# All Questions

173 views

### Cracking Stream Cipher

I need to crack a stream cipher. I have a set of plain text and encrypted text pairs. The hint to the question asks me to use entropy analysis and look at the hex dump of the encrypted text. However, ...
83 views

### Using cryptographic hash to match AES key size

I am making a tool for myself where I intend to store cipher text. I wish to use AES together with arbitrary sized keys to create these cipher text strings. The idea is to use a cryptographic hash ...
507 views

### Shamir's ID based signatures

I am currently implementing Shamir's ID based signature algorithm as proposed in Adi Shamir, Identity-Based Cryptosystems and Signature Schemes. Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84, ...
161 views

### Cryptanalysis of an certain algorithm

Is an attacker of an cryptographic algorithm allowed to change order of sub-keys but not changing their number in attack? Would it be called an attack on broken algorithm of cipher?
70 views

### when to do elgamal exponentiation computation

Recetly while studying about cryptographic primtives, I have come across below line in wiki : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElGamal_encryption Encryption under ElGamal requires two exponentiations; ...
84 views

### Secret key model for a compression function cryptanalysis?

How do we analyze the security of a compression function in the secret key model? More formally, let $H$ be a hash function and $F(IV,M)$ its compression function. Suppose we generate a MAC as ...
225 views

### Regain 3DES ECB key, assuming I have both encrypted and decrypted text

Let's assume I've encrypted some text with some 24-byte key using 3DES in ECB mode. Is it possible to regain the key if I have both encrypted and decrypted text? (Excluding bruteforce.)
198 views

### Attack on BB84 algorithm for quantum key exchange?

I have a question which is related to the BB84 cryptosystem. We are not able to send single photons so instead we send $K$ photons at a time all with the same polarization. An enemy can separate one ...
228 views

### Time complexity to solve Discrete log problem

What is the time to complexity to solve Discrete log problem now in $Z_p$? Initially for $n$ bit prime $p$, it was $Exp(n^{1/3})$.
98 views

### Is OCB with short MAC malleable?

At the beginning of OCB's white paper [pdf], OCB is compared to other modes, and non-malleability is one of the properties advertised. At the end of the paper, it is mentioned the MAC length can be ...
152 views

### How to use HKDF to combine two keys

I have heard that to combine two keys HKDF is better than using XOR function. But if you look at the HKDF RFC I could not figure out how to use it for concatenating two keys. What I can see is HKDF ...
63 views

### Type A Curves of Supersinglular

In the Type A curve used in Pairing based Cryptography, what is meant by sign0 & sign1 in the expression below? ...
440 views

### Attacks against El Gamal private key

El Gamal encryption involves picking $(p,g,b)$ which is our public key. We compute $b=a^x$ $mod$ $p$. Here, $x$ is the private key which we don't know. What are some efficient and strong algorithms ...
376 views

### What exactly is inside a private key?

May sound stupid to many, but I would like to have some pointers on what exactly is contained inside a private key. I have decent understanding of public/private keys/certificates (have created them ...
398 views

### Encrypt and decrypt data accessible by multiple users within a team

I'm currently working on web services which allows to send and retrieve data. The data belong to a team. A team is composed of users. Each authenticated user can send and retrieve data to/from their ...
230 views

### Difference between implicit signature and explicit signature

In most of time, what I see is explicit signatures such as ElGamal, it's rare to see the implicit signatures. So I wonder why it's rare to be seen? what aspect is it mainly used? what's the ...
87 views

### collision resistant summarizer for long hash values

how we can summarize SHA-256 into shorter values when we for example can't handle more than 128 bits on system? its better just use first 128bit and ignore the rest of bits or split full value and XOR ...
71 views

### PRP representation size

I'm now studying the block cipher substitution-permutation network construction and realized that it uses several small pseudo-random permutations instead a big one for saving memory (or that is one ...
3k views

### How do I calculate the private key in RSA?

Given $n=pq$ for $p,q$ known, I can calculate $\phi(n)$. $e$ is selected such that $\gcd (e,\phi(n)) = 1$. Using this, how do I calculate the RSA private key? Example: I have $n = 35$, with ...
399 views

### Security of SecRandomCopyBytes on OSX and iOS

How secure is SecRandomCopyBytes() (Apple's RNG)? Has anyone ever reviewed it?
118 views

### Adversary to Any Collision Resistance Hash Function

I'm reading a notion Any Collision Resistance for Hash Functions. In the lecture define a collision finder CF. CF is said to $(t,\epsilon)$-break the family of hash functions $F_K$ if the ...
250 views

### Unblind a RSA blinded signature

I have blinded $m = 16$ with $r= 13$, $e = 7$ and $n = 209$. This resulted in $m' = 464$, which led to a $s' = 8$. Now, I want to unblind this $s'$ by using $s = s' \times r^{-1}$ but im stuck at ...
81 views

### Asymptotic Hash Function and Concrete Hash Function

I'm reading Collision-Resistant Hashing: Towards Making UOWHFs Practical, and they say that its formalization is non-asymptotic. Why is the formalization non-asymptotic? What is an example of hash ...
153 views

### Is encrypting a public key with a symmetric key safe?

Assume the sender wants to share their ephemeral/long-term public key with intended receiver only and both share symmetric key. Is it secure to encrypt the (full/partial) public key (of RSA, ECC) ...
319 views

### What is a Trapdoor in Merkle Signature?

Merkle signature (pag. 40) use than public key (verification key) the root of the Merkle Tree and than private key (to sign) the set of pre-images of the $g(Y_i)$ where $Y_i$ is the verification key ...
163 views

### Secure function evaluation

Consider 3 parties, Alice, Bob and Charlie. Suppose each party has a bit as input, i.e. Alice, Bob and Charlie hold $a, b, c \in \{0, 1\}$ respectively. Show how construct a scheme with which ...
420 views

### Can you explain partial private key extract algorithm in certificateless Public key cryptography?

Related to the algorithms of certificate-less Signature approach of Al-Riyami and Paterson… Why is there a need for a "partial private key extract algorithm"? Why should it be needed when ...
159 views

### Security based on PRF

I've seen that there is several kinds of PRF, and sometimes people speak about strong PRFs. When proofs of a protocol or algorithm are given based on the assumption of the use of a PRF, are they ...
342 views

### Why is an IV used in Merkle–Damgård transform?

In Merkle–Damgård transform, a fixed vector IV is chosen at the beginning, and it is hashed together with the first block x1. I wonder why we don't use x1 straightforward, i.e. hash x1 and the next ...
1k views

### Signature algorithm SHA 1-2 with ECDSA

Can someone please explain what key sizes are required for the ECDSA algorithm? I tried a 128 bit EC Key for SHA1withECDSA and it throws an error. However with 256 bit key I could run the algorithm. ...
420 views

### randomly generated key reused with XOR

If I have a long randomly generated key (k), XORed with a message (m), but since the message is longer than the key, there is a chance of reusing the keystream with the same message, but the key is ...
100 views

### Hash of multiset of values, which lets me compute the hash of the union

Cryptographic hash functions normally take as input a bitstring. I am looking for a hash function that takes as input a finite multiset of values. In other words, given $S \subset \{0,1\}^*$, I want ...
196 views

### Can you get two unpredictable hashes from the same message with, e.g. SHA1?

I'd like to create a database of questions and answers so that an attacker with access to the database can't obtain either the questions or the answers. If H0 and ...
325 views

### Is there proof to the relation between the gap Diffie-Hellman problem and the the Cha-Cheon signature scheme?

I am trying to prove that: "If the gap Diffie-Hellman problem is easy, then the Cha-Cheon signature scheme will be broken." Can you help me to prove it? Is there any proof to the relation between ...
123 views

196 views

### Security of (cryptographic) padding compared to other methods for blockcompletion for block ciphers

As said in the heading, I want to know how the security of different padding methods, e.g. ANSI X.923, ISO 10126 and PKCS7, is compared to other methods to reach the needed block size, like ciphertext ...
1k views

### Why are the first few bytes of a gpg encryption always the same?

If I run the command 'gpg -a -e < input.txt > output.txt' with completely different inputs (e.g. from /dev/urandom), the first 19 characters are always the same. What is this header? Is it ...
249 views

### Relationship between Elliptic Curve Discrete Log, Integer Discrete Log, and Integer Factorization

I am trying to look into a relation between the following three problems which are widely used to build public crypto systems: Integer Discrete log Elliptic Curve Discrete log Integer Factorization ...