# All Questions

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### XOR cipher with three different ciphertexts and repeated key, key length known. How do I find the plaintexts?

Let us say we have three different plaintexts (all alphabets, A-Z): $x$, $y$ and $z$, each of length $21$. Let the key, $a$, be also of length $21$. Now, what we have is $x \oplus a$, $y \oplus a$ ...
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### Usage of GF(p^m) fields, where p != 2

$GF(2^m)$ Galois fields are widely used in different cryptographic algorithms, for example, in Rijndael. However, $GF(p^m)$ fields are possible with any prime $p$, not only 2, but $GF(2^m)$ fields ...
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### Problem in understanding Blakley's Secret Sharing Scheme

I need to implement Blakley's Secret Sharing Scheme. I have read below mentioned two research papers but still unable to understand how to implement it. Safeguarding cryptographic keys Two Matrices ...
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### Proving that an encryption scheme is susceptible to certain attacks

I'm currently trying to prove the following: Where p is a prime number of cryptographic size, prove that: e(m) = am + b (mod p) where a and b are private is open to a known plaintext attack e(m) = ...
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### display an image encrypted with ECB [closed]

On wikipedia there is an example of a picture encrypted with ECB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#Electronic_codebook_.28ECB.29 I just wanted to know how an encrypted ...
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### Public key encryption and big files with NaCL

I am trying to encrypt big files using NaCL (actually PyNaCL) - see http://nacl.cr.yp.to/box.html After reading some docs, I came up with this prototype : Bob wants to send a big file to Sarah. They ...
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### What kind of attack does the current brokenness of SHA-1 allow?

I understand that the following is becoming feasible, or already is: Find any 2 data (d1 and d2), for which SHA1(d1) = SHA1(d2) However, it is not entirely clear ...
236 views

### Programming language for modular arithmetic over large numbers [closed]

I'am trying to implement algorithms on integer factorization.This involves dealing with integers of 200-500 digits and doing modular arithmetic over them.Which programming language has inbuilt support ...
159 views

### The perfect way of using IV in CTR mode

I understand that it is necessary to use the same IV for both encryption and decryption in the CTR mode. I'm thinking about the case when I concatenate the secret ...
232 views

### Strength of RSA with OAEP

In our current system we use an encryption solution based on RSA with OAEP padding. Key size is optional but default 2048. What is the general strength of RSA with OAEP? Are there know attacks that ...
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### Question about key verification

I am studying for network security exam. And in the slide about Key Management, under a heading Key Verification I see this: Key Verification Almost all cryptographic algorithms have some weak keys ...
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### CBC with a fixed or random IV

I have two probably quite naive questions: 1) Why, exactly, is it so bad to have a fixed (or predictable) IV in CBC mode? An example would be great! 2) Given 1), why is a random IV better? And if ...
161 views

### Transforming a key into a seed with the most entropy

I'm making a very simple encrypter in C# which is basically a Stream cipher. The user enters a key(password), converted to a seed for a pseudo-random generator, and the pseudo-random generator ...
465 views

### Finding discrete logarithm with baby-step-giant-step algorithm

I am trying to use the Baby Step Giant Step algorithm to find discrete logarithm in: $$a^x= B \pmod p$$ with using BSGS: $$x = im+j$$ $$a^j = B a^{-im}$$ where $m = \sqrt{p}$ Wikipedia says: ...
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### (Re-)Using deterministic IV in CTR mode / How to: deterministic AES

I am aware of the requirement of an IV to be unique in CTR mode (Why must IV/key-pairs not be reused in CTR mode?). However I wonder if I can use an IV depending on the plaintext deterministically. ...
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### Is AES_CMAC specified to double ciphered zeroes during initialization?

Reading the SIV RFC https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5297#page-9, I found that the S2V function starts by calculating the MAC of a "zero" block, doubles it and then XORs further data to the result. Now ...
110 views

### KPA on Feistel cipher?

I heard that DES is technically “broken” because of attacks involving large amounts of known plaintext. These attacks are obviously academic and highly complicated, so for some intuition I was hoping ...
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### Does a cryptosystem provide unconditional security if and only if it provides perfect secrecy?

Is unconditional security and perfect secrecy one and the same thing, i.e a cryptosystem provides unconditional security if and only if it provides perfect secrecy ? I've wondered about the above and ...
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### Looking for a secure PRNG that I can implement in hardware

I'm trying to implement a (sort of) simple PRNG in hardware for fun. My idea would be to allow a user to enter a key using a keypad (or some dip switch settings that can be set and hidden) and to ...
116 views

### Group description in pairing based cryptography

Suppose we have a public key encryption scheme, in which public parameter contains $(p, G, G_t, e, g)$, where $p$ is prime number, $G$ is a (cyclic) group of prime order, $e:G \times G \mapsto G_t$. ...
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### MD-compliant hashes don't really accept arbitary length input, do they?

When people talk about hash functions, they usually say that they accept arbitrary-length input, but if you actually look at the padding (eg MD-strengthening padding), you see it's like ...
275 views

### Secure double encryption using CPA and CCA

Do you mind if you give me any hints, links or ideas about how to improve the security of double regular encryption and decryption, by using CPA game and CCA game, it sounds interesting question, and ...
47 views

### Repeating something encrypted and non-encrypted?

If one wants to keep the receiver's name non encrypted, but it also appears in the encrypted message - will it leak information? (other than the receiver's name, of course.) Let's assume a "bad" case ...
109 views

### block cipher algorithms with variable block lengths

Rijndael supports block lengths of 128, 192 and 256. AES does not but Rijndael does. What other algorithms support variable block lengths? Or is Rijndael unique in that regard?
83 views

### simulating rc4-256 with rc4-128

OpenSSL supports rc4 with 128-bit keys and rc4 with 40-bit keys. It does not support rc4 with 256-bit keys. My question is... is it possible to modify the state of the pseudo-random generation ...
1k views

### What Java actually stores inside Keystore when generating Keys?

When we use Keytool to generate a Keystore to store Private/Public keys, what Java actually stores inside the Keystore file ? I ...
616 views

### BruteForcer XOR (bfxor.exe) to attack 64-bit keys and longer

First of all, this is not a beginner's question since I already know a good deal about encryption and brute-force attacks. This is also no question on how to code programs for brute-force attacks ...
279 views

### OpenSSL RSA same plaintext but different ciphertext

how OpenSSL RSA work ? I generate public (n,e) and private key (n,d) then I encypted a file by : ...
56 views

### Condition on Vector Boolean Function to be Bijective

Suppose the vector boolean function be \begin{align} f:F^n_2 \longrightarrow F_2^n \\ (x_1,\dots ,x_n) \longrightarrow (x_2,\dots x_n,g) \\ \\ g:F^n_2 \longrightarrow F_2 \\ (x_1,\dots ,x_n) ...
356 views

### Blowfish ECB mode: Tools for known-plaintext attack?

I'm currently dealing with multiple blowfish-encrypted files that share the same key. All are encrypted using ECB mode judging from their appearance: I don't know what the key is but I know 64 byte ...
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### Using bcrypt derived keys for encryption?

Sorry for this ignorant question but I am currently weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of BCrypt over PBKDF2 and from what I have read BCrypt is considered more secure but from what I have ...
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### Correctness vs Completeness

What is the conceptual difference between the definition of correctness and completeness in verifiable cryptographic protocols? They justify that if a statement is correct then the verification should ...