt if one decrypted file fell into his hands.
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I'm creating a prototype for a messaging queue with some custom logic (can't re-use any existing solution). One requirement is to have all messages encrypted. There are three classes of nodes ...
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### Use of ElGamal encryption for signature generation

If RSA (textbook RSA that is) generates a digital signature by using the sender's private key, couldn't any cryptosystem (the only two that come to mind are RSA and ElGamal) capable of asymmetric ...
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### Output of a Feistel network with all “0” round function

What is the output of an r-round Feistel network when the input is $(L_0, R_0)$ and each round function outputs all 0s, regardless of the input?
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### Can Diffie-Hellman be scaled up or force-multiplied?

I'm not too familiar with the math involved with the exchange of keys, I've read it over several times, but math isn't my strong point. My understanding is that smart people are hard at work to ...
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### How to calculate the entropy of passwords? [duplicate]

Here is a cartoon about password entropy. http://xkcd.com/936/ I dont quite understand how the entropy is calculated in the cartoon assuming they are calculate correctly. But in general, I dont have ...
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### Does NSS fully implement PKCS 11?

I am looking towards using NSS in a Linux application that makes use of a TPM (HSM). So, I am checking the support of PKCS 11 in NSS, at least for the management of Elliptic Curve keys, signature with ...
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### What is the recommended replacement for MD5?

Since MD5 is broken for purposes of security, what hash should I be using now for secure applications?
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### How to use the key from a Diffie Hellman exchange? [closed]

I watched a YouTube video about Diffie-Hellman called "Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange", and it said after doing some modulo operations with the public modulus and generator and the random private numbers,...
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### Is it possible to 'fake' time for TOTP? (Time-based One-time Password)

TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password) Algorithm is used in Two factor authentication. I understand the algorithm and that current time is used as a variable to generate a token. Wiki page for reference: ...
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### online Vickrey auction using remote coin flip

Is there any published work on implementing a online auction, which uses "remote coin flip" to prevent auctioneer cheating when choosing winner and bid value? Is there any possible way to use remote ...
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### Forward Secrecy with pseudorandom functions

Let $H_1$, $H_2$ be keyed hash functions (e.g. $H_i(x) = SHA_{256}(s_i||x)$ for pseudorandom $s_1$, $s_2$). Let $s_n = H_1^k(s_0)$, $k_n = H_2(s_n)$, where $s_0$ is a secret (pseudorandomly chosen ...
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### SpongeWrap without padding and frame bit

Assuming all inputs are same length as rate except last can be shorter. Is it necessary to pad every input (not just last) to sponge for authenticated encryption to be secure? Is this just, because ...
295 views

### How costly is to find millions of large prime numbers for RSA?

Consider I need to assign a large distinct prime number to each element in a large set. This must be deterministic so the function always gives me the same prime to the same value. What is the most ...
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### How to compute the decompositions used in fast FHE bootstrapping?

Leo Ducas and Daniele Micciancio's recent paper "FHE Bootstrapping in less than a second" gave an exciting result that one can compute the `atom operation' of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (i.e. NAND-...
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### How secure is this use of Ziv-Lempel encoding?

I'm reading patent application US 20120278897 A1 — “System and method of sort-order preserving tokenization”. Near the bottom they describe their token generation algorithm, which basically involves ...
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### Encrypt a Zip File with Caesar Cipher

I'm trying to understand, why the Filesize of a Caesar Cipher encrypted foo.txt.zip File is smaller than a Caesar cipher encrypted foo.txt File. For example: Foo.txt size: 90bytes foo.txt.Caesar.enc ...
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### Where did the SHAKEs come from in SHA3?

Where did SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 originate from? I am trying to find them in the original Keccak documentation but can't find them. Is it some special mode of Keccak referenced in the documentation? ...
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### Is it possible to find plaintext from ciphertext if (n) and (a) are known for RSA?

I have a couple of questions pertaining to a RSA problem. I need to decipher some ciphertext and find out what the original plaintext was. Modulus: $n = 2537$ and exponent: $a = 11$ Encrypting ...
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### How does MD5 process text which is shorter than 512 bits

MD5 processes a 512-bit block and produces a 128-bit (16 byte) message digest often expressed as 32-digit hexadecimal value For example if I hash the word "how" using MD5 , I get the following hash ...
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### Weak key schedule IDEA [closed]

Why was such a weak key schedule chosen for IDEA? The key schedule of IDEA works like this: Divide the key (128 bit) into 8 round keys, each 16 bit long. This are the first 8 "round" keys (6 keys per ...
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### RSA example-calculation: Public Key = Private Key (e = d)

I am a bit confused. I just calculated manually the single steps of RSA for an implementation with small numbers and suddenly $d$ was equal $e$. Please help me understand what I am doing wrong. Here’...
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### Serpent Cipher 128bits (Example rounds on any plaintext/key)

Is there are any possibility to see trace(example) of Serpent Encryption/Decryption on concrete plaintext/key example, (not code implementation) or at least animation of steps. During reading of ...
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### How does a chosen ciphertext attack work, with a simple example?

Can someone please explain - using a simple example - how a chosen ciphertext attack works?
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### How exactly does AES-NI work?

I am looking in to AES-NI which is now supported by many new CPU's and I have read a few papers which states that AES-CBC works faster with AES-NI, but I am unable to understand how exactly AES-NI ...
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### Security analysis of Spritz?

Recently, a new cipher called Spritz has been released by Ronald L. Rivest and Jacob Schuldt. It should be a "drop-in replacement" for RC4. There are many differences to RC4, Spritz is "spongy" and ...
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### What is the sign bit for in Feige-Fiat-Shamir?

The Feige-Fiat-Shamir identity scheme is based on a ZKP assuming that square roots are "hard" modulo an integer of unknown factorization. The "parallel version" of this protocol includes a "sign bit" ...
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### RFC3447 OBJECT IDENTIFIER semantic

http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#appendix-B.1 ...
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### Is .NET DESCryptoServiceProvider secure in this case?

I have the following piece of .NET code (see below). I know that DES is not quite secure, I saw that MSDN does not recommend using DES, only for compatibility with legacy programs. I also saw that ...
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### Do Export Restrictions Still Apply To The Key Length of RC4?

I've just read a paper from 2004 which stated that the RC4 encryption algorithm was restricted to a 40 bit key size when exported from the USA; however the reference for this information (Applied ...
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### Bit level permutation

Could anyone explain how secure is bit level permutation? What is the most serious threat against the security of this kind of cipher? Thank you
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### Breaking RSA moduli

Let suppose that the sizes of factors $p$ and $q$ are $b$ bits. We construct two RSA numbers $n$, $n'$ of same sizes. Can we say that the duration to break these two numbers is two times the duration ...
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### What is meaning of “Decipher the rest of the message by deducing additional words”?

I have an assignment in cryptography. I am not asking here answer, but meaning of question. This is a question : 2.4 The following ciphertext was generated using a simple substitution algorithm. ...
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### Does this guarantee a unique 32 bit Hash?

I came across some source code that loosely does the below in order to achieve a 32 bit hash. The input string is passed through MD5 to get 16 bytes Hash (as usual). Then the 16 bytes are split into ...
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### how to find key matrix in hill cipher

I want to solve this problem but there are 3 known plaintext-ciphertext pairs. The key of Hill cipher is a 3*3 matrix as k=[k1,k2,3; k4,k5,k6; k7,k8,k9] where the unknown ki={0,1,...25}={A,B,......
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### Fast AES-128 on 32 bits encryption

Suppose in AES-128, there are $5$ tables, namely Te0, Te1, Te2, Te3, Te0 which help in fast encryption on $32$ bits CPU. Each table contains 256 numbers, where each number is $4$ bytes. Te4's ...