# All Questions

783 views

### Real life collision when only using truncated hash

For MD5 two different inputs are known that produce the same 128 bit hash value. However, these inputs are artificially created for this specific purpose. For normal, real life inputs I believe no ...
7k views

### Initialization vector length insufficient in AES

I use AES with AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding with the following encryption and decryption code sections in Java: ...
543 views

### two public keys with same passphrase insecure? | can two hashes be compared?

Suppose someone had generated a 2.048-Bit RSA GPG/PGP key pair and published the public key on the usual key servers. Then he withdraws this key and generates a new one in 4.096-Bit RSA using the same ...
3k views

### How exactly would someone crack a private key passphrase? [closed]

Lets say for a PGP/GPG pair with a passphrase.
25 views

### What are the correct order of operations for One Time Pad Cipher?

According to Wikipedia the One Time Pad Cipher is unbreakable. On the Wikipedia page it explains how to perform this simple encryption process by hand. For the encryption it adds (+) the message and ...
38 views

### Why does OpenPGP encryption produce different ciphertexts from the same plain text?

With the same plain text to be encrypted and the same public key, OpenPGP tends to produce a different ciphertext every time I run the encryption operation. Why is this?
66 views

### How to generate many passwords from one passphrase, so that knowledge of one password does not compromise the others?

The limitations are: it should be a function. passphrase is so weak, that if hash of it is known (or big part of hash), then it can be brute forced. I want to get N passwords from one passphrase. ...
84 views

### Does a stream cipher provide perfect secrecy?

From WAR10CK here: If I actually do create a machine using RC4 or AES-CTR and have a TRNG continually feed it a constant steady stream of random bits. Provided that the stream of bits is purged ...
450 views

629 views

### Why is AES unbreakable?

Why is it said that AES is unbreakable? Brute force attacks would take years to crack it, so is it possible to crack it if the computational speed of machines increase in the following decade?
223 views

### Is CBC theoretically harder to brute force when compared with ECB?

Theoretically – is CBC mode harder to bruteforce when compared with ECB when assuming: we ignore computational cost for the XOR operations, and the IV is made public?
224 views

### What cryptanalysis is possible against two independent keystreams XORed against plaintext?

If a wise person was unsure about which commercial cryptography standards are truly secure from the fascist powers that be, it would seem the obvious option for companies and individuals is to now use ...
260 views

### Difference between Pseudorandom Function vs randomly chosen function

I am currently going through a course in cryptography. In this, I stumbled upon Pseudorandom Functions. I got a little idea of Pseudorandom Generators which map an input string (key) to an extended ...
157 views

### What is the keyspace of ROT-13?

Today I was having a discussion with my cryptography lecturer about the keyspace of a ROT-13 cipher. He argues that the keyspace is 0 because it doesn't have a key. Could anyone explain to me why the ...
430 views

### Attack an stream cypher using 2 XORed LFSRs

We know that the Key were generated by 2 16Bit LFSRs (output of both is XORed together -> key) I already extracted a 64 Bit key sequence, but how can I calculate the polynom of the LFSRs (and the ...
164 views

### In cryptographic protocols, what protects against an attacker dropping messages?

In some cryptographic protocols I have seen messages protected for confidentiality, authenticity, replaying attacks, reordering attacks, etc. What protects a protocol from an attacker in a ...
416 views

### Is splitting AES ecrypted data safe?

Say I have a key, an iv and an AES/GCM/NoPadding encoded string and I want to split this information between three people such that only jointly can they reveal the ...
145 views

### On the privacy of perfect hash functions

I'm digging into the several algorithms for building (Minimal) Perfect Hash Functions. It seems that the recent works provide quite a few very efficient algorithms. However, I'm wondering how a (M)...
89 views

### linear computations over bilinear pairings

Does this hold in asymetric bilinear pairings? $e(x_1,x_2)e(x_3,x_4) = e(x_1x_3,x_2x_4)$, where $x_1,x_3 \in \mathbb{G}_1$ and $x_2,x_4 \in \mathbb{G}_2$ for a bilinear pairing $e$
130 views

### Three different numbers with x³=x mod p

p is a prime greater than 2 and $a \in \mathbb{Z}_p$. Why are there exactly three solutions for a³ = a mod p? Obviously 0 and 1 are both in $\mathbb{Z}$ and valid solutions, but that still means, ...
3k views

### How to calculate Modulo using a standard calculator for a one time pad encryption

I wrote a simple python script to preform one time pad encryption I would like to be able to decrypt the ciphertext by hand. In my script I use mod 26. This is how I was shown to calculate a mod ...
355 views

### What is h in this RSA variant?

I am trying to implement a proposed improved algorithm of RSA . Here the author has increased the number of exponents. However I am unable to understand what $h$ is in the Key generation step. Can ...
3k views

### How does TLS generate the shared secret?

From many readings, I got to know that TLS generates master shared secrets using pre-master keys and uses the DH algorithm to generate the shared secret/Master secret. What values during the hello ...
1k views

### Pollard’s Rho Method

I can't get my head around Pollard’s Rho Method for solving discrate log problem I have read in a book: The basic idea is to pseudorandomly generate group elements of the form α^i · β^j ...
105 views

### What is the difference between PPE and SPPE?

Can somebody explain, in simple terms, the difference between Pseudo Random Permutation Ensemble and Super Pseudo Random Permutation Ensemble?
1k views

### Is it possible to subtract/multiply numbers using homomorphic encryption?

Most of the libraries I've seen allow you to add encrypted numbers. Is it possible to subtract and multiply them?
243 views

### Which area of Maths should I pursue?

I would like to know which area of Mathematics would be most beneficial to cryptography. Surely Algebraic Number Theory and maybe to a lesser extend, Elliptic Curves, are closely linked to ...
200 views

### Does collision resistance stay when extending a hash function to a set domain?

Given a Cryptographic hash function $h$ for element $x$, let's extend it to sets via $H(S)=\prod_{x\in{S}}{h(x)}$. I am asking if the new hash $H$ (in domain of set) is still collision resistant? To ...
1k views

### Generate fixed length cipher text from arbitrary length plaintext

Using an encryption algorithm like AES, is it possible to generate a fixed length cipher text no matter how long the plain text becomes?
2k views

### Implementing secret reconstruction in Shamir's Secret Sharing

I am trying to implement Shamir's secret sharing in C++. I have got the generation of shares working. However, I am very confused with the reconstruction of shares. I get the part on how three users ...
194 views

### Do I need to know the “mode of operation” to decrypt a message encrypted with a block cipher?

If I have received an AES encrypted message, and if I do know the key with which it was encrypted, do I also need to know the mode of operation with which it was encrypted in order to decrypt it? My ...
221 views

### What does modular inversion mean?

I'm trying to implement an e-voting algorithm, which is described at the paper "Internet Voting Protocol Based on Improved Implicit Security" by Abhishek Parakh & Subhash Kak. At the Example 1 ...
122 views

### What can a master password also be called?

When having a company computer that is full disk encrypted, it is common that the boss have a master password / backdoor, so the data always can be decrypted. I have heard some call this for "scrow" ...
101 views

### Initialization value (IV) bit error

When a bit error happens in an IV, what would the result of decrypting a cipher-text be in the different encryption modes like ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR?
89 views

### find solutions that solve the equations

I am implementing a timing attack on RSA for school and I need to generate two sets of messages $Y$ and $Z$ for which holds: $(Y^d \mod N) \cdot Y < N$ and $(Z^d \mod N) \cdot Z > N$ where ...
2k views

### Is it possible to use the RSA algorithm, or a variant, for software licensing?

I'm almost a newbie about RSA encryption, so my question could it be banal. I'm beginning to create a licensing system for my software. I need to distribute a crypted license file to many customers. I ...
528 views

### Complexity of ECB and OFB

What is the complexity of ECB in terms of Time and Memory? and also in OFB? I can't find it in the internet, so I decided to ask it in here.
215 views

### CPA distinguisher for matrix multiplication in GF(256) with randomized padding

What is the best CPA distinguisher for the function $F_k:\{0,1\}^{8n}\to\{0,1\}^{16n}$ described below? Let $E_k$ be a $2n\times2n$ matrix with elements in $GF(2^8)$, selected by generating bit ...
323 views

### BigInteger in Java and Randomness

I'm looking for some PRNGs and – as I have been using Java for a long period of time – I thought that the BitInteger class, together with the ...
2k views

### suggestions for cryptography projects for an ece 3rd year student

I am an electronics and communication engg student currently doing my 3rd year second semester. i am interested in info coding and the security aspects of it. As an ECE student i want to know what is ...
Suppose a message $m$ is divided into blocks of length $160$ bits: $m > = M_1 || M_2 || ... || M_l$ And define $h(m) = M_1 \oplus M_2 \oplus ... \oplus M_l$ Which of the three desirable ...