# All Questions

500 views

### AES Mix Columns and Shift Rows

Why we use Mix Columns and Shift Rows in AES? FOr example, if i want implement an AES algorithm without Mix Columns and Shift Rows what is the difference in the ciphertext?
838 views

### What do I use as the encryption key and initialization vector in AES cfb128

I'm writing a program that can encrypt a file using AES cfb128 (using Openssl and C++). The scenario of the program is this: Person A visits computer, encrypts a file they make, takes away a key ...
83 views

### AES inversion operation in sub byes

I was wondering why in the AES sub-bytes operation one can represent the inversion as computing $x^{254}$. What is the reason for this? Moreoever, I was wondering what the text on page 212 of ...
104 views

### anonymous signature implementation and usage?

This is one of the question asked in my class. Implement a anonymous digital signature. So it means hiding signers information. i could not find any article in anonymous digital signing. Also another ...
5k views

### How to decrypt a '.enc' file that has been encrypted with RSA using a public key? [closed]

While solving a CTF challenge online, I came across a situation where I needed to decrypt a '.enc' file that has been encrypted using someone's public key. The ...
38 views

### Identification by RSA

Suppose we have identification scheme as such: Bob takes random $r$, and encrypts it with Alices public RSA key $(n,e)$, sends $r^e$ to Alice. Alice decrypts $r$ and sends it back to Bob, becomes ...
273 views

### Is the keystream transmitted with the ciphertext when a stream cipher is used?

When a stream cipher is used and a keystream is generated to be XOR'ed with the plaintext, is the keystream sent with the ciphertext so that the receiver knows how to decrypt it? Or does the ...
92 views

### Blum primes [x=3(mod 4)] zero knowledge proof?

Lets say we have 2 primes, $p \equiv q \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$, and we make $n=p \times q$ public. I can, without revealing factors, show that $n$ has two prime factors. How can i zero knowledge prove ...
203 views

### How do you implement a cipher as one lookup table?

I am reading up on whitebox cryptography and have trouble understanding how are ciphers implemented as one lookup table? assuming my plaintext is just 4 bits so the size of my lookup table should be ...
281 views

### Difference between the TLS cipher suites?

TLS_DHE_DSS_AES256_CBC_MAC / TLS_DHE_RSA_AES256_CBC_MAC Hi, I have been studying to learn about various cipher suites and their performances. I gathered that DSS is efficient when compared with RSA. ...
118 views

### Which algorithm can be performed by humans?

Suppose I want my grandmother to perform encryption without any help from a computer, and she must encrypt the word 'HELLO' for me. I could ask her to instead of typing the real keys, that she always ...
356 views

### What is the most light-weight symmetric cipher thats still usefull?

I need a very light encryption scheme which costs almost no performance during encryption (while decryption may be slow). I found 5 algorithms: RC4, DES, LED, PRESENT, and Piccolo. But how do I ...
117 views

### why do files downloaded with http and https have the same size?

while working with Encryption mostly cipher text is always larger the plain text, why isn't that the case when downloading a file using https ? even that compression isn't much used anymore because if ...
250 views

### Block cipher mode with diffusion on ciphertext

As I understand, diffusion property in AES-CBC ensures that one-bit change in plaintext will yield changes in all following blocks in ciphertext upon encryption. I'm looking for algorithm that will ...
179 views

### Self verifying hash algorithm

For quite some time I've been thinking about the idea to construct a hashing algorithm that contains its own checksum value, and thereby can verify itself. With hashing algorithms like SHA1 and MD5 ...
235 views

### Repair AES-128 decrypted file

I decrypted a file which was encrypted with OpenSSL and AES-128 with the wrong password. Before I noticed it was the wrong password I removed the original file. Is there a possibility to reproduce the ...
128 views

### How to compute accumulated values in bilinear map accumulators

How to compute $g^{1/(e_1+s)}$, where $g$ is the generator of group $\mathbb G$, and $e_1$ and $s$ are keys? I know only $s$ and $g^{e_1}$, not $e_1$. $\mathbb G$ has prime order for some prime $p$ ...
55 views

### What is the probability of finding 4 equal bytes? [closed]

Is it $2^{-32}$ or $2^{-24}$ as one byte is assumed to take a given value and the remaining 3 bytes should have the same value?
328 views

### CTR HMAC SHA256 implementation

After trying to invent my own AES mode, I decided to just implement something that's known to work, namely CTR with HMAC SHA256. From what I understand, I can use the IV as a counter, and the IV ...
141 views

### AES key from encrypted text and VI

So I'm trying to figure out if it's possible to extract the private key if you have the ciphertext and the IV corresponding to that ciphertext. It's for some kind of a challenge, and can't really ...
113 views

### AES different modulo operations

I don't get the modulo 10001 operation in mixColumns so much. If I have to take the byte computations mod 100011011 anyway what leads me to a result of 4byte length, why do I need the mod 10001 ...
67 views

### Will the complement of a 64-bit key and message produce the complement ciphertext if ECB is used in DES?

Say I have a 64-bit message/key: P1: 1011....... K1: 0101....... I run this message/key pair through DES in ECB mode and obtain some cipher that looks like the ...
108 views

### If you know the messages, and the results of HMAC(key, message) can you find the key?

If the attacker has 1 billion 4KB (random-noise) messages and sha256-HMACs for those messages (all using the same key), can they calculate the key that was used, before the universe dies?
195 views

### Reducing size of hash function

If I have some data I hash with SHA256 as hash=SHA256(data) and then copy only the first 8 bytes of the hash instead of the whole 32 bytes. How easy is it to find a ...
147 views

### Figure out the encryption being used [closed]

There is a web API (for a game) that sends and receives data encrypted in hex format. I'm interested in accessing the api outside of the game client (mobile app). When sending a request with an ...
119 views

### Identity-Based Encryption consist of four algorithms. Extract phase is one of them and it is done by PKG or receiver?

The Identity-Based Encryption consist of four randomized algorithms: Setup, Extract, Encrypt, Decryption. The Setup phase is done by Private-key generator, Encrypt by sender and Decryption by ...
66 views

### Are passwords generated from sine vulnerable to certain attacks?

A friend mentioned that he used the sine of a number, i.e. sind(54), to generate long passwords. This way he only has to remember sine 54 and have a calculator to get his password back. I am wondering ...
251 views

### Simple multiplication as an encryption method

There was a time when I wondered about multiplication as an encryption operation. That was when I was thinking in terms of modular multiplication. But how about based around simple multiplication. ...
116 views

### OpenSSL encrypted text length

OpenSSL block ciphers return length of the text as output of the encryption (envelope_seal()), and If I have to send the length over network, I append the length ...
384 views

### Client-Server application how can data be encrypted so only clients can read it

Requirements We are building a system that connects multiple clients through a restful API. It allows the creation of groups of trusted clients. We need a way to store group shared data encrypted ...
113 views

### Counter Mode with a sequence of zeros bits plaintext, is it secure?

I had a quiz last week in computer security course. There was a confusing question that I am still looking for a good and clear answer. First, I know that counter mode with a good block cipher is ...
112 views

### RSA generation of private key using public key

In RSA private key generation e*d ≡ 1 mod φ e is public, also n is public. How to prove mathematically, generation of ...
321 views

### CPA security of a stateless and deterministic encryption system

Why can no stateless and deterministic encryption system be IND-CPA secure? Is there a formal proof for it?
120 views

### Proof that $gcd(e, \lambda(N)) = 1 \hspace{1mm} \Longleftrightarrow \hspace{1mm} gcd(e, \varphi(N)) = 1$

What is the proof for the fact that $gcd(e, \lambda(N)) = 1 \hspace{1mm} \Longleftrightarrow \hspace{1mm} gcd(e, \varphi(N)) = 1$ Where: $N = P * Q$ where $P$ and $Q$ are both primes. $\varphi(N)$ ...
68 views

### Applications of GF(p) polynomials

A Galois field of the type $GF(p)$, where $p$ is prime, is normally expressed as the ring of integers modulo $p$. If my understanding is correct, it is also possible to represent its elements as a ...
106 views

### Is there a strong cryptographic reason for GCM's 2^39 - 256 bit limit?

In reading through the original GCM specification (McGrew & Viega '05), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter ...
173 views

### How much work is required to detect multiple collisions for a hash function?

Assume an ideal hash function of output size n bits, detecting one collision requires approximately 2^(n/2) evaluations of the ...
293 views

### How does RSA padding work exactly?

I've read everywhere online and people say plain text RSA is very unsafe. To make it safe you pad it but no examples are shown anywhere on how to do it. It's explained that random data is added to the ...
108 views

### Why can't I use ECB with some obfuscation for transient RAM?

I understand that ECB does not hide data patterns well. But my understanding is that it cannot be broken to "know" the underlying message. If that was the case, why can't ECB be used with some ...
129 views

### RSA signing security

I'm curious about the security of RSA signing with the same public private key pair when the same message is sent multiple times. It's my understanding that once you generate the hash of the message ...
133 views

### Automated testing of cipher security for import/export compliance [closed]

What do we know about systems that automatically test and grade cipher security. The application in mind would be for checking for compliance with import/export regulations. I imagine a system that ...
94 views

### Integrity protection in wireless sensor networks [closed]

I have done a lab about wireless sensor nodes and got in touch with encryption for the very first time. There are some questions on my sheet, especially on integrity protection (the attacker wants to ...
231 views

### How to implement the Salsa20 hash function?

I am currently implementing Salsa20 from the specification as an exercise in learning and self-flagellation. I have Sections 1-7 passing the test examples provided. I am now stuck on Section 8, The ...
159 views

### Discrepancy with reported key size for EDE ciphers in Qualys SSL Labs

The following two cipher suites were reported by Qualys SSL Labs as being 112-bit: SSL_CK_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_MD5 TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA However, all other references I can find say that ...
121 views

### Is my method symmetric encryption?

To obfuscate data I made up this method on the spot without planning since the goal wasn't real encryption. At first I though this cannot be real encryption but after revisiting the code and reading ...
293 views

### what is it called when encrypt('a') + encrypt('a') == encrypt('aa')?

So normally if you do encrypt('a') twice in a row you'll get the same result. But sometimes (as is the case in SSH) this is not desirable. You want encrypt('a') + encrypt('a') == encrypt('aa'). What ...
62 views

### How to use HMAC for authenticating multiple messages

The standard HMAC function, $H(K, m)$, authenticates a single message $m$. Instead, I'd like to authenticate 2 messages, like this: $$H'(K, m_1, m_2)$$ The simplest solution, $H(K, m_1||m_2)$, ...
105 views

### Prime Numbers in Discrete Log

I am implementing a security protocol based on discrete log. I came across the equation $p = kq + 1$. Understand that based on number theories that both $p$ and $q$ should be large enough to be ...
### “Kernel attack” on MinRank — why do we guess $\left\lceil \frac k n \right\rceil$ vectors?
The kernel attack on MinRank is described here (page 5). My question refers to this line: Note that if $m = \left\lceil \frac k n \right\rceil$, the system essentially has only one solution ...