All Questions

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Computation indistinguishability questions

The definition I have is: Two probability ensembles $X = \{X_n\}_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ and $X = \{Y_n\}_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ are computationally indistinguishable if for every probabilistic ...
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How is an epsilon of 1/1000 non-negligible?

Lately I've been studying cryptography and in the current course I'm taking we're reviewing statistical tests and how they can be used to determine if a pseudo-random generator is secure or not. ...
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Computational indistinguishability: are function parameters known?

I would like to clarify something about the definition of computational indistinguishability and pseudorandom number generators. Suppose we wanted to show that linear congruential generators of the ...
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What is a Key Derivation Function?

From Wikipedia: In cryptography, a key derivation function (or KDF) derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key or other known information such as a password or ...
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AES-CTR with ephemeral keys vs IV

Let's say that we have a key exchange of some sort, which leaves A and B sharing the long-term secret $S$. Then, A and B want to use AES-CTR for the communication, which leaves us with several ...
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PGP String to Key specifiers

I've been reading through the PGP Standard and here I'm a little confused. This section is discussing converting string data to a session key. I'm confused about the paragraph in bold. First off, what ...
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Why do we need to hash both the message and the $h$ value in ElGamal signature?

The professor left us a question on ElGamal signatures: Given the hash function $H$ and message $M$, choose a random $r$ and compute $h=g^r$ and $H(M||h)$. Show that, if $H(M)$ is used instead of ...
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How strong can multiple encryption be?

Suppose I encrypted a homophonic substitution cipher at the level of syllables, trigrams, digraphs, and individual letter with a Vigenere cipher using the keyword cryptography. I would then encrypt ...
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Is Encryption without knowing the input directly possible at all?

I know the question is rather unusual, but let me clarify what I'm searching for: There is one person, lets call her $Alice$. $Alice$ has $n$ plaintexts $t_1..t_n$ and $n$ public keys $pk_1..pk_n$ of ...
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El-Gamal signature with two messages

Alice uses an ElGamal signature with base the group $Z^*_{107}$ and parameter $g=3$ of order $q=53$.The private key of Alice is some $x \in \{0,1,.....,52\}$ and the public key of her is $y=10$. To ...
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Is there any existing cipher capable of scaling from a 1 bit key up to a one-time-pad?

We have ciphers that handle small amounts of entropy, such as a 256 bit key for AES; and we have one time pads for enciphering 1:1 entropy, such as a 1GB key for a 1GB file if you could ever harvest ...
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Cryptosystems used to generate public key certificate

Where can we find the cryptosystems used to generate public key certificate? Are the cryptosystems under the signature algorithm and signature hash algorithm? Do I need to analyze the packets ...
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Encryption algorithm designed to be easy to decrypt by machine but impractical to decrypt by hand

I am looking for - or considering the design of a new - encryption algorithm that does not use variable keys, such that it is easy for a computer to encrypt and decrypt any message regardless of its ...
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Stern identification scheme to signature scheme

I'm trying to understand the comment in the page 103 of the book Postquantum Cryptography. about convert the identification Stern procedure for signing. Can you write an example of signature of this ...
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Which one these alternatives using authentication and encryption will solve this multiple-user database problem?

Which one these alternatives using authentication and encryption will solve this multiple-user database problem ? I'm trying to understand the field of cryptography, so I've started reading a ...
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What is the meaning of h(r) in this protocol?

Could somebody tell me what the meaning is of $h(r)$ in the protocol below? ‎‎$A‎\leftarrow‎{B}\quad:{h(r)‎‎}{,B}{,P{_A(r,B)}}‎ \\A‎\rightarrow‎{B}\quad:r$
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Value of S and r in Fiat-Shamir Protocol

In the book Cryptography and Network Security by Forouzan,in chapter 14, Fiat-Shamir protocol, its mentioned that two large prime numbers p and q are chosen and kept secret. However n=p*q is made ...
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Key Confirmation Attack [Key Distribution Center (KDC)]

Okay this is how I understood it according to this: Alice $A$ establishes a connection to $KDC$ and prepares for session key Exchange $k_{ses}$ $A$ encrypts the request with her key $k_A(A, B)$ ...
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If classical ciphers are used with compressed plaintext, how much does it make frequency analysis attack harder?

Classical ciphers, such as Vigenère cipher, are weak and no longer be used. They can be broken by using frequency analysis, that is a well-known fact. But, the frequency analysis often depends on the ...
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How to compute accumulated values in bilinear map accumulators

How to compute $g^{1/(e_1+s)}$, where $g$ is the generator of group $\mathbb G$, and $e_1$ and $s$ are keys? I know only $s$ and $g^{e_1}$, not $e_1$. $\mathbb G$ has prime order for some prime $p$ ...
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Calculation of time needed to crack DES with my CPU

I have a laptop that has the CPU and the RAMs shown below in the images. My question is that, using this CPU and the RAMs, how much time would it take for me to crack an old school DES algorithm ...
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Negative exponents in Shoup's threshold RSA?

I'm trying to implement threshold RSA operations, starting with decryption based on Peeters, R., Nikova, S., & Preneel, B. (2008). Practical RSA Threshold Decryption for Things That Think. ...
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How to establish if a string contains a message

If you have a string S, then the string can be composed of four things: cleartext 'random' data encrypted data compressed or otherwise non-encrypted, but modified, cleartext If you want to see if ...
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plaintext distribution ,perfect secrecy cryptosystem

I have been trying to solve the next problem: let pi be a perfect secrecy cryptosystem with specific plaintext probability distribution. How to prove pi will have perfect secrecy for all other ...
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Cryptography system that limits the length of the encypted message

I have two devices which communicate via sms. This communication should now be encrypted. The devices can only send messages with the lenght of 160 characters. So i am looking for an encryption ...
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I have seen in few places (mostly papers) talking about plain cascade and XOR cascade. I know what is cascade cipher is but I am not clear about what these are. Can anyone help to understand using ...
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Self-Convergent Hashing

What is the name of an algorithm that hashes its result as an embed of larger set of data that results back to the hash? For instance where $f(x)$ is the hashed result and $x$ is the dataset, and ...
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different feistel words in key size

I have confusion on Feistel word in key size. Means, "what is the meaning of key size with different feistel word ?" What does m=2,3,4 represent? Where m represent different size of feistel word or ...
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What does L_n is the bit length of the group order n states need for my calculation in ECDSA algorithm?

I am doing the program of implementing ECDSA for which I am trying to solve the equation scenario. In ECDSA that signature generation algorithm which states as hash value from the SHA-1 and where $l$ ...
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HMAC-Ripemd-160 in TrueCrypt

I'm wondering if it is still secure. I know TrueCrypt closed its doors but I continue using it because the cryptoaudit didn't find any huge bugs or security issues in TrueCrypt. But I have a bad ...
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