# All Questions

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### NIST HMAC Test vectors

I am searching test vectors of the HMAC-SHA256 primitive to verify the correctness of an implementation. Without hesitation I go on the NIST website to see what they offer. While reading the ...
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### How to split up $GF(2^{128})$ into smaller fields?

I've heard that it's possible to split up $GF(2^{128})$ into copies of several smaller fields like $GF(4)$ so as to make the math easier in some cases. How do you do that? I know how it works for ...
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Is there any difference in adding the plain text and key vs using xor instead(apart from the performance improvements)?
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### SHA256 for large files

I have a hardware engine for SHA256 which can process 64K of data, but the input data size I am getting is around 1MB. What should I do to process 1MB size. What should be my input after 1st 64KB ...
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### Are there any disadvantages of using libsodiums helpers for en-/decoding/comparision instead of the native ones?

Libsodium has some helpers, which allow hexdecimal decoding, encoding and also constant-time string comparison. So if you use the php binding libsodium-php you ...
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### How is El Gamal different from Diffie Hellman Key Exchange [duplicate]

I am Reading RSA and Public-Key Cryptography by Mollin and I can't make out how El Gamal is different from Diffie Hellman Key Exchange. Any thoughts?
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### Is super encryption (aka “multiple encryption”) always good?

I'm trying to use super encryption (also known as “multiple encryption”) with AES in CFB mode with IV and password salting and AES in CTR mode both without padding. I first use AES CFB and then AES in ...
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### What happens if you multiply a point with its order on complete Edwards curves?

I was recently working with some ECC crypto and stumbled across the following phrase on the SafeCurves page: The rational points of a complete Edwards curve are the pairs (x,y) of elements of ...
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### What libraries do people use to implement and evaluate cryptography protocols?

I want to implement this credential system: “Anonymous Credentials Light” (PDF). The implementation would involve some zero-knowledge proof and some exponentiation. For some basic group computations ...
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### RSA message integrity

I wish to send some small data that RSA alone can encrypt, and I send a shared secret along with it. ...
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### How are all necessary parameters shared between signer and verifier in ED25519 signature scheme?

I want to use ED25519 signature scheme in my application which requires frequent sharing of secret data between two entities in public domain. I know that Schnorr signature scheme has a key ...
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### Decoding base64 encoded message with a key

I am pentesting a database that where I found data which was base64 encoded. I tried the usual method of decoding base64, which didn't work. Later, I found in ...
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### Where can I get the correct and precise algorithms for elliptic curve cryptography?

I have been asked to implement cryptographic operations using elliptic curves. I would like to get precise algorithms for various processes like key generation, digital signature and verification. I ...
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### Encrypt letters separately?

I am trying to encrypt the word Hello using RSA. When encrypting Hello’s integer representation, is each letter encrypted ...
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### Adding dummy bytes to ciphertext

I was wondering if interleaving the resulting crypted data with dummy bytes placed at random positions but known in advance by the peers could improve security (no matter the algorithm and strength ...
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### Hash functions vs. keyed hash functions in the context of private key generation

I'm designing a key distribution mechanism and have thought of using a securely generated/acquired private key as a seed for a sequence of private keys to be distributed to a number of users using a ...
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### Paillier cryptosystem, small integers and range of values

First, this a different take on my previous question: Pailler encryption of small integers to 32-bit integers I have to encode small integers (range 0-50) using the Paillier cryptosystem. Those ...
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### Birthday-attack calculation in planning password salting strategy

The book Cryptography Engineering by Fergusun, Schneier, Kohno section 2.7.1 explains Birthday Attacks: "In general, if an element can take on N different values, then you can expect the first ...
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### FIPS 140-2 Compliance Testing

Is there any tool which can be used to test that implementations follow FIPS 140-2 Compliance ?
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### Implement AES with 16 bit block size?

Can we implement AES with 16 bit block size ?if so what are its advantages and disadvantages?Is there any rule AES has to be implemented with 128,192,256 ?Can we use AES for odd number of ...
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### Efficiency of McEliece cryptography (ciphertext expansion)

Most of the sources say McEliece has never gained acceptance because of its large size of private and public keys. However I have never heard about the size (or length) of its ciphertext. ...
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### have a question in the book “introduction to modern cryptography”

"introduction to modern cryptography. 2ed" in page 254 "By obtaining sufficiently many estimates and letting $x_{i}$ be the majority value, $A{'}$can ensure that $x_{i}$ is equal to $gl(x, e^{i})$ ...
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### TLS Cipher Suite definitions

Based off the various cipher suites available for TLS (which I am looking at here:https://www.thesprawl.org/research/tls-and-ssl-cipher-suites/), can anyone clarify if when the suite contains 'SHA', ...
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### Random Function size

I am new to cryptography. I have question regarding the size of the set of random functions. I found the text from "Introduction to modern cryptography" by Katz and Lindell, in another thread which ...
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### Ensuring integrity and confidentiality together with symmetric encryption

I've been required to answer a question: As usually, we have Alice and Bob. Suppose Alice wants to send a file F to Bob, ensuring integrity and confidentiality. They share a symmetryc key ...
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### Is entropy being lost when the hash of a secret has a specific format?

Bitcoin's mini private key format works by brute forcing random data to produce a secret so that when appending ? and then hashing with sha256 it will produce a ...
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### Simulation Based Proof: What Can / Can not Simulator Do?

I have seen some examples in "Foundation of cryptography" and "Efficient two party computation", in which simulator can do some things that in the real world model the parties cannot do, for instance: ...
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### Collision probability of MD5 over different attacks

I am researching the collision probability of MD5 and various attacks against it. Can someone help me how to learn the least probability that there will be a collision in a specific attack on MD5? ...
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### How is an epsilon of 1/1000 non-negligible?

Lately I've been studying cryptography and in the current course I'm taking we're reviewing statistical tests and how they can be used to determine if a pseudo-random generator is secure or not. ...
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### Will adding space to the Vigenère block make it truly unbreakable?

I just have gotten into cryptography and learned about the Vigenère block. I think it's a very good idea because, if used correctly, it is unbreakable. But the only downsite is, the key must be the ...
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### What should I think about these unique certificate serial numbers [closed]

I was looking at the serial numbers of the certificates for www.google.com and wordpress.com. Wordpress was listed by openssl as: 04:0B:D4:F8:25:88:C5 This serial is listed as the serial for both ...
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### Why are cryptographically secure hashes required for digital signing (RSA or DSA)?

I know that a cryptographically secure hashing algorithm is required for proper message signing (SHA-1, or I think SHA-2 is the current suggested algorithm). However, why does the hashing algorithm ...