# All Questions

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### BCrypt vs Key Stretching MD5

Ars technica posted an article about the latest in cyber warfare from the stuxnet crew. They key stretched MD5 by iterating it 10,000 times. It seems to be effective at handicapping HashCat's gpu ...
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### How to perform Multiplicative Inverse Modulo in IDEA

How to perform the Multiplicative Inverse Modulo in International Data Encryption Algorithm? I don't understand on how to perform it… For example, let's say I have a value of ...
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### Key collision in scrypt and hkdf

I am developing a mostly-offline authorization system that authorizes a user using an deterministically generated AuthKey derived from a MasterKey derived from a high-entropy chunk of data (128 bits) ...
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### DLP based crypto systems with multiple independent generators

One example of a DLP based crypto system (or rather DDH based crypto system) where the public key parameters include two independent generators of the subgroup, is Cramer Shoup. Since the security ...
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### Can a LIRA system work with cjdns or other decentralized meshnets?

LIRA (Lightweight Incentivized Routing for Anonymity) is a scheme to incentivize participants in Tor to contribute resources, in particular bandwidth. The paper talks about it being used for Tor. Can ...
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### What is the significance of i^Q mod P = 1 and are there any special properties to be aware of?

I'm studying UProve, and one of the fundamental components of this technology is based upon the relationship between i^Q mod P = 1 Lacking a specific name I can call this mathematical ...
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### Partial decryption of large file in AES-GCM (or other modes)?

Lets assume a 4gig file that is internally made of 1 million pages of 4k bytes each (page). the file was originally AES-GCM encrypted these pages (or entire file) lives across the internet i.e. ...
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### What crypto system allows for 3 parties: Party 1 who makes an assertion, Party 2 mutates the assertion, Party 3 validates it

I'm looking for the cryptographic equivalent of a Drivers license where the issuer can be verified, the issuer doesn't need to know who you showed the drivers license to, but also allows per-...
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### How to obtain a one-value share in Shamir's secret sharing

This is a trivial question, but I had to ask: since each generated share in a Shamir's secret sharing scheme initially consists of a pair of values (representing the coordinates of a point on the ...
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### Encrypting many small messages (log-lines)

What would be the best way of encrypting small mesasages to be stored in encrypted form? (This sounds like somthing a textbook would cover, but I haven't found any references). Let's say I have many ...
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### Would a “Triple AES” (in the sense of how Triple Des works) serve for a dramatic increase in safety?

The system requires to be as paranoid as possible regarding security. One of the few contemplated changes to the current design is to use multiple encryption. First proposal was to use Serpent on top ...
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### Isn't the structure of a potential plaintext of a ciphertext generated by a one-time pad dispositive, cryptanalysis-wise?

That is, if I generate every possible result, and analyze the structure against, for example, a dictionary, won't that identify which of the solutions in the domain is most likely the correct one? I ...
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### Method and explanation for calculating difference in speed between DES and RSA

Our assignment asks us to convert an RSA speed in bytes per second to a DES speed in bytes per second. Our professor's treatment of this ("RSA is 100 times slower than DES") seems insufficient. Could ...
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### Diffie-Hellman key agreement with both Server Authentication and Perfect Forward Secrecy

I am trying to find the protocol with the least overhead, which still meets the following requirements: Server Authentication of server identity to client. The client has an authentic copy of the ...
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### Is there an efficient way to hide the encrypted plaintext length with a block cipher?

In block cipher modes of operation for encryption on input of a plaintext of $N$ blocks (We assume that the input size is always a multiple of the blockcipher mode: $N·16$ bytes) the size of the ...
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### computing inverses in truncated polynomial rings manually for NTRU encryption [duplicate]

Can someone explain how to find inverses in truncated polynomial rings manually (i.e. on pen and paper)? As an example from the tutorial: Example. Take $N=7$, $q=11$, $a=3+2X^2-3X^4+X^6$. The ...
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### Where to store the private key and the public key in a communication protocol

I want to create a simple secured connection protocol over TCP/IP. I just want to connect from my mobile device to a server securely. Firstly I thought to use an SSL connection, but I changed my ...
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### Current Status of mixnets for voting

I am currently doing some research on universally verifiable mixnets, but it seems to me that there are too few papers about them after 2006 or so and most of them come from the team of Douglas ...
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### Strength of Combining Hash functions [duplicate]

If I combine two hash functions, what will the impact on the strength of the resulting function. If I combine in following way: H1*H2 (multiply) H1 + H2 (concat) H1 Xor H2 H1 (H2) EDIT: Lets say H1 ...
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### Equivalents to a physical hat+shaking?

I would like a multiparty protocol, secure in the honest-but-curious model at least, but hopefully other situations as well, that can do the following: every party among $\{P_1, P_2, \ldots P_n\}$ ...
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### ChaCha cipher + Poly1305

The Poly1305-AES paper summarizes the MAC as $$\mathrm{Poly1305}(m, \mathrm{AES}_k(n)) = {H_r(m) + \mathrm{AES}_k(n)} \mod 2^{128}$$ Can I presume that $+$ here is just meant as a form of 16-byte ...
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### XOR cipher for encrypting compiled C code

I'm exploring ways of encrypting Intel hex files we send to customers for flashing onto an embedded device. The embedded processor itself has a built-in mechanism that prevents anyone from reading the ...
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### Use curve25519 for ElGamal crypto [duplicate]

DJB described curve25519 in his paper which can be found here (PDF). It seems that the main purpose was for Diffie-Hellman key exchange. I think this means that Discrete Log is supposed to be hard on ...
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### Exponentiation In PBC library

I need to compute a function $h^l$, where h is an element of G2 and l is a rational number. How can this be done using the PBC library? I have converted the h to ...
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### Is this encryption algorithm build from MD5 secure?

I'm being asked to use an encryption algorithm in my code, and besides the fact that I'm sure there will be implementation faults that lead to vulnerabilities, I also have concerns about the algorithm ...
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### How are Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Pairing Based Cryptography related?

I have been doing a project that uses the PBC library developed by Ben Lynn. But I am still not clear on how PBC is related to ECC. I know that this is a site for complex crypto QA, but I did not know ...
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### Can you help me understand how RC4-52 is done using pen-and-paper?

I've played a lot with VIC and enjoy its complexity and effectiveness as a field cipher. However, RC4 has caught my attention lately and I've read there is a RC4-52 variant that can be done by hand. ...
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### One-time pad and perfect secrecy properties

I have a homework problem: Explain how to find $m_{0}$ and $c$ such that $P[c=c': k \leftarrow K, c' \leftarrow E(k, m_{0})] > 0$ where P is probability and k is chosen uniformly. I do not know ...
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### What data is saved in RSA private key?

What data is saved in RSA private key in openssl? How to view it? Wikpedia says these variables are saved.
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### What should I be aware of when implementing algorithms myself?

I plan to build my own crypto library. The project will be primarily for me to learn (and if useful for no other purpose, that is fine). In the past I have implemented a few hashes, and AES quite a ...
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### Should the secret key of Shamir's secret-sharing algorithm be interpreted byte by byte?

Should the secret message of Shamir's secret-sharing algorithm be interpreted and processed byte by byte? Interpreting it byte by byte makes it easier to process, but in case one of the shareholders ...
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### Possibility of factorisation of rsa modulus due to vulnerability in java implementation code

Below is my implementation of the RSA algorithm. Actually I'm choosing the private key (d) instead of public key (e) and computing the public key.It is working fine but I want to know if this is a ...
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### GPG vs PGP vs OpenSSH and management of them [closed]

What is the main difference of the three? Can I use only one of them for everything (e.g. GPG for SSH authentication) If I encrypt my private key with a pass-phrase, is it strong enough so that if ...