# All Questions

44 views

### Minimum length of PKI key for signature [duplicate]

I am looking for data which shows how time it would take to brute force (or crack by any other method) different sizes of RSA/DSA keys used for a digital signature. I am looking to use as small a ...
527 views

### Linkable ring signature scheme

I need an implementation of linkable ring signature, a ring signature which allows identifying whether two signatures belong to the same signer. It has important privacy-related applications, like ...
90 views

### A question or few about Mental Poker

I have spent some time studying the "Mental Poker" protocol (sometimes called SRA), initially proposed by Shamir, Rivest, and Adleman -- ...
1k views

### Fastest random number generator

I just read High performance physical random number generator by K.H. Tsoi, K.H. Leung and P.H.W. Leong. It proposes a physical RNG of speed 400 Mbps. Is this the fastest random number generator at ...
184 views

### Functions that are only second-preimage resistant?

Are there functions that satisfy the second-preimage resistance property without satisfying the others (preimage and collision resistance) ? I'm looking about such functions that compress data (exit ...
2k views

### In public key cryptography, how many keys are required for secure communication between n parties?

In public key cryptography, how many keys are required for secure communication between n parties? In my view the answer should be $n^2$. Reason: There are ‘$n$’ Parties. Every Party has One (1) ...
249 views

### How to calculate bit strength of Integer Factorization Cryptography (IFC) such as RSA using Python

I would like to know how to calculate the bit-strength of Integer Factorization Cryptography (IFC) such as RSA by using Python. I gathered it is based off the complexity of factorizing the modulus ...
310 views

### Deriving 2 keys using HKDF

I have an encryption scheme that uses a 256-bit master key, from which 2 separate keys (one for AES-256-CTR encryption and one for a HMAC-SHA256) are derived using HKDF. However, I'm not sure exactly ...
129 views

### Are poly1305 authenticators distinguishable from random data?

Assume Alice authenticates a message $M$ with nonce $N$ and secret key $K$, creating authenticator $A$. She then sends $A$ across the network. The Poly1305 paper does not seem to specify whether it ...
72 views

### How to prove NIZK proof of knowledge?

Assuming we have an El-Gamal pk tuple $(G,q,g,g^s)$. Someone, knows only the first three parameters. In round $i$, I send him $X_i=(g^s)^{t_i}$ (the $t_i$ values are chosen randomly for each round), ...
97 views

### Modulo settings for successful encryption?

I saw this awesome video which shows how encryption works using "discrete logarithm". The example says: $3^x\mod17$. I understood that $3$ is called “generator”, because it has no "straight" root and ...
315 views

### How can I find the multiplicative inverse in the first transformation of the SubBytes() transformation in AES?

In FIPS-197 §5.1.1 , it says the first transformation in the SubBytes() transformation is: Take the multiplicative inverse in the finite field $\text{GF}(2^8)$ described in Sec. 4.2; the ...
132 views

### Could scrypt salts contribute to entropy if passwords & salts are only stored in human memory?

I'm unsure of how exactly the salt is manipulated by scrypt and its potential contribution if any to overall password entropy if passwords & salts are stored only in human memory for a ...
70 views

### Is there a deterministic number generator that allows me to share some (not all) numbers I've generated using a smallish seed?

I was just wondering, is there a type of deterministic number generator that allows me to share some (not all) numbers I've generated using a smallish seed? I have pairs of random numbers and need to ...
165 views

### How do I decide what mode to use?

I'll be using AES from OpenSSL. I understand why I don't want to use ECB from reading pages like this Wikipedia article, which has a great example of what happens when you attempt to encrypt with ...
688 views

### Hill cipher key space

Key space is the set of all possible keys that can be used to generate a key. We using the number of valid key to describe it. I've given a hill cipher of block size $k$ over alphabet of size $p$, ...
238 views

### Pseudo Random Generator with fixed Hamming Weight [closed]

I'm searching for way to generate secure pseudo random sequence with a fixed Hamming weight using a seed. I found below code but I need a seed to generate a sequence ... (and need know if is possible ...
124 views

### Is email an example of public-key cryptography?

It seems like email is at least analogous to public-key cryptography, the public portion of the key being your email address, and the private portion of the key being the password to the email ...
326 views

### What does it mean for an adversary to run in PPT?

I've been reading this question where a detailed description of mine is given, I've understood that a polynomial-time adversary is an adversary for which the only feasible strategy are those that take ...
111 views

### Is there a malleable pubkey digital signature scheme?

I'm trying to find a special kind of Digital Signature Scheme. The scheme should allow me to transform a signature $s=\text{sign}(sk,m)$ (for a private key $sk$ and a message $m$) into a signature ...
92 views

### how to truncate a PRF on n bits to PRF on t bits where t < n? [closed]

Dan Boneh's courersa lecture on format preserving encryption at 5.50 mins , talks about truncating a PRF on $n$ bits to PRF on $t$ bits. The approach is by appending $(n-t)$ zeros to input $t$ bits ...
180 views

### Public and private key lengths

I am generating RSA Public and Private keys with node.js instead of reading them from pem/crt files as I can hide them inside a private object using this module https://www.npmjs.org/package/private ...
124 views

### Ballot box with multiple parties. All can read it, or none can read it

I am trying to create a decentralized moderation system for the game Diplomacy, a game for seven players. In each round of a face-to-face game, each player writes their moves on paper then puts it in ...
80 views

### Is HMAC padding the same as bcrypt?

I have been watching Christof Paar on his YouTube lectures also I used bcrypt to store two passwords with salts and I find that I have a few questions. I am interested in what bcrypt does to the ...
1k views

### What algorithm would give the shortest ciphertext for very short plaintexts?

I have to encrypt some very short messages (approx. 5 characters) and I would like the ciphertext to be as short as possible. I am currently using AES but the initialization vector (IV) is making my ...
181 views

### User-specified PBKDF2 password, salt, and iterations limits

For a decentralized login where a user is left to select the password, salt, and iterations, what minimums for each should be enforced? In other words, because none are ever stored by the ...
296 views

### Parallelized Pollard's Rho algorithm for ECDLP + Jacobian coordinates

My implementation of the parallelized Pollard's Rho algorithm is using Jacobian coordinates to avoid the costly inversion operation when performing point addition. I am wondering if there are any ...
78 views

### RSA: Common modulus attack problem [duplicate]

I understand in theory how the common modulus attack works (as described here: how to use common modulus attack?) Though, I did not understand completely how it worked with a negative $s_i$. Since ...
271 views

### SHA1 collision event probability after n iterations

There are String1 and String2 - some variables-strings. The probability of collision for different ...
462 views

### Fast hashing into elliptic curve

Is there a fast algorithm for mapping $n$-bit numbers $s$ (for fixed $n$) into a cyclic subgroup of an elliptic curve (over a finite field) in which the Discrete Logarithm Problem is hard? By fast, I ...
307 views

### Signing a document: which algorithm to use?

What I want to do is to digitally sign a document. I am new to cryptography and was wondering what issues to take into account. The only criteria is that a textual document signed should produce a ...
302 views

### Authenticated encryption without padding

I want to encrypt data and protect its integrity and confidentiality. However, I cannot increase the length of the data. Are there any cipher modes of operation which provide confidentiality and ...
372 views

### Third-party security issues with Shamir's secret sharing scheme

In Shamir's secret sharing scheme, we are trusting a third party who generates the secret polynomial. How can we ensure security here when we are involving a third party?
70 views

### Fiat–Shamir: why do r and s have to be smaller than n?

I have a question regarding the Fiat–Shamir identification protocol. In this source (pdf) for example it says on pages 9 and 10 that the random commitment $r$ and the private key $s$ have to be ...
156 views

### SHA1 multipart calculation

Is it possible to combine SHA1 digest values to get the SHA1 of the concatenated parts ? I know the "S1" SHA1 of "part 1" and the "S2" SHA1 of the "part 2" and I would like to know the SHA1 of the ...
128 views

### Does knowing multiple hash of the same content make it more likely to generate original plain text?

Say I'm trying to brute force the original plain text of an SHA256 hash, does knowing the RIPEMD160 hash of the same text help? In other words, does providing access to hash values of the same text ...
674 views

### Trial divisions before Miller-Rabin checks?

I'm trying to understand prime number generation (more correctly, the primality checking) as described in Handbook of Applied Cryptography. The context is circa pages 145 - 150, and specifically ...
185 views

### Mutual authentication with Public Key and session Key

I am trying to understand two protocols for mutual authentication and if they are secure or not. $K$ is the session key, and it's calculated $k=H(TimeStamp)$. Are the following both cases secure? ...
218 views

### Can the premaster secret generated by SRP be used as a secure private key?

It seems like the pre-master secret generated during the SRP protocol would make a good source to generate a shared private key using a secure hash to compress it down into a 128/256 symmetric key. ...
139 views

### Length-preserving all-or-nothing transform

Is there any known way to construct a length-preserving all-or-nothing transform? In other words, a secure all-or-nothing transform where the length of the output is the same as the length of the ...
4k views

### Is a 1024-bit DSA key considered safe?

I created my PGP key in 2000. I’ve revoked the older, weaker sub-keys in favor of a 4096-bit RSA one, but the primary key is 1024-bit DSA. I read on Wikipedia that… NIST 800-57 recommends lengths ...
865 views

### RSA decrypting of a huge file by parts [closed]

I need to decrypt a huge file that I own previously encoded by myself with a RSA public key (it's possible for this step using a symmetric algorithm key). Problem is that I can't load it in my ...
146 views

### Non-commutitive and nonassociative algebraic structures in cryptography

Are there any cryptographic algorithms or primitives that have been developed and studied that make use of non-commutative or non-associative algebraic structures such as quaternion integers or ...
6k views

### Why is asymmetric cryptography bad for huge data?

I've been told that asymmetric cryptography requires that the message to be encrypted be smaller than its key length. Why is this? I know about hybrid encryption, which uses symmetric encryption to ...
703 views

### Symmetric encryption mode where ciphertext size is plain text size

I've had many questions on Stackoverflow on how to minimize the output of a cipher - during encryption of course - to the same size as the input. Obviously this is possible for a single block of ...
81 views

### Key cracking: Prefer many small texts over one large text?

If an attackers sets out to crack the symmetric key of e.g. AES-CTR, would they prefer to have access to many small cryptotexts or one large cryptotext? I.e. is it more interesting for the attacker to ...
75 views

### TLS - sharing 1792 bits of unidirectional keys

I've just watched a video on the TLS protocol and learnt that it uses unidirectional keys (meaning keys for both sides, from browser to server and from server to browser). Given that the server uses ...
141 views

### Use of less than secure random numbers for 'a' during an SRP proof of password

With Secure Remote Password protocol SRP6a random numbers are used for s, a and b. Where ...