# All Questions

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### RFC 5297 implementation [duplicate]

I am looking for an implementation of RFC 5297 algorithm using javascript. I would like to see how to wrap a key on client side web browser, like Mozilla's fxa-auth-client (That uses a xor to wrap) ...
47 views

### Decypting a Stream Cipher

I am trying to decrypt a stream cipher. I know what the first word of the message is when decrypted but I am unsure how to decrpyt the rest of the message. I know what the first word is because I ...
35 views

### Does Windows CNG store private information using LSA secrets?

I read that LSA Secrets have the capability of storing data privately, more importantly, ensuring that users without proper permissions cannot access that same data. Windows CNG has security measure ...
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### What is sLHAE (stateful length-hiding authenticated encryption)?

Can somebody please explaint me how does sLHAE works in TLS? I met this term in some TLS papers and struggled to understand how it works, specifically the "length-hiding" part.As to my understanding ...
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### Determine encryption method with input and output

A website stores username and password in a session cookie. In the cookie the password is "encrypted" or modified in some way. Given that the "encrypted" version is always the same, I do not believe ...
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### Key distribution and computation for homomorphic encryption

How can a system where the party performing a computation also possess the private key and still not know the answer of computation be designed ? Also the other party who does not have the private key ...
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### side channel attacks against TDES (compared to AES)

We all know AES has some pretty strong side channel attacks, some where (with a couple of hundred know plain- and ciphertext combinations) a key can be derived in a matter of minutes. Others may take ...
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### Verification of Pinocchio (verifiable computation)

I am reading the Pinocchio paper. The calculated result $y$ is a part of the verification input, but it seems to me, the verification procedure does not utilize the result $y$. Can anyone can help me ...
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### Why rogued certificate from hash collision is harmful

I cannot understand why rogued certificate is thought harmful though It can be used to impersonate some website. The attacker can craft a rogued certificate with different identities and public key ...
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### Rabin cryptosystem with 1 mod 4

We have p and q which are distinct primes congruent to 1 mod 4. Then we have n = p*q. Do you know any algorith for calculating square roots for the decryption in this case? I'm asking for some ...
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### How do I control an access code safely?

Upon registration an user has to specify an access code of five digits. This access code is also used as a password for the encryption and decryption of certain strings. The user types in "12345" ...
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### RSA modulus (N) from public key and calculating N from p, q not equal [closed]

I have a RSA public key in the form of public exponent and modulus as follows: ...
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### AES-XTS: find key from ciphertext and plaintext [duplicate]

Let's say I have a plaintext, the corresponding ciphertext encrypted using AES-XTS, and the initialization vectors. Is there any way - not brute force, of course - to compute the key? Even if there's ...
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### Would a pictographic, phoneme-based, hand cipher be difficult to crack with computer crypt-analysis?

What I'm talking about is a hand cipher which uses phonemes instead of individual characters and pictograms instead of the usual shuffling/substitution methods (e.g Caesar, Solitare, Vignere). The ...
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### Are there any noisy homomorphic encryption schemes?

Are there any Homomorphic Encryption(HE) schemes that result in noisy answers ? By noisy i mean , the answers could be approximately near the actual answers by noise factor $\epsilon$. For example , ...
148 views

### What can cause similar MD5 hashes

I have a set of MD5 hashes with huge similarities in the second half of the hash, (made up) examples: ...
283 views

### PKCS#7 signed data structure in signed PDF document

Is it mandatory to include PKCS#7 data (OID 1.2.840.113549.1.7.1) octet string into the sequence of PKCS#7 signed data? I mean if you want to sign PDF, you are basically adding PKCS#7 container ...
180 views

### Assemble RSA keys from components [closed]

I'm studying openpgp cryptography and struggling to understand some things. I can't use pgp tool for generating keys and ecryption, but have to write a simple app to generate keys, encrypt and decrypt ...
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### RSA: If I know n, e, p, and q, how do I calculate d using the extended euclidean algorithm? [duplicate]

After doing a good amount of research, it's become fairly obvious that I ought to be using the extended Euclidean algorithm to calculate d from the data that I already have. However, this isn't an ...
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### common ways / methods to try to break a SP network

I have a very little cryptography background (but a relatively solid maths background) so my below question is very general. Basically I have been given a SP network with an output to reverse. I ...
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### AES product function

Small description: consider a polynomial in GF($2^8$) , which has the form $$f(x) = b_7x^7 + b6x^6 + b_{5}x^5 + b_4x^4 + b_3x^3 + b_2x^2 + b_1x + b_0$$ If we multiply by x , we have x * f(x) = ...
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### How dangerous is it to encrypt with AES 256 if the end user knows the unencrypted value?

I am implementing a bit of security in a system that was originally built without encryption on a specific piece of data. The plan was to encrypt this piece of data and include it as part of the ...
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### Making PRFs out of PRGs

Is it possible that we take a $PRG$ $G(k)$ of stretch $n\cdot2^n$, and read its output as the table of a $PRF$ $F(K)$ with input and output size of $n$? Intuitively it sounds possible however I read ...
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### Practical strength of non-2^n RSA key lengths [duplicate]

It has for many years been popular to use RSA keys that have lengths that are powers of two. E.g. 1024-bit, 2048-bit and 4096-bit key lengths are all popular for use with OpenPGP implementations such ...
116 views

### Why not send the identity in the encrypted message?

I've recently started reading the book "Applied Cryptography" written by Bruce Schneier. Quite a few times I stumbled across protocols who send the identity outside of the encrypted message (see step ...
160 views

### Reusing a one-time pad?

I have an embedded device. It produces larges files (200 MB). I want the device to encrypt the file before writing to disk, so I gave them all a 16-byte random key. How can I transform the large ...
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### Requested to encrypt data with AES256, digital certification, timestamped

at my job we have been tasked by gov to encrypt some data we send to them. The "law" says we have to do the title above, but they only need us to do the AES256 thing because the data is not really ...
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### What is the benefit of applying the tweak a second time using XTS?

I tried to understand the inner working of XTS. What I understood is that it is applying the tweak two times: once on the plaintext and once on the output. What is the benefit of applying the tweak ...
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### Key exchange using hash function

Consider two types of attackers on a key exchange (KE) protocol and subsequent communication between the parties which used this KE instance to establish a secure communication key. Attacker Eve ...
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### Possible to determine the encryption key that was used by knowing the input and output of the encryption mechanism? [duplicate]

Assume that a malicious user knows what string is being encrypted (a user_id, for example, which the user can know) and can also see the result of the encryption (the encrypted user_id that is used to ...
154 views

### Fault encryption attack on RSA [duplicate]

How to recover plaintext, if we know public key(RSA), correctly encrypted text and text encrypted with faulty public key, where one bit is changed?
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### What work goes into creating new asymmetric cryptosystems?

It's seems to me that it is rather easy to create a symmetric encryption algorithm (though not necessarily a secure one). They're a dime a dozen. The number of asymmetric encryption algorithms ...
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### Separate keys for encryption and MAC? [duplicate]

I use HMAC(ciphertext)+ciphertext for authenticated encryption. The same key is used for both MAC and encryption. Is that right? Is using separate keys for MAC and encryption necessary or any good? ...
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### AES mode scheme feedback [duplicate]

I've been studying encryption on a hobby basis, and wanted to know if I got this basic cypher construction right (this is another experiment, see the AES ECB experiment thread earlier). Encryption: ...
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I am currently working on my diploma project, a high security NFC door lock and need to exchange very sensible data. That's why I thought of PGP encryption, which is as far as I know one of the ...
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### GCM implementation

I want to write GCM implementation myself (only for research purposes). So far, I have successfully written CTR implementation (for AES), but now I ran into few problems with GCM. If I'm not wrong, ...
338 views

### Substitution-permutation network

Can anyone in 6th grade English explain the steps in the Substitution-permutation network algorithm or just point a link that does so? (which is included in many of the top modern algorithms) ...
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### Find a polynomial time algorithm for the following problem

Let $p$ be a prime number and let $c \in \mathbb{Z}_p$ and $e \in (\mathbb{Z}/(p-1))^{\ast}$. Put $c \equiv_p m^e$. Find a polynomial time algorithm that given $p$, $e$, and $c$ will compute $m$. I ...
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### Crack RSA with additional information [duplicate]

Suppose $N=3953$, Alice encryption key is $e_A = 337$ and bobs is $e_B=23$. Eve happens to know the corresponding decryption keys, $d_A=3385$ and $d_B=2663$. Can I use this information to find the ...