# All Questions

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### Are there any free to use video and audio chat programs that offer end-to-end encryption that do not let the service know of the content? [migrated]

Skype is compromised, FaceTime is compromised, and I believe Ovoo is compromised. Does anyone know of any genuinely free (not free-to-try or in-app purchase-type applications) that offer end-to-end ...
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### What does the TLS 1.2 client finished message contain?

I am implementing TLS 1.2 and I'm stuck on the client finished message. My question is: what is the size and structure of a clients finished message in TLS 1.2 when using the ...
2k views

### Why should I make my cipher public?

As I understand it, the less people know about the internals of my protocol or cipher, the more secure the protocol is. However Kerckhoffs's principle states that A cryptosystem should be secure ...
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### Practical differences between circuits and turing machines for cryptography

In formal cryptography, we model algorithms (mostly our adversaries) as (Probabilistic) Turing Machines or as boolean circuits. In our lecture on formal cryptography, we learned that circuits are more ...
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### How is decryption done in AES CTR mode?

Since AES CTR mode uses a unique IV and counter to produce the key to XOR with the plain text to get the ciphertext, the question is so as to how decryption is done. Since AES CTR produces a ...
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### Extracting key bits from linear cryptanalysis equation for SDES

From the linear cryptanalysis of SDES, we get a linear equation consisting the K[1, 3] of the round key 1 and 2. From this how will I retrieve the key bit? How do we solve the linear equation we get ...
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### How robust is my coded output?

I create codes and ciphers and as a hobby and I was wondering if there was any outfit that would 'test' your output to see how resilient it is. Is there a group anywhere that will accept code, try to ...
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### Backdoor in NIST elliptic curves

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field $F_q$ with prime order $n$ and $P,Q \in E$ and $k$ be private key such that $kP=Q$. Since $n$ is prime, $E$ is isomorphic to $Z_n$. Suppose ...
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### EmailAddress in x500name for CSR? [migrated]

I would like to add EmailAddress to my PKCS10 CSR: .addRDN( BCStrictStyle.EmailAddress, emailAddr ) Why does the Bouncy/Spongey spec say the following?: ...
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### One time Key Encapsulation Mechanism?

For KEM's, do you only exchange a private key once via the public key encryption and then do all further encryption with this private key, or is a fresh private key sent out with each message? The ...
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### How solid is this method of encryption? [on hold]

Let's say your message is "This is a message." Now translate it into numbers. a=1 b=2 c=3 so on and so forth. Now take those numbers and turn them into three digits based on a randomly generated ...
764 views

### How can mega store my login details and still be secure?

I understand how Mega's encryption works. For a quick summary of all those in the future looking for an answer on this... here is how it works: Upon first signing up for an account you make a ...
433 views

### Security of tokenization of plain text conversations - cryptanalysis

I came across a marketing video here. They claim to perform AES encryption and tokenization of sensitive data, at the corporate gateway, before it leaves the company firewall destined for the public ...
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### Best known attack

I always have listened the term best known attack but I have doubts respect to this term, becase there are several kinds of attacks for example structural attacks, inversion attacks. It is possible to ...
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### Can someone please decrypt “NUZGIEJX” using Vigenére [on hold]

The key is "FUN". I just want to make sure I am doing it correctly.
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### Why is padded RSA not CCA-secure?

Why is the padded RSA construction given in the picture not CCA secure？
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### Is regular CTR mode vulnerable to any attacks?

Regular plain CTR mode, is it vulnerable to any attack? I plan to write a program to encrypt a drive with ctr mode. Would this be wise? Would AES be better? When I look at this diagram, it looks ...
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### Would the rotors in Enigma machines always advance by one position? Or was there a way to set this?

Before encrypting a letter the first rotor advances by one, right? So there could be a way, once the first rotor turns 26 times, make the second rotor advance two positions instead of one. Or three. ...
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### Affine Cipher - Greatest Common Divisor

Really simple question regarding the Affine Cipher. Can someone tell me how $3^{-1}$ is supposed to result in 9 in the following explanation below?
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### How does a Hashing algorithm always result in a digest in a fixed size?

This question revolves around the Hashing Algorithm attribute that the resulting digest is always the same size (also known as Fixed Width). For example, whether you hash the word "hello", or 10gb ...
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### Which cryptography technique does not increase the size of the plain data?

I want to encrypt some data(text/voice/video) but it is essential that the size of the cipher data remains the same as the plain data. Which techniques can I use, and how secure are these techniques ...
1k views

### What is the length field in SHA-512 padding?

If I am using SHA-512 on a message and need to determine the padding field and length field, how do I determine the length field? I think I understand the padding, but not the length field. For ...
2k views

### Can someone explain the ECB Penguin?

I've seen the ECB Penguin used to demonstrate why ECB is not a recommended method of encryption, but I do not understand how this translates to text or passwords. Aren't the people who create these ...
2k views

### Terminology: differences between the terms “pre-master secret”, “master secret”, “private key”, and “shared secret”?

Both crypto.SE and security.SE have excellent Q&As about how TLS generates session keys (I have linked some at the bottom). In reading these threads I'm having troubles with terminology since the ...
80 views

### Understanding Hellman's TMTO

I am trying to understand the basic TMTO by Diffie Hellman as described here. I am having trouble understanding this passage here: Hellman had the idea of storing the dictionary in the form of ...
410 views

### Blowfish ECB mode: Tools for known-plaintext attack?

I'm currently dealing with multiple blowfish-encrypted files that share the same key. All are encrypted using ECB mode judging from their appearance: I don't know what the key is but I know 64 ...
2k views

### Why is PuTTYgen-created RSA public exponent(e) not in {3,17,65537}?

As far as I know, RSA public exponent(e) should be one of {3,17,65537}. However, I found PuTTYgen-created RSA public exponent(e) is 0x25(37) by default,as follows, (PuTTYgen version: 0.66) I am ...
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### Is finding collisions in a part-hash not often enough a bad problem?

My situation: I've been working now for a couple of months on my own unique hash function, I've changed it many times and had two main versions but I won't bore anyone with the details of my work; at ...
53 views

### Creating a message authentication scheme

I have such situation. I have a device like dongle. But it has certain limitations. For example, it can only have implemented encryption and decryption functionality. The availability of ciphers ...
184 views

### What is the difference between SHA-3(Keccak) and previous generation SHA algorithms?

SHA-1 and SHA-2 share the same structure and mathematical operation as their predecessors - SHA-0 and MD5. Both SHA-0 and MD5 have been broken. This is one of the main reasons why SHA-1 is considered ...
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### DES hardware implementation of substitution lookup table [ ReWorked ]

I'm a crypto enthusiastic and student of cryptography. I'm developing a project with other students titled "A hardware implementation of a DES cryptography for educational purposes", our idea was to ...
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### 4 x E = D in Simplified AES how it's possible?

Can anyone explain how it's possible through hexadecimal or Binary 4 x E= D
229 views

### Help with RSA-2048 crypto ransom virus [closed]

The RSA-2048 Crypto Ransom Virus has devastated me, I tried the backup method, the previous version, the Shadow Explorer, it deleted all my restore points, Its took out 5 HDs and my USB pen that ...
3k views

### Why does my SSH private key still work after changing some bytes in the file?

I (for a test) just randomly altered a private RSA key by opening it up in Vim and changing a few bytes. It is the private part of an SSH key pair used for logging in on a remote system. Puzzlingly, ...
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### Secure entropy extractor for thermal noise collected from camera input?

I have read this paper (pdf) which talks about measuring the entropy of thermal noise collected from camera input. They estimate the minimum entropy at about 4 bits per pixel. Probably estimating 1 ...