# All Questions

348 views

### Performance bottlenecks in Paillier encryption

I'm implementing Paillier encryption and I'd like some recommendations about improving its performance. Firstly, I have to note the following: I have already set g=1+n to get rid of one ...
163 views

### Associative but NOT Commutative Reducing Function Construction with Existing Hash Function(s)

Is it possible to construct a binary reducing function based on any existing cryptographic hash function satisfying the associative property but not the commutative property? So formally: Using an ...
114 views

### Are there signatures that don't have subliminal channels?

Are there signatures that don't have subliminal channels and also don't require commitments or zero-knowledge proofs? DSA or Shorr signatures need a nonce which can leak valuable information. There ...
315 views

### what are the plaintext's for the RC4 stream cipher test vectors in RFC6229?

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6229 has stuff like this: ...
90 views

If I had two ciphertexts $$c_1 = m_1 \oplus y_1 \text{ and } c_2 = m_2 \oplus y_2$$ will it be possible to obtain z_1= (m_1 \lor m_2) \oplus y_1 \oplus y_2 \text{ and } z_2= (m_1 \land m_2) \...
151 views

### Malleability of homomorphic encryption

El Gamal is a malleable homomorphic encryption system, so is Rabin. Are all homomorphic encryption systems malleable? Or are there any that are not malleable? Thanks!
101 views

### Arithmetic modulo 1

In the context of lattice-based cryptography, in particular the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem, I see some definitions given in terms of equations modulo 1 (see for example, Appendix A of this ...
531 views

### Hash collision using the leading 40-bits of SHA-1

I am trying to implement Floyd's cycle finding algorithm for finding a leading 40-bit hash collision in the SHA-1 algorithm. However, my code will not find a repetition even with 800,000,000 hashes. ...
143 views

### Where have all the cypherpunks gone?

In 1992, cypherpunks was created as a mailing list for activists advocating for cryptography. Arguably, the cypherpunks mailing list was the foundation for the movement and the centre of it all. ...
478 views

### Why sorting is needed for Meet-in-the-middle attack

The weakness of double DES, E (k1, E(k2, M)) is that Meet-in-the-middle attack is possible. When performing Meet-in-the-middle ...
580 views

### Cracking secret key of a MD5 hash?

I have a MD5 hash which is obtained by hashing certain strings appended by a pipe character ( | ). (I know the values of these) A secret key is added as a suffix to this (I don't know the secret key). ...
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239 views

### Does brute force attack use the program that created the ciphertext?

I've read several articles about brute force cryptanalytic attacks, but none explicitly say what algorithm is being run for each attempt, nor what criteria is used to declare an attempt a success or a ...
387 views

### Modes of operation for Public Key Encryption schemes

Symmetric key encryption schemes have well defined modes of operations for achieving deterministic (ECB) or Randomized (CBC, OFB, CTR ) etc. and other applications of the same. But are they defined ...
194 views

### How hard to break a cipher if it has a different key for each word?

Recently I watched the movie 'The Prestige' again but this time the cipher diary impressed me very well. I like to create my own cipher for my diary because I have some time to kill everyday after ...
74 views

### Detect desynchronization in HOTP authentication [duplicate]

In HOTP authentication, is there a way for a system to detect that the token has been desynchronized? If so how does it know that the OTP was generated from a desynchronized (but valid) token and is ...
73 views

### where to keep the AES keystream?

I am trying to implement an AES encryption on my messages in my app and I want to have a different keystream for each "message group". Therefore, currently I am holding the keystreams in the database ...
961 views

### Known plaintext attack on ElGamal encryption

Assume that Alice uses Bob’s ElGamal public key ( = 2, Yb = 8) to send two messages $M = 17$ and $M' = 37$ using the same random integer $k = 9$. Eve intercepts the ciphertext and somehow she finds ...
155 views

### Which algorithm do you recommend for practical use to generate unique passwords for each website?

So, in my imagination there is this simple algorithm with only one master password, let's say a prime number 'p', which I have to remember. Using only the address of the website and p, the algorithm ...
3k views

### In public key cryptography, how many keys are required for secure communication between n parties?

In public key cryptography, how many keys are required for secure communication between n parties? In my view the answer should be $n^2$. Reason: There are ‘$n$’ Parties. Every Party has One (1) ...
338 views

### Deriving 2 keys using HKDF

I have an encryption scheme that uses a 256-bit master key, from which 2 separate keys (one for AES-256-CTR encryption and one for a HMAC-SHA256) are derived using HKDF. However, I'm not sure exactly ...
263 views

### Is 256 a reasonable length for a Diffie-Hellman safe prime?

There's a program that uses the following OpenSSL function... DH_generate_parameters(256, 5, NULL, NULL) ...to create DH parameters which are later used for ...
183 views

### Public and private key lengths

I am generating RSA Public and Private keys with node.js instead of reading them from pem/crt files as I can hide them inside a private object using this module https://www.npmjs.org/package/private ...
109 views

### How can a digital signature algorithm incorporate a random data if it is to be authenticated on a separate system

I am trying to understand how RSA digital signatures can incorporate any data from a PRNG into the final signature. Does this mean that separate implementations might fail to verify each others ...
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265 views

### Number of different substitution alphabet ciphers possible with given conditions?

If you consider a 26 letter alphabet, and a cipher where 24 of the letters are sent to themselves, and only 2 letters switch, how many different substitution alphabet ciphers are there, and what ...
236 views

### ElGamal digital signature. why mod p-1 in delta?

Im trying to figure out why $\delta$ in the signature part of ElGamal has mod $p-1$ when $\gamma$ has mod $p$? $\gamma = \alpha^k \mod p$ $\delta = (x-a\gamma)k^{-1} \mod p-1$
243 views

### PRG existance and P versus NP

how can we prove that if there is a secure PRG then P!=NP or in reverse order?(is there any reduction?) a secure PRG is a pseudo random generator that for every eficient (running in probabilistic ...
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416 views

### AES-256 Shift-Rows Offsets

I am currently trying to implement a AES-256 cipher according to this sepcificaciton: http://techheap.packetizer.com/cryptography/encryption/spec.v36.pdf As well as on Wikipedia and in the document ...
47 views

Assuming the alert protocol is encrypted AFTER a session has been established and the structure below, how does the client know whether to expect encrypted data or not? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
452 views

### AES CBC MAC splicing attack

I'm trying to implement AES CBC MAC splicing attack in Python, the idea is: given a message M, its tag Tm (MAC(M) = T), a new message N and its tag Tn we build a message such as: M||N = (M1, ..., Mn, ...
84 views

### How to invalidate decryption key in multi user model?

I want to develop an application that will allow a user to create a public/private key pair, and encrypt it symmetrically with a key such that once they enter their password, they will be able to ...

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