# All Questions

92 views

### Finding an x such that xP = (11,44) on an elliptic curve

Given the elliptic curve $$E:y^2 = x^3+17x+5 \mod 59$$ with point $P = (4,14)$, how do I find $x$ such that compute $x\cdot P = (11,44)$ Is there a mathematical method to compute $x$, or do I ...
93 views

### Convincing “someone” on the (in)validity of DH tuple without revealing $u,v$

Is there a way of convincing someone on (in)validity of Diffie Hellman tuple $<g, g^u, g^v, g^{w}>$ without giving away $u,v$. or at least solve the Decisional Diffie Hellman Problem without ...
597 views

My question is related to PBKDF2. I am unsure how to validate user entered password with already existing hashes and salts. I have heard of the so called "length-constant" comparison which basically ...
662 views

### Simplified Fiat-Shamir example generates wrong output

I am trying to implement the Fiat-Shamir identification protocol, however the end results always fail to match. I am using algorithm's description from here. Preparation: Select 2 prime integers ...
120 views

### Modular protocol design

What does modular protocol design mean? Why does TLS not have modular protocol design? What protocols have modular design? (IPSec, SSH)
424 views

### Prime factorization of RSA modulus

Consider RSA public-key encryption with public modulus $N=3953$. Suppose we know that the public keys $e_1=337$ and $e_2=23$ correspond with the decryption information $d_1=3385$ and $d_2=2663$. ...
214 views

### simple multiplication in GF(8)

I am trying to do multiplication in the GF($2^3$) defined by the irreducible minimum binary polynomial $X^3+X^2+1$. I want to multiply $A(x) * B(x)$ where $A(x) = x$ and $B(x) = x^2$. The ...
312 views

### Generating Diffie-Hellman parameters efficiently

I am working on an Android project for school and I am supposed to do a DHKE (Diffie Hellman Key Exchange). Everything works well. The problem is that it takes a lot of time (really a lot) to ...
688 views

### Known vs. Chosen (plaintext and ciphertext) and RSA

I want to know whether I can break RSA (textbook) with known plaintext/ciphertext attacks. Known plain-text Let $c$ be the ciphertext and $m$ the plaintext. $$c = m^a \mod n$$ Since all I have is ...
480 views

537 views

### Game traffic encryption AES CTR + HMAC

I was asked to implement traffic encryption between the game server and clients. Currently, the traffic is not encrypted in any way, which lets players use cheats to listen to the traffic in order to ...
125 views

### Sample RSA-style signature confusion

I'm trying to study a simplified TLS-style protocol, including verifying RSA signatures. It's an attempt to verify using only a valid certificate. However, I can't manage to get anything to verify ...
127 views

### Can a zero knowledge proof (or MAC) be generated from human-typable input?

Edit: My goal is to create a voting scheme that doesn't require a lot of crypto infrastructure to be deployed on the client side. Smartcards, and tokens are impractical for these purposes. I ...
553 views

### How should I manage Diffie-Hellman parameters on a Web Server?

Is there a best practice for Diffie-Hellman parameters (p, g, and q) used on a web server? The server is using ephemeral keys, but should the parameters be rotated on a regular basis? Is it OK for ...
75 views

### The real-life meaning of proving over a group that doesn't support the oracle?

If I proved a scheme's security under GDH assumption, in real-life, if this DDH oracle does exist, then it's good, but what about other side ? In real-life, if this DDH oracle doesn't exist, then ...
519 views

### Can AES decrypt with a wrong key?

The title is asking the question in layman terms, but what I really mean to ask is this: Let $x \in \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace^{128}$ (an arbitrary input block) and let $K \in \lbrace 0, 1 \rbrace^{128}$ (...
146 views

### Weak Stream Cipher cryptanalysis

Hi I have a stream cipher which uses a keystream of: F(r) || F(r+1) || F(r+2) || ... Suppose F(r) is the RSA encryption algorithm: ...
339 views

### scrypt and bcrypt for benefits of both?

I've been reading about bcrypt and scrypt, and it seems that the general consensus is that bcrypt is more "tried and true", but scrypt is better in theory. Couldn't you just hash something with ...
337 views

### Shamir's Simple Sharing Scheme - preventing partial recovery of data

In SSSS, if you recreate the original secret with one of the decoder inputs being slightly damaged (e.g. one or two chars incorrect), you receive a slightly damaged version of the original secret. So ...
114 views

### What is the difference between a bijective random oracle and a random permutation?

Assume $S$ be a finite set $O$ be a random oracle from $S$ to $S$, such that $O$ is bijective $f$ be a random permutation of $S$ Is there any difference between $O$ and $f$? Does it makes any ...
1k views

### How to put the hash of a PDF file in the PDF file? [duplicate]

I know it sounds strange.. but, are there any ways in practice to put the hash of a PDF file in the PDF file? And after geting the hash in the PDF file - if someone would do a hash check of the PDF ...
204 views

### Homomorphic Encryption, LWE, and Practical Applications

I've been reading Brakerski and Vaikuntanathan's Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE. When the authors discuss a small modulus p used for the transition from (n, log q) to (k, ...
125 views

### How does the length of the plaintext affect the cipher strength?

Let the block length 64-bit, 256-bit key, cipher text accordingly - 64 bits. What is the strength of the block cipher, if any unknown attacks, which could reduce its strength. We can only brute force. ...
87 views

### Is the following aggregation scheme private?

Is the following scheme private? By private i mean an untrusted aggregator (UA) cannot reveal anything other then an aggregate function output on plaintext data Each party holds a secret key $k_i$ ...
84 views

### Why send a challenge with CHAP?

I have been reading about the Challenge-Handshake authentication Protocol (aka CHAP). Why send a challenge to the user and ask them to hash that challenge with the symmetric key and send that hash ...
318 views

### Why can we always assume that $Gen$ algorithm choose key uniformly?

Talking about a (symmetric) encryption scheme $\Pi=(Gen,Enc,Dec)$ where $Gen$ take the security parameter $n$ as input and generates a key $k$ of length $n$. Generally speaking we say that $Gen$ ...
66 views

### order between adversaries and type of resources given

We have a game $G0$ for which an adversary $A$ has access to a certain amount of ressources. Let us suppose that the maximum advantage for the adversary to win this game is $Adv_{G0}$. If we modify ...
251 views

### Why have 4th and 5th steps in Needham-Schroeder Protocol?

Why have 4th and 5th steps in Needham-Schroeder Protocol? It is said "These steps assure B that the original message it received (step 3) was not a replay.". But what is a replay here? And I don't ...
127 views

### SHA-1 Keyed Hash Function

I know that SHA-1 is an unkeyed cryptographic hash function when used in practice. But, in the theory, all hash function are defined with keys. My question is: How I will be able to formalize the ...
883 views

### Diffie-Hellman Secret Exponent Size and Shared Secret Usage [closed]

I'm developing my own protocol and I'll use Diffie-Hellman to achieve PFS. It will work in this way: The symmetric encryption algorithm will be AES_256_CBC. The DH parameters will be: P: a 2048-bit ...
5k views

### What does AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 mean in relation to Kerberos?

I'm not completely clueless as to what it means, but I'd like to understand it at a higher level. The highest encryption type used by Active Directory domain controllers for Kerberos authentication ...
124 views

### PPT eavesdroper able to output $m_{0}$ and $m_{1}$ of different lengths

I've read the following two questions and their answers: Messages of different lengths and one-time computationally-secret Why is a non fixed-length encryption scheme worse than a fixed-length one? ...
170 views

### Would this program be useful in cryptography?

I know nothing of encrypting. I'm not even sure how to tag this. I wrote a program that can calculate this pretty quickly on my macbook pro 2.3GHz IntelCore i7. The two exponents are Mersenne primes, ...
69 views

### Why do authors say conflicting things regarding leak-free stages in their paper?

In this paper the last sentence of the first paragraph in the abstract states: We assume a (necessary) “leak-free” preprocessing stage. But then later on in section 1.4 they say Another ...
614 views

### With TLS and ECDHE, how does curve selection work?

Given that a TLS client and server have already agreed upon ECDHE for session key establishment, how does the selection of the actual elliptic curve ("domain parameters") being used for deriving the ...
5k views

### Can AES use PKCS#5 padding

From What is the difference between PKCS#5 padding and PKCS#7 padding, I understand that PKCS#5 is defined for 8 byte block sizes. Does this rule it out as a padding option for AES since AES has a ...
73 views

### Safety when disclosing hashes of secrets used to calculate other secrets

In my application, I am generating a big random number and publishing a SHA256 hash of it. After the hash it published (but not the secret), anyone can submit any number, and the system will calculate ...
592 views

### Schnorr Identification Scheme under active adversary

According to the paper “GQ and Schnorr Identification Schemes: Proofs of Security against Impersonation under Active and Concurrent Attacks” by Mihir Bellare and Adriana Palacio, the Schnorr ...
473 views

### How is multiplication inverted in IDEA's decryption round?

As we can see in the picture we have a multiplication in this algorithm, we know that two 16 bit inputs should have a 32 bit output, but here we just use 16 bits of the 32 bit output. For decryption ...
Given a message $M$ and a 256 bit key $K$, perform HMAC($K$, $M$) with a 256 bit hash function resulting in: $a$ = ...
I read that Silver–Pohlig–Hellman algorithm solves the discrete logarithm with prime module $p$ in $O(\log^2(p))$ if $p-1$ is a smooth number. This seems pretty fatal for cryptography, since it is a ...