# All Questions

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### What is a man-in-the-middle attack (for instance in Diffie-Hellman)?

I'm new to cryptography and I just started learning about the Diffie-Hellman key agreement. I read that this system is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack when used alone. What kind of attack is ...
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If I have an original file and a WinRAR password protected .rar file containing that file, than can I extract the password?
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### If you have a file and XOR every bit with a random bit, can you extract any information?

Say you have a file that is not random, and you XOR every bit with a random bit (not pseudo, but really random). Can someone who sees only the result extract any information from it? Obviously, it ...
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### Why does UMAC encrypt the output of universal hash function?

UMAC uses a key to choose a random hash function from a family of universal hash functions. The value of the hash function is always encrypted using yet another key, and the resulting ciphertext ...
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### On countermeasures for replay attacks. Does this one require plaint text password storage?

I was reading this wiki section on the countermeasures against replay attacks and it basically suggests that: If Bob wants to confirm Alice's identity he can send a one-time token (I think it should ...
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### Cryptanalysis of Marvin32 compared to SipHash

So I am curious about the security analysis of Marvin32, the randomized hash algorithm used in .NET (to prevent hash-table DoS). I found the source code here: ...
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### Encryption through multiplication of encoded key [closed]

Yesterday I finished programming my own encryption program. It is using an input and a key. Here are all the steps it is going through. For an example, let say the ...
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### Can AES in CBC mode be parallelized?

Is there any way to parallelize AES running in CBC mode? (The plan is to parallelize it using OpenMP)
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I'm quite new to the topic and read a bit about poodle and padding oracle. I quite understand the "regular" padding oracle attack, substituting the last byte of block(n-1) to determine the last byte ...
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### Is it practical to use a stream cipher in a block cipher mode?

My idea is to use a stream cipher encrypting 16 bytes at a time as a primative block cipher in a mode of operation such as CBC mode. Is this practical or useful in any way?
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### Does this chat protocol exist?

I want to implement a secure chat via mobile. I´ld like to know if the following protocol for key agreement – which can use any asymmetric encryption – exists. Suppose Alice and Bob are two clients ...
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### Chosen-plaintext attack

Let F be a block cipher with 128-bit block length. Consider the following encryption scheme for 256-bit messages: to encrypt message $M=m_1∥m_2$ using key $k$ (where $|m_1|=|m_2|=128$), choose random ...
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### Negilible Function $\frac{1}{n!}$

Is $\frac{1}{n!}$ a negligible function where $n$ is a security parameter? Application: I have a vector of n>100 elements. I permute it and give it to an adversary. The adversary can break it if it ...
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### AES process candidates implementations and usages

There were fifteen candidates in the AES selection and I suppose that Rijndael wasn't the single good algorithm. I know that Camellia is an evolution of E2 candidate and can be used as symetric ...
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### Question about discrete log - why can one attacker not solve for g but two colluders can?

I'm reading about the broadcast encryption described in Fiat and Naor's paper, I screen grabbed the relevant part below. My question is essentially: If there's a secret: $g^{abc}$ $mod$ $A$ (where ...
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### Bilinear pairing arithmetic

Is this $e(g^x,g^yH^z) = e(g^x,g^y)e(g^x,H^z)$ expression is true? where $g$ is the generator and $H \in G$
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### How to create a PEM file for storing an RSA key?

I have an RSA private key $\{d,n\}$ and a public key $\{e,n\}$, where $n$ is the modulus, and I also have the prime factors $p$ and $q$ of $n$. I want to create a PEM file containing this ...
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### Encoding a message to a point of curve y^2=x^3+7 and Bitcoin Core

Where should I look at in Bitcoin Core source code to figure out how the signature process trasform a message in a curve point? To sign a transaction (message) in Bitcoin system, you need to encode ...
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### Given an encrypted file, what are possible ways to find its encryption algorithm?

Given an encrypted file, what are possible ways to find its encryption algorithm? Heuristic ways are okay as well.
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### What is a good way to handle longer strings using FPE?

While experimenting with this FPE based on FE1 http://botan.randombit.net/manual/fpe.html (well actually a port of it in C#) I found when the string length gets too long (number of characters N) ...
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### What is the “Walsh Function” about?

I'm currently dealing on the so called “Walsh Function” (WF) that is written like: $$f^W(a)=\sum_{x\in{F^n_2}}(-1)^{f(x)+(a,x)}$$ What I know is that this function is used to approximate an arbitrary ...
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### Key iteration count while using random keyfile larger than master key

If I were to have a 4096-bit file of random data (/dev/random) used as a keyfile for LUKS, would there be any benefit to having a key iteration count higher than 1? My reasoning is that the attacker ...
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### What is SHA-256 in Conjunctive Normal Form?

What is the conjunctive normal form (CNF) representation of $\text{SHA-256}(m)=h$, where $m$ is of fixed (or bounded) size and $h$ is 256 bit?
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### Attribute-based encryption for cloud storage

I'm trying to understand attribute-based encryption schemes. Almost all articles describe that they are designed for cloud storage, but as I understand, almost all computing (encryption & ...
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### Combining cascaded encryption keys into one key

Is there an encryption algorithm where it's possible to combine multiple encryption keys into one, so that: $E_{AB}(Data) = E_A(E_B(Data))$ KeyAB should be computable from KeyA and KeyB, but it must ...
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### Is authentication length always a subset of encryption length?

Do in all the use cases, if I have to encrypt and authenticate, encrypt-then-authenticate or authenticate-then-encrypt, like in IPSEC, SSL or SSH or others, if I were to do these operations to a ...
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### Vigenère, auto-correlation vs Kasiski examination

What are the differences between 'Kasiski examination' and 'auto-correlation' ? In Cryptool site, they state that autocorrelation analysis is more efficient and clearer than the Friedman or Kasiski ...
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### Prove there is PRG that is not necessarily one-to-one

We assume that there is at least one PRG .Now prove there is a PRG like $G:\{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{l(n)}$ such that it is not necessarily one-to-one.
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### Using similar passwords and salts for PBKDF2

I'm trying to generate a bunch of pseudo-random keys for AES using PBKDF2, where the AES ciphers will be used in CTR mode as pseudo-random number generators. My goal is to create a 2-dimensional ...
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### Creating unique keys with md5

The project I'm working on requires me to find a way to create a unique key based on data stored in a table. The table in question consists of x columns and y rows. In order to create the key I want ...
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### Common reference string in NIZK

I want to ask that does the common reference string in NIZK have to be random? Or can it be anything?
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### Replay Attack in Stream Cipher

Stream ciphers are vulnerable to replay attack if the same key k is used. If E() is a stream cipher and an attacker intercepts the message m that's being transmitted at time t, how can the attacker ...
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### Decrypt AES-encrypted data with another key

Here is a plain question, all filled with pseudo-real data :) We have a string: "hello" and two keys for AES: GoodKey and BadKey. We encrypt our string with GoodKey, and receive something like ...
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### Key sizes supported by 3DES

I read about 3DES encryption but I don't understand exactly what the specific meaning of key size is. For example I found that 3DES supports 64, 128, 192, and 256 bits key size. What are all the ...
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### Authentication using a one-time pad

I am building a small embedded system of two nodes that communicate wirelessly. The microcontrollers I'm using are very limited: they only have 256 bytes of RAM. I would like to be able to ...
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### How are RSA and ElGamal compatible in PGP?

I'm starting to play with PGP and I don't understand how if your key pair is RSA you can encrypt a message for someone whose key is for example ElGamal. How does the asymmetric key exchange work if ...
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### Replacing the PRF in PBKDF2 with Keccak

I am unable to find a reliable, tested library for a decent password based key derivation function e.g. Scrypt in the programming language I am using, but I have a reliable library for PBKDF2 (which ...
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### HMAC tag to verify the key (verification in the reverse direction)

A quick question. Are there any problems with the following HMAC use-case: We have two entities ($A$ and $B$), both of them have a secret ($A$ has $S_0$ and $B$ has $S_1$) $A$ generates a random ...
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### Deciphering text encrypted with a changing cipher

I know there are many ways to crack basic ciphers were each letter is mapped to some other letter, but what ways are there to decode something that was encrypted using a cipher that changed after ...
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Server A produces signed messages on request. You can tell server A what type of RSA padding to use in the signature (either RSASSA-PKCS1v1_5 or RSASSA-PSS). Either way, the message will be signed ...
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### How do SignRecover and VerifyRecover work?

In PKCS#11, there are the SignRecover and VerifyRecover methods, where the data can be recovered from the signature. How do these methods work? Can I implement signrecover and verifyrecover with ...
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### Performing differential cryptanalysis for randomly generated S-boxes

As far as I know, performing differential or linear cryptanalysis always requires a knowledge of the S-boxes' content and order. Yet in Bruce Schneier's Applied Cryptography, it is stated that random ...
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### What would a backdoor in symmetric key cipher look like? [duplicate]

Pretty much what the title says. DES was suspected of having one, but I couldn't imagine what it could possibly look like if only the NSA knew how to use it. Dual_EC_DRBG's backdoor is asymmetric, but ...
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### ECDSA Public key randomness

If I have a 256bit ECDSA public key how likely is it that the same public key will be generated by another person. Will it take on average 2^256 tries to generate same public key? If I xor the first ...
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### Is the result of HMAC-sha256 distinguishable from random noise?

Is if the result of HMAC-sha256 distinguishable from random noise? If so, given: a collection of 1000 keys, and 1000 messages of random noise, 100 signed by each of only 10 of those keys Can ...
The Massey-Omura cryptosystem uses "multiplication over the finite field $GF(2^n)$. I'm just starting understand the idea of multiplying polynomials and I've searched for online calculators to use for ...