# All Questions

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### What does “securely realize” mean?

I was wondering what "securely realizes" means. I see this in some cryptographic papers but I don't know what it means for a protocol to "securely realize" a function $F$. Is it just a fancy way of ...
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### How can I prove that this encryption scheme from a random oracle is secure?

I am reading this example: A random oracle is an ideal object. What makes a random oracle convenient for proofs is the part about knowing nothing on the output for a given input if you do not ...
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### How to use salt if I am sending hashed password?

If have application that is sending username and hashed password to server for authentication, how would I use salt for this scenario ?
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### Assymetric password encryption - Viable? Which algorithm?

We have an application that requires cleartext passwords for user authentication because of the authentication mechanism in use (RADIUS/CHAP), which unfortunately we cannot change. Since we don't want ...
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### Proper uses for CTR and CBC AES block cipher modes

Assuming the following: Key is randomly generated is being used (32 bytes+) IV is also randomly generated Crypto random key generator is used Data being encrypted contains common bytes like ...
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### What is the relation between RSA & Fermat's little theorem?

I came across this while refreshing my cryptography brain cells. From the RSA algorithm I understand that it somehow depends on the fact that, given a large number (A) it is computationally ...
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### What data is saved in RSA private key?

What data is saved in RSA private key in openssl? How to view it? Wikpedia says these variables are saved.
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### Tree hash and multithreading for parallelism

I am using tree hash mode of Skein on a 16 core processor. Will it automatically employ parallelism using more than one cores or do I have to use multi-threading within the tree hash for parallel ...
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### Why unit vectors should be encrypted bit per bit in that case?

At this work at section $2.2$ concerning a possible application for the BGN cryposystem the author points out that if you want to encrypt a unit vector $\overrightarrow{u_l}$ of size $l$ then the ...
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### AES+CTR+HMAC Encryption and Authentication on an Arduino

In my project we would like to encrypt and authenticate the the communication channel between our server and our Arduino nodes, which relies on an underlying TCP channel. We have chosen AES in CTR ...
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### Any point in waiting for the SHA-3 standard?

The Wikipedia article on SHA-3 says that Keccak has been chosen but the standard hasn't been issued. Does this matter? That is, can we just assume it's going to be as specified by the submitters ...
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### ECKS-PS algorithm: searching in encrypted data; bilinear maps

I have found an encryption algorithm named ECKS-PS (published in the paper Efficient conjunctive keyword search on encrypted data storage system) that allows an user to search in encrypted data. All ...
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### Using salted hash as password for easy memorization without reuse?

I had an idea earlier: Secure passwords are a) long, and b) unpredictable. A hash is both of these. Would it be safe to reuse a key between sites, and include the site's name as a salt? For example: ...
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### Relaxed trust criterion for mental poker server?

I've read a lot about protocols for mental poker without a trusted server, but I'm interested in the possibility of a faster, more practical protocol that relaxes that criterion a bit and "trusts" a ...
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### AES Message Authentication Vulnerability

My securities instructor recently posed this question to the class and I am bending my brain in half trying to figure it out. Suppose $y_1 = AES(K, x_1)$ and $y_2 = AES(K,x_2)$, and suppose you ...
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### What does “adaptively secure” mean?

In a paper it says "In the generic group model, the PRF is adaptively secure for inputs of $\mathbb{Z}_q^n$". Maybe a stupid question, but what does "adaptively secure" mean exactly?
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### Why does a broken hash function undermine an HMAC?

For instance, what makes MD4 a bad choice for an HMAC? In this case I am asking about MD4 because its less than ideal. I know that a preimage attack can be used to undermine the system, but why? ...
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### “Weaknesses” in SHA-256d?

According to this answer, "SHA-256d" was proposed in one of the Ferguson/Schneier books like so: SHA-256d(x) = SHA-256(SHA-256(x)) Apparently, the motivation for ...
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### Understanding one-way hash functions construction

I understand the needs that lead to the development of cryptography and I am quite familiar with the uses we make of the cryptographic tools. But, as a programmer, I am conditioned to see them as ...
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### Multi layer encryption with ECB mode [closed]

if i use the 2 of the same key with 2 of the same algoritm when encrypting in ECB like when i have 2 blocks of the same color and i encrypt the 2 blocks with the same color the cipher text should not ...
In a paper it says: "To convince a verifier that a group element is a quadratic residue, the prover executes the following proof with the verifier": $PK \left\{ (\alpha) : y = \pm g^\alpha \right\}$ ...