# All Questions

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### How secure is file header encryption for large files?

I'm having trouble location information about whether or not encrypting a file's header is good enough. The files in question are media files that range in size from 500mb to 4GB. If I had no ...
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### Entropy in relation to computer security [closed]

I am going over some lecture notes and my lecturer is off sick, so not sure where to turn. There is this equation that I cannot understand as it's given with a couple of examples. I was hoping ...
111 views

### CBC with a fixed or random IV

I have two probably quite naive questions: 1) Why, exactly, is it so bad to have a fixed (or predictable) IV in CBC mode? An example would be great! 2) Given 1), why is a random IV better? And if ...
52 views

### Interested in learning cryptography [duplicate]

I'm interested in learning cryptography outside the university(studying civil engineering). I was always interested in computer sciences and programing and in mathematics. I always try to program ...
162 views

### How to calculate AES logarithm table?

I would like to know how to find multiplicative inverses in $\mathrm{GF}(2^8)$. I know how to multiply two elements of $\mathrm{GF}(2^8)$ (for example, I know that ...
109 views

### C# implementation of curve25519 to ed25519 conversions [closed]

WRT the selected answer here: Can curve25519 keys be used with ed25519 keys? Is there any c# implementation of this or equivalent? Thanks.
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As always we are trying to improve password storage; before just adding new ways of storing our password we need to define what threats we will mitigate by adding in a new way to store our password. ...
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### How exactly to extract information base 10 from a PGP RSA key pair?

I think I understand the mathematics of RSA ok. I'm not so computer savvy though. How, exactly, can I extract $n$, $e$, $d$, $p$ and $q$ from a PGP RSA public key pair? Is there like a converter ...
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### If I know the salt, can I decrypt the commitment?

Say, I salt my key(K) with y. So, my new Key is K' = Salt(K+y). Now, Alice sends commitment = E[K',M] to Bob. Bob knows the salt(y), but not K nor K'. Can Bob decrypt the message?
129 views

### (Re-)Using deterministic IV in CTR mode / How to: deterministic AES

I am aware of the requirement of an IV to be unique in CTR mode (Why must IV/key-pairs not be reused in CTR mode?). However I wonder if I can use an IV depending on the plaintext deterministically. ...
108 views

### Size of a MAC for a quickly checked message?

Let suppose that we have to check a message that was written one second ago. The message is discarded immediately after having being checked. What "minimal" size for such a MAC is secure ? Thank you. ...
29 views

### Is AES_CMAC specified to double ciphered zeroes during initialization?

Reading the SIV RFC https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5297#page-9, I found that the S2V function starts by calculating the MAC of a "zero" block, doubles it and then XORs further data to the result. Now ...
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I have RTS game, where all players run game and server just relays messages. Game can generate and store text file on player pc. I want to allow some players to be moderators, so I need to sign or ...
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### Is it possible to decrypt this message with partially known data? [closed]

The following highlighted text must contains "547a5e0e008be33730158d63ce844e67" data. I don't know about encryption method and key. Is it possible to decrypt it? Or just give me some idea about ...
150 views

### Encryption and HMAC in a PSKC file

This is the PSKC standard https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6030.txt In Section 6.1 6.1. Encryption Based on Pre-Shared Keys They have the following ...
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### Embedded devices Authentication, Integrity and Confidentiality

Embedded devices send messages to the server. The server occasionally sends messages to individual devices(Reboot, upgrade firmware etc) After some research this is my ad-hoc solution: 1) Each ...
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### Modular Reduction of polynomials in GF(2^m)

Hello I am having trouble understanding the algorithm implementation in hardware of the reduction process over galois fields of F(2^163) In the following process it ...
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### Specific example of a MAC in TLS?

This seems like quite a dumb question, but I really don't know if I'm finding a answer anywhere. I understand that if i access a website that is secured with TLS, we exchange ciphersuites and so on, ...
151 views

### Find private exponent in RSA

The other answers for this confuse me, I know the principle of d in terms of the equation it has to satisfy. However I'm not sure how I would go about finding the private exponent without trial and ...
156 views

### Possible hashing scheme

Plaintext(binary) : 10101100 //very short for easy understanding Suppose we have 4 predefined schemes/functions, rotate (101 -> 011) flip (1101 -> 1011) exchange (11011 -> 10111) stretch (1100 -> ...
63 views

### Explanation of the Fiat-Shamir heuristic

The Wikipedia page on the topic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat%E2%80%93Shamir_heuristic) is completely useless as it only explains what it is and not how it works. I looked at the original paper ...
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### Is a strong block cipher usable as a strong sponge function?

From the literature, it looks like the security proofs of sponge functions depend on how well they approximate a random permutation, Since a block cipher also ideally behaves like a random permutation ...
254 views

### Timelock puzzle improvment

I came across this question with this answer about a cryptographic timelock-puzzle that needs approximately 30 years to be solved. There is also an explanation with source code for that puzzle ...
47 views

### Is there (this) a case in which salting is dispensable?

tl;dr this is not a duplicate of "what is a salt/why use salt?" question. Instead it is specificly asking when salt may not be necessary for hashing securly? (i.e. when the data being hashed is ...
59 views

### What approach is used here? [closed]

Here is an image hidding some information. I need to discover, what is the hidden text. I tried to interpret this as 27 letter alphabet(with space) in columns, tried this with Ceasar cipher. No ...
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### What cipher algorithm is this routine using? [closed]

I transfered a code routine from Java to Python: ...
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### practical use of homomorphic encryption

Are RSA and Elgamal partially homomorphic techniques? which one is better if one want to use it for practical purpose? and is there some FHE technique which can be used practically?
250 views

### SHA1 - SSL/TLS Cipher Suite

SHA-1 is on the way to deprecation, in particular for digital certification (x509). But I can't find ressources about SHA-1 deprecation from SSL/TLS Cipher Suites. Is it implicit, as deprecation ...
65 views

### RSA Cryptosytsem, choosing $e$ [duplicate]

I am using the RSA crytposytem. I have $p$, $q$ and hence $n$ and $\phi$ however I don't understand how to get $e$ such that $gcd(e,\phi)=1$ Many thanks
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### block cipher algorithms with variable block lengths

Rijndael supports block lengths of 128, 192 and 256. AES does not but Rijndael does. What other algorithms support variable block lengths? Or is Rijndael unique in that regard?
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### Does SHA-1 hash have quasi commutative property? [closed]

Although I have tested with a program and found negative answer, I want to be sure.
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### Does MD5 hash have quasi commutative property? [duplicate]

I am implementing a one-way accumulator using MD5 hash, wondering wheather it has quasi commutative property or not.
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### if using cbc+hmac dealing with small size of data(less than 128bit) , will it cause any problem?

if use AES-cbc,HMAC-SHA256, and there is some txt needed to be enc, and I divide this txt into small packages with variable length, then enc them. some of these package can be less than 128bit. Is ...
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### How many characters per block in an El Gamal ECC cryptosystem?

While I look for how many characters that can be encrypted using the The elliptic curve ElGamal cryptosystem. of each block found for these lines. But I can not understand Actually in our case we ...
56 views

### special public keys and modulo n

I just picked up cryptography and have some questions on RSA cryptosystem: Say there are two public keys (n, e1), (n, e2), e1 is coprime to e2. They share the same n. Is it possible to find the ...
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### what does rsaSha512Sign do?

I have the following function: ...
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### Rabin Cryptosystem Problem (variant)

My understanding of Rabin We have p and q which are distinct primes congruent to 3 mod 4. ...
262 views

### BruteForcer XOR (bfxor.exe) to attack 64-bit keys and longer

First of all, this is not a beginner's question since I already know a good deal about encryption and brute-force attacks. This is also no question on how to code programs for brute-force attacks ...
126 views

### OpenSSL RSA same plaintext but different ciphertext

how OpenSSL RSA work ? I generate public (n,e) and private key (n,d) then I encypted a file by : ...
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I am encrypting files using AES/CBC/PKCSPadding, with 256 bits long keys. So far the first 16 bytes of each encrypted file are the IV. I would like to store some more information regarding the ...
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### CSPRNG's (ELI5) What's the purpose of multiple seeds/ regenerating sources of entropy (i.e. /dev/random)?

Why is there a need to generate more than one high entropy seed? It would seem like if the original source of entropy is high quality, than some 512 bits should be more than enough to seed a CSPRNG ...
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### TLS - self encrypting to avoid tls setup, secure?

I am in doubt : of course one can create a tl connection between a client and a server. But what if the client sends self encrypted with, say, blowfish, data to the server? The goal is that the ...
262 views

### Storing AES encrypted RSA private keys on a server

I'm thinking about creating an encrypted messaging web application where users create RSA key pairs, they store the public key on the server for others to see and also store an AES encrypted private ...
212 views

### Extending key sizes in Salsa20 and ChaCha?

I've written implementations of Salsa20 and ChaCha that accept 384 and 448 bit keys. It was fairly trivial to implement, the 'sigma' constant is replaced with key material, and the counter, (which was ...
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### Signature scheme doesnt seem to hold

I can't seem to verify this signature scheme. Taking this as an example: $p = 23$, $g = 7$, Private Key : $(12$, $20$, $3$, $18)$, $y = 16$ and $q = 2$ This will give me: $y_1 = 7$12$*16$20 \$= ...
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### Davies-Meyer Hash Function

So the Davies-Meyer Hash Function is: Hi = Hi−1 ⊕ exi (Hi−1) Say I pick H0 = 1110 0011 And the message x1 = "5" or "0000 0101" Is this the correct way to compute H1? H1 = 1110 0011 ⊕ (0000 0101 ⊕ ...
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### Encrypting with Davies-Meyer hash function scheme

So I need to to illustrate Davies-Meyer hash function for a message “123” with 1-byte blocks. I can use the extended ASCII representation where each character is represented as a byte. And I can pick ...
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### Understanding Cryptography practically [closed]

I have just undergone a one semester course in cryptography. I was introduced to multiple theoretical aspects, the way several algorithms work, the methods and their stability and so on. Due to time ...