# All Questions

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### Secure function evaluation

Consider 3 parties, Alice, Bob and Charlie. Suppose each party has a bit as input, i.e. Alice, Bob and Charlie hold $a, b, c \in \{0, 1\}$ respectively. Show how construct a scheme with which they ...
1k views

### Has threefish successfully been attacked (practically or theoretically)?

Reading Schneier's "The Doghouse: Crypteto" dated September 30, 2009, I noticed Bruce Schneier stating: Threefish, the block cipher inside Skein, encrypts data at 7.6 clock cycles/byte with a 256-...
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### Is the following aggregation scheme private?

Is the following scheme private? By private i mean an untrusted aggregator (UA) cannot reveal anything other then an aggregate function output on plaintext data Each party holds a secret key $k_i$ ...
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### PPT eavesdroper able to output $m_{0}$ and $m_{1}$ of different lengths

I've read the following two questions and their answers: Messages of different lengths and one-time computationally-secret Why is a non fixed-length encryption scheme worse than a fixed-length one? ...
321 views

### Bellovin 96' attack on IPsec ESP protocol on encryption only option

Can you explain the actual attack? Why does the attacker need to firstly send some arbitrary UDP packet? How can the attacker break the privacy between A and B? Link: The article of Bellovin I'm ...
82 views

### Why send a challenge with CHAP?

I have been reading about the Challenge-Handshake authentication Protocol (aka CHAP). Why send a challenge to the user and ask them to hash that challenge with the symmetric key and send that hash ...
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### Can we build authenticated encryption using Feistel Networks?

Most of the encryption modes of Feistel Networks especially the ones used to build fixed length block ciphers just provide confidentiality . Can we build authenticated encryption using Feistel ...
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### Any historical accounts of cryptanalysis of Jefferson's wheel cipher?

David Kahn in his book "The Codebreakers" wrote about Jefferson's wheel cipher, saying that To this day the Navy uses it… (the book was first published in 1967) Are there any historical accounts ...
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### Efficient parameters for group Diffie-Hellman

I want to implement a basic version of Diffie-Hellman key agreement for groups. So, my key is $K=g^{abc} \mod p$. Following this, the parameters I would need to transfer would be $K_a = g^{bc}$ etc. ...
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### Biometric authentication [closed]

I see in some “Authentication schemes with biometric” papers that those authors wrote a phase as password and biometric update phase. My question is that why we may needs biometric update phase? Is ...
3k views

### What happens when a root CA has its private key compromised?

What happens when a root CA has its private key compromised? Then all children in the tree are compromised too? And then all certificates are compromised? What needs to happen then? Related: - How ...
605 views

### Can you break a multi language code using Frequency analysis?

Let say that I wrote a 26 letter alphabet, each letter of my alphabet represent a letter from the latin alphabet. I'm writing in 3 languages, only I know which languages. Grammar is the one from my ...
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### Homomorphic (encrypted) comparison to an integer

When working with an additive homomorphic encryption scheme (say Pallier's), is there an efficient way to get the encrypted value of a comparison test to an integer value (I realise that an ...
569 views

### How practical is proxy re-encryption for AES?

In proxy re-encryption schemes, a proxy is given special information that allows it to translate a ciphertext under one key into a ciphertext of the same message under a different key. How ...
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### Why have 4th and 5th steps in Needham-Schroeder Protocol?

Why have 4th and 5th steps in Needham-Schroeder Protocol? It is said "These steps assure B that the original message it received (step 3) was not a replay.". But what is a replay here? And I don't ...
374 views

### Proof of the standard pseudorandom generator + XOR encryption scheme in Goldreich

Reading Goldreich's Foundations of Cryptography II, I found this proof for the security of the common pseudorandom generator + XOR encryption scheme (Proposition 5.2.12 in the book): Assume you ...
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### MD Construction Doesn't Propagate TCR

I'm reading a proof of the proposition of CollisionResistant Hashing Towards Making UOWHFs Practical Suppose there exists a compression function \$F: \Sigma^k\times\Sigma^{c+m'} \rightarrow \Sigma^...
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### How can we get CA's public key?

To get a public key of some organization or someone we want to send an encrypted message to, we need to make a request to CA asking that organization's public key. CA then returns X509 certificate. It ...
191 views

### Why routers don't just use Diffie-Hellman protocol?

Routers could just use Diffie-Hellman protocol with any computer who tries to connect to that router. Then it would be impossible to eavesdrop for anyone. Only router and computer would know the ...
1k views

### Attack XOR encryption of binary data compressed by zlib with known key length (very short key)

I am trying to break a packet format. The packet format simply packs several files into one big file. The file contents are plain. But the index data which contain offsets, file sizes and filenames ...
127 views

### SHA-1 Keyed Hash Function

I know that SHA-1 is an unkeyed cryptographic hash function when used in practice. But, in the theory, all hash function are defined with keys. My question is: How I will be able to formalize the ...
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### How should we interpret the cryptanalysis results of SIMON and SPECK?

The NSA recently released SIMON and SPECK light weight block ciphers. Although initial spec release did not have much of cryptanalysis details, two works later appeared providing the cryptanalysis for ...
344 views

### modfied man in the middle attack diffie hellman

I have been given a problem in preparation for my cryptography final that I'm not sure how to solve. It asks me to suppose a scenario where instead of where an attacker would intercept some message ...
887 views

### OpenPGP/X.509 bridge: how to verify public key?

I'd like to use OpenPGP authentication over TLS, but lack of implementations made me use a temporary solution: an OpenPGP/X.509 bridge certificate. The approach is very similar to the approach used ...
715 views

### Recent attacks on RSA

At Blackhat 2013 this week, there was a talk saying RSA is (essentially) doomed in the near future. networkworld.com ~ “Black Hat: Elliptic curve cryptography coming as smarter algorithms threaten ...
3k views

### Learning to encrypt/encryption algorithms [closed]

I am a beginning programmer interested in coding an application of my own to encrypt sensitive files of mine. For example: lists of passwords, bank accounts, Credit Card numbers etc. I was wondering ...
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### What (precisely) is a block cipher?

If I follow the wikipedia or crypto.stackexchange definition, any simple XOR encryption where the key is as long as the plain text should qualify as a secure block cipher. Now I thought what would ...
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### Help me describe/identify this challenge-response protocol/algorithm?

My area of expertise is reverse engineering, specifically embedded systems. I do attack cryptographic systems, but this largely involves key recovery or exploiting the implementation. I was asked to ...
2k views

### Is compressing data prior to encryption necessary to reduce plaintext redundancy?

As explained in William Stallings' Book, in PGP encryption is done after compression, since it reduces redundancy. I couldn't relate encryption strength with redundancy. Could anyone explain more on ...
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### Is a private RSA key vulnerable to a chosen plaintext encrypted with that private key?

I grasp that having known plaintext encrypted with the public key doesn't provide a means of discovering the private key (that being the whole point...). But if one were in a situation where they ...
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### Is there a cryptographic hash function that can be performed with pencil and paper?

Imagine I'm signing up for the 99th new web site this month. I somehow take my secret key (which I have written down on a card in my wallet) and the domain name of the site and feed them both into ...
434 views

### Can you explain partial private key extract algorithm in certificateless Public key cryptography?

Related to the algorithms of certificate-less Signature approach of Al-Riyami and Paterson… Why is there a need for a "partial private key extract algorithm"? Why should it be needed when ...
117 views

### Explicit Key SHA-1

I'm reading “Collision-Resistant Hashing? Towards Making UOWHFs Practical” and in the Section 2 it says: Hash functions like MD5 or SHA-1 have no explicit key. But no notion of collision-...
245 views

### How to store keys for a cascading encryption?

What is the best way to implement a cascade encryption? I'm trying to figure out how to cipher a string (or message) using Serpent-Twofish-AES and then store the keys. I'll provide an explanation, ...
133 views

### MD5 theoretical question

Ok, so this is a very possible stupid question, but one of those things that has sat at the back of my mind for a while. We all know that MD5 has issues, and these have been known for about a decade. ...
150 views

### How does secret sharing solve the partial exposure problem?

I have been trying to understand how secret sharing methods like Shamir's secret sharing solve the problem of a share revealing information about the secret. I guess there are some random numbers ...
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### Why is appending the key to a mesage and then hashing that insecure if the hash isn't weakly collision resistant? [duplicate]

Suppose I have H(M|K) and that H is not weakly collision resistant. If I have a message mac pair (M,MAC), how is it possible to find another message mac pair (M2,MAC2)? My thinking for this problem is ...
2k views

### Is this password migration strategy secure?

I want to upgrade the security of some existing databases of users' authentication tokens strictly for the purpose of making sure that if the database is stolen, attackers will not be able to guess ...
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### What is the difference between various modes in FPE?

Format preserving encryption has three modes FE1( FFX) , FE2(VAES) , FE3(BPS) . All of them are based on Feistel Networks .Can somebody explain how they differ from each other ?
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### What security differences are there between E(p',“well-known-plaintext”) vs. hash(p') where p'=KDF(p)

I am using a KDF to derive a key, p' from a password p. I would like to know if the password is correct before using the derived ...