All Questions

669 views

RSA problem if i choose two specific small prime numbers?

I know that rsa normally is made to make it with big integers, but i trying to make the algorithm myself (with the help of wikipedia) and I´m making it with small numbers to track the problems easily. ...
448 views

why inverse in diffie-hellman protocol will not give same value?

Security of diffie hellman protocol is $K=g^{ab}$.if sender want to calculate value of $b$(given $a$) he can do $g^{{{ab}^b}^{-1}}$(where K=$g^{ab}$) which will give $g^{a}$ as we are cancelling value ...
101 views

Using homomorphic encryption, I would like to be able to take an encrypted integer and either add 1 or -1 for a new encrypted value. I do not want the encrypted value to be recoverable - just the ...
698 views

How can we get CA's public key?

To get a public key of some organization or someone we want to send an encrypted message to, we need to make a request to CA asking that organization's public key. CA then returns X509 certificate. It ...
4k views

Simple digital signature example with number

I've been looking for a simple which signs a number with some randomly generated key and then verified(decrypts the original number) with the public key, which is generated by the private. All the ...
277 views

ECKS-PS algorithm: searching in encrypted data; bilinear maps

I have found an encryption algorithm named ECKS-PS (published in the paper Efficient conjunctive keyword search on encrypted data storage system) that allows an user to search in encrypted data. All ...
994 views

Deriving HMAC key and cipher key from passphrase? [duplicate]

I'm encrypting a file with AES-256 in CBC mode. I needed to add an HMAC for authentication and validation of the file contents and passphrase, so I used a SHA-256 HMAC over chunks of my file ...
2k views

AES key/ciphertext space sizes

This is giving me a brain ache now... If I have AES-128, block is 128 bit, then every plaintext (128-bit) can be encrypted to some ciphertext that is also 128-bit. This is the block size. But: 128-bit ...
1k views

AES CBC with fixed or predictable IV, what are the risks?

I am making a call with parameters from application "A" to a web application "B". Parameters are in the query string of the URL. They don't need to be hidden. But I want to be sure that nobody can ...
1k views

Kryptos : K2. What is the origin of the “abscissa” keyword?

I'm studying the Kryptos sculpture with its cryptographic puzzles K1 to K4. Similar to the "palimsest" keyword for K1, the keyword "abscissa" for K2 was determined by brute-force. To better ...
347 views

Can Add and Multiply On Cipher Text achieve all operations?

A Fully homomorphic encryption scheme needs to support an evaluate function that can do add and multiply operations on cipher text. Can we do all kinds of complex operations on cipher text like ...
2k views

How can the Diffie-Hellman key exchange be extended to three parties? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Can one generalize the Diffie-Hellman key exchange to three or more parties? How can Alice, Bob, and Charlie share a common secret key using an extended version of the ...
868 views

How to jusify {e,n} is a valid RSA public key?

I have a two set of key {36,77} and {50,117}, How can validate if it is a valid RSA public keys? Is there any simple method?
60 views

SHA1 collision for first 32 bits for two different message

Is it possible to create a program to find the collision of 2 different message but with same first 32 bits using sha1 hashing? I tried using a while loop but it run endlessly as though no match is ...
157 views

What to do when crib dragging does not work in OTP (One-time pad) ciphers?

With a Cipher text of ...
40 views

Getting inverse of a transposition key

I'm new to security stuff and I have some questions about the keys of transposition cryptography. If I'm given the encoding key to a transposition cipher, how do I get the decoding key for it? I ...
140 views

How to verify a signature with openssl methods from the ECDSA class?

I'm trying to verify my signature like I explained in my question before. But I have some problems to program my own verification without the verify methods of openssl. Therefore I'm going on to use ...
120 views

Is it possible to correct the exponent of an RSA public key if it has been altered?

Is it possible to change the exponent of an RSA public key?
86 views

Explain same encryption time for two files of different sizes

I am encrypting files in a two layered fashion as follows: Inner layer is 128 bit AES-CTR encryption Outer/Second layer is a simple one time padding with a particular key. While testing the ...
167 views

Rijndael S-boxes: Where do the $\mu$ and $\nu$ polynomial ring elements come from?

I've asked some other questions before about Rijndael's S-boxes, and step by step I'm coming to an understanding; but those steps often guide me to new questions. I did some lines of code to ...
92 views

Does SHA-1 hash have quasi commutative property? [closed]

Although I have tested with a program and found negative answer, I want to be sure.
89 views

How to calculate kinv from the given k value

I am implementing an ECDSA NIST test vectors verification application. The test vectors are taken from http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cavp/#09. One of the test vectors is given below: ...
145 views

Homomorphic Encryption Notation Question

What does the following notation mean in a homomorphic encryption scheme? ENC(x;r) What does x and ...
136 views

No Birthday Attack to TCR

I'm reading the paper “Collision-Resistant Hashing? Towards Making UOWHFs Practical” , which compared TCR (Target Collision Resistant) and ACR (Any collision Resistant). It says we wish to stress ...
342 views

How to secure a mental poker protocol? [closed]

I would like to implement a mental poker protocol in a secure fashion. How should I go about that without (preferably) infringing on the Mental Poker Framework patent?
785 views

Cryptanalysing Affine cipher

I am trying to cryptanalyse a cipher–text encrypted by Affine cipher. The encryption formula is: $c = f(x) = (ax+b)\bmod m$, where $a$ and $b$ are unknown constants; $x$ is a plain-text symbol, and ...
85 views

How To prove Any Change to $v=a\cdot y+b$ maks $y=(a)^{−1}\cdot (v−b)$ Uni. random value [closed]

This question is related to data integrity. Let a finite field be $\mathbb{F}_p$, where $p$ is a prime number. I have a fixed value $y$ and two uniformly random values $a$ and $b$. Hypothesis: ...
721 views

RSA given q, p and e?

I am given the q, p, and e values for an RSA key, along with an encrypted message. Here are ...
2k views

Vigenere ciphertext encrypted with another vigenere cipher

I have been learning about Vigenere ciphers and then thought of this scenario: if a cryptographer encrypts a plaintext English message with a Vigenere cipher and then another cryptographer, who wants ...
207 views

Hash Based Encryption (fast & simple), how well would this compare to AES? [duplicate]

First of all, I know it's a very bad idea to invent your own encryption algorithm. It's better to use existing known, trusted, extensively tested and studied algorithms with a proven track record. The ...
2k views

How to Mathematically Prove the Bilinear Pairing Properties [closed]

I am currently working on Bilinear Pairing.To start my work i need to find the mathematically prove of three properties of bilinear pairing. Let $G_{1}$ and $G_{T}$be a cyclic multiplicative ...
140 views

OTP - Reuse key BUT add IV, is it secure enough?

I have already asked a similar question and now I can continue to this question about adding a "extra key" = IV. My last question was about reusing key in OTP (One-Time-Pad). Now this question is ...
32k views

How can I use SSL/TLS with Perfect Forward Secrecy?

I'm new to the field of cryptography, but I want to make the web a better web by setting up the sites that I host with Perfect Forward Secrecy. I have a list of questions regarding the setup of ...
6k views

Is modern encryption needlessly complicated?

RSA, DES, AES, etc. all use (relatively) complicated mathematics to encrypt some message with some key. For each of these methods, there have been several documented vulnerabilities found over the ...
33k views

Are there two known strings which have the same MD5 hash value?

Is there an example of two known strings which have the same MD5 hash value (representing a so-called "MD5 collision")?
15k views

Why use an Initialization Vector (IV)?

Why use an Initialization Vector (IV)? How are IV's used? What are the advantages/disadvantages of using an IV? Why use an IV instead of a longer key in which some section of the key is pubic? What ...
3k views

What is a “freestart collision”?

In their work on SHA-1 collisions (cf. the currently unpublished paper “Freestart collision on full SHA-1” by Stevens, Karpman, and Peyrin) Stevens et al show that they are able to generate "freestart ...
2k views

How is the MD2 hash function S-table constructed from Pi?

For fun, I'm learning more about cryptography and hashing. I'm implementing the MD2 hash function following RFC 1319 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1319). I'll preface by saying I know there are ...
2k views

Signal vs Telegram in terms of protocols?

Some time ago, the question was asked in chat, why MTProto (Telegram's protocol) is supposedly worse than Axolotl (Signal's protocol) as both protocols have been the inventions of their respective ...
18k views

Signatures: RSA compared to ECDSA

I'm signing very small messages using RSA, and the signature and public key are added to every message, which requires a lot of space compared to the actual content. I'm considering switching to ...
3k views

Can ECDSA signatures be safely made “deterministic”?

Using the terminology of the ECDSA wikipedia page, ECDSA (and DSA) signatures require a random k value for each signature which ensures that the signature is different each time even if the message ...
1k views

Random oracle model proofs and programmability

Proving the security of a scheme with the random oracle model (ROM) involves two steps: first you prove that the scheme is secure in an idealized world where a random oracle exists, and then you ...
6k views

What is the purpose of four different secrets shared by client and server in SSL/TLS?

I was looking through the working of SSL V3, and found that a connection state is defined by a set of things, including client write mac secret, server write mac secret, server write key, client ...
9k views

What is the SSL private key file format?

I was researching about how to encrypt with RSA. I understood everything but not the format of the private keys. In the phpseclib (RSA in PHP), you can import your private key (private.key format) ...
2k views

Is every output of a hash function possible?

Is every output of a hash function (e.g. SHA1, MD5, etc) guaranteed to be possible, or, conversely, are there any output values that cannot possibly be created from any input? If so, what guarantees ...
4k views

Why do block ciphers need a non-linear component (like an S-box)?

Why is there a requirement of "Non-Linear functions" as a component of many popular block ciphers (e.g. the S-box in DES or 3DES)? How does it make the cipher more secure? The only intuition I have ...
15k views

When to use RSA and when ElGamal asymmetric encryption

If i am not wrong in cryptography there are 2 basic cryptographic schemes for public key cryptography. RSA encryption whose security is based on the infeasibility of solving the factoring of big ...
8k views

How to choose a padding mode with AES

Depending on the framework you are using, there are various padding modes that can be used with AES encryption. For example, with .NET we can choose PKCS7, ISO10126, ANSIX923, Zeros or None. I ...