# All Questions

652 views

### Decrypting a small Message using RSA with a Private Key [closed]

If I have a private key of (43, 341). What would be the steps I need to take to decrypt a small message using RSA? I have looked ...
230 views

### PRG existance and P versus NP

how can we prove that if there is a secure PRG then P!=NP or in reverse order?(is there any reduction?) a secure PRG is a pseudo random generator that for every eficient (running in probabilistic ...
264 views

### Proving the possession of signature in zero-knowledge

Does anybody know an efficient mechanism to prove the possession of a digital signature (e.g. RSA) on a certain attribute (message) in zero-knowledge? That is, without revealing the actual signature ...
57 views

### Mapping integers to Ed25519 and back again?

I would like to map integer values to points on Ed25519, and then back again. Is there a technique that takes advantage of the specific structure of Ed25519?
396 views

### Is knowing the private key of RSA equivalent to the factorization of $N$?

Given the RSA modulus $N$ the fastest method to factor it is of sub-exponent order. But, now if I know the private key $d$ of RSA, does that mean I can factor $N$ efficiently?. It intuitively seems ...
327 views

### RSA Proof - Is Z(n) closed under multiplication

In RSA proof it can be proved that $\mathbb{Z}^*_n$ is closed under multiplication. Can it be also proved that $\mathbb{Z}_n$ is closed under multiplication? If yes, then how?
34 views

### Bit strength of combining hash functions? [duplicate]

Suppose there are hash functions H1 and H2 with bit strength of H1 and H2 is n1 and n2. A new good hash function is generated by combining H1 and H2. What will be the bit strength of these combined ...
169 views

### Does AES 256 really make sense in hybrid crypto systems when the PKI is the bottleneck?

AES 256 is used widely in hybrid crypto systems (e.g. SSL/TLS). According to keylength.com a 2048 bit public key corresponds to 112 bits of security. Does it make sense to use AES 256 in this ...
408 views

### Is the DES algorithm in OPENSSL random?

Look at the hex dumps of encrypted1.bin and encrypted2.bin . They both have same password A which was used to encrypt sampletext ...
55 views

### How is an X.509 public key used for TLS?

Wikipedia's TLS article says: The client responds with a ClientKeyExchange message, which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher.) This ...
923 views

### Can I encrypt user input in a way I can't decrypt it for a certain period of time?

I run a baseball league and would like to do silent auctions for free agents. This would require teams to enter their highest bid and the highest bidder at the end of the auction period would win. ...
406 views

### About the Rijndael/AES sbox polynomial (subBytes)

I've recently read a question about the irreducible polynomial behind the subBytes() operation in the Rijndael that has awakened and old curiosity I have: Why $\,m(x)$ was chosen as ...
2k views

### Does Microsoft use Dual_EC_DRBG by default?

So, as we all know, Dual_EC_DRBG contains an NSA back door. At this point, there is no reason to call it a "potential" or even an "alleged" back door; the presence is obvious even to the NY Times. As ...
151 views

### What are the two parts of SHA1's compression function called?

SHA1's compression function has two distinct parts: one where 16 words are expanded into 80 words, and one where the 80 words are used over 80 rounds. Are there specific names or terms for each of ...
181 views

### Can 64-bit “PRINCEcore” practically be brute forced?

There is a cipher called PRINCE proposed in ASIACRYPT two years ago. See the paper: “PRINCE – A Low-latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications” The cipher divides the 128-bit key into ...
378 views

### How can k3d3/ed25519-java's performance be improved?

I tried asking this on stackoverflow because I thought it might be a simple coding question and didn't want to clutter up this amazing stack, but I received no responses. CodesInChaos showed me that ...
596 views

### How to argue to a paranoid that RSA is safe?

From today's standpoint, most people would claim RSA to be secure. However, to my knowledge, this is purely based on the speculation that no one knows a computational feasible way to find a $d$ for ...
548 views

### How do I produce a stream of secure random numbers from AES-Counter mode?

I have just made my own program to encipher, using AES in counter mode, and have validated it using NIST data. So I know I have done it properly. I have read that AES-CTR can produce a stream of ...
159 views

### Block cipher encryption of decryption with the same key

With block chipers can I assume that Enc(k,Dec(k,m))=m Meaning if I decrypt something with a key k and then encrypt the result with the same key k, do I get what ...
103 views

### Shor's Algorithm values

I'm working with Shor's algorithm and I have a question regarding the following step $$a^r -1 = (a^{r/2}+1)(a^{r/2}-1)=0 \pmod n$$ Now what is going to be the result if ${r/2}$ was -1? this will ...
834 views

### DES with actual 7 byte key

Do we have any library or any mechanism where we can use true 7 byte key for DES instead of 8 byte key. I need it for keys analysis in DES and 8 byte key requirement for associated library is creating ...
164 views

### Are ZKPPs possible with server-side hashed passwords?

A basic ZKPP (Zero Knowledge Password Proof) is based on the server being able to challenge the client, and the client can then prove it knows the password (in such a way that is verifiable to the ...
373 views

### in Bilinear pairings, what is the difference between Type 2 and Type 3?

in Bilinear pairings, what is the difference between Type 2 and Type 3? I understand in Type 2, there exists an efficiently computable homomorphic function $\phi : G_2 \rightarrow G_1$ , which is not ...
329 views

### Is ISAAC Cipher Cryptographically Secure?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISAAC_(cipher) This question was asked before but the answers seem vague, and I want to know about ISAAC specifically, not ISAAC+. It seems some cryptanalysis was ...
401 views

### What is the limit of plaintext required to break the Vigenère encryption?

A theoretical question about the Vigenère cipher: Without any knowledge about the key (not even it's length) can we tell how much known or chosen plaintext is needed for the adversary to completely ...
59 views

### find $x$, given $\{c_ix = k_i + y_i\}_{i=[1,n]}$

Given $$c_1x = k_1 + y_1$$ $$c_2x = k_2 + y_2$$ $$\vdots$$ $$c_nx = k_n + y_n$$ where the values of $\{c_1 \ldots c_n \}$ and $\{ k_1 \ldots k_n \}$ are known, and $x, \{y_1 \ldots y_n \}$ are ...
129 views

### Generating the keys for the RSA cryptosystem in probabilistic polynomial time

In general every public key cryptosystem has'' a probabilistic polynomial time algorithm $G$ such that $G(1^k)=(\textrm{public key}, \textrm{private key=trapdoor})$; $G$ is called the key generator. ...
176 views

### Understanding hash entropy

I have been told that one advantage of using a hash function is that it spreads entropy over all input bits. But it also seems to be true that a bad hash algorithm can make things less random. But how ...
287 views

### AES and One Time Passwords

I have used AES to secure my short term wireless network(1 day lifetime). The same symmetric key is used for securing entire network traffic. is it possible to improve security with onetime password ...
96 views

### Symmetry for finite cyclic groups (Z/pZ)∗

How well is it known that for $i$ such that $1 \leq i \leq \frac{p − 1}2$: $$g^{i+(p−1)/2} = g^{i−1+(p−1)/2} − g^i + g^{i−1} \pmod p$$ Whilst working in the finite cyclic group of prime moduli ...
55 views

### From Factorisation of semiprimes to breaching confidentiality

If someone or some group found an efficient way to factor large composites with two distinct prime divisors, would this make it easier to decode any messages?
6k views

### Is modern encryption needlessly complicated?

RSA, DES, AES, etc. all use (relatively) complicated mathematics to encrypt some message with some key. For each of these methods, there have been several documented vulnerabilities found over the ...
43 views

### Why Distance-128 relation in Plain texts is reflected in Cipher texts

The two text having relation as "\x10\x11" → "\x90\x91" (80+10) will have relation after encryption/decryption also in RC4. Following code clearly describes the problem I am mentioning. ...
37k views

### Difference between stream cipher and block cipher

A typical stream cipher encrypts plaintext one byte at a time, although a stream cipher may be designed to operate on one bit at a time or on units larger than a byte at a time. A block cipher ...
390 views

### Would it be possible to create a game where one would need to decrypt a simple encryption?

This might sound pretty weird, but I was thinking of a game a person could play alone with a pen and paper. I got this idea where the person would write a random four letter string on a paper, and ...
60 views

### Smart card Strong authentication / Verification ( fingerprints)

I'm trying to make a strong authentication software and embedded software in a java card. I have found many papers and publications about the subject… too much information to process and I'm working ...
2k views

### Pseudocode for constant time modular exponentiation

I'm looking to implement modular exponentiation (for RSA) in constant time, but most of the examples I've found are more mathematical descriptions of the operations. Are there any references with ...
133 views

### About using mistakes as part of a code

Could a code be developed where one uses intentional errors say in english, as a text to encode? For example someone might have a message 'Agent X must report to station 5'. This could be distorted ...
234 views

### reverse an identicon to its source string

Identicons are used to create unique images based on IP address or strings. Lots of programs are available to generate identicons based on an input string. My ...
2k views

### Assistance Cracking Classical Cipher

Below is the cipher text I am trying to break and as you can see its rather short which is why I am having so much trouble. ...
58 views

### Does not using padding mean a lack of security?

I've read several texts which say that if the entire plaintext is a multiple of the block-size padding is not required (and not using padding would not mean a loss of security). I generally disagree ...
35 views

### Is the CONF key sharing Problem equivalent to discrete log problem?

If there a proof in the literature which says the CONF Problem is equivalent to solving the discrete log ? Let $g$ be a generator of a cyclic group $\mathbb{G}$ of prime order $q$ CONF problem: ...
48 views

### Undefined $E_y(1,r_{i,j,1})$ notation in cryptography paper, suspect ElGamal-like

I'm trying to understand a paper that uses the notation $E_y(1,r_{i,j,1})$ (full text available in link, used just once on Page #35, 6th page of pdf, Section 3.3, Step 1c) in the context of an ...
325 views

### Can XEX or XTS modes be used with only one tweak?

XEX Mode (with two tweaks) is the following scheme: $X = E_{k}(I) \otimes \alpha^j \\ C = E_{K}(P \oplus X) \oplus X$ where $I$ and $j$ are both tweaks (sector number and block number respectively). ...
678 views

### How do decryption algorithms determine whether your attempted passphrase is correct?

Judging by the algorithm on the Blowfish Wikipedia article, there is no way for the process to fail with an error. How then does GnuPG know when to tell you your password is correct when decrypting a ...
197 views

### Performance for Subbytes in AES

I´m implementing the AES-encrypt algorithm for the SSE2 instruction set. For the Subbyte function i use movzx, having loaded ...
134 views

Two or three years ago, I was reading something interesting, but then I lost the paper. The paper described building secure and fast P2P networks (not like tor or I2P). Unfortunately, I only remember ...
7k views

### What is the MD5 collision with the smallest input values?

I am interested in MD5 collisions for small input messages. The collision examples given at http://www.mscs.dal.ca/~selinger/md5collision/ show two different strings, where only a tiny amount of data ...
As we know that in DH key exchange, both Alice and Bob would agree on the parameter $p$ and $g$. Next, Alice would choose a secret key $A$ while Bob would choose a secret key $B$. Alice would compute ...