# All Questions

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### Is it possible to combine two hash functions in such a way that cracking the constructed hash would require cracking the constituent hashes?

Suppose A is some arbitrary hash function, for example BCrypt or MD5. And B be some other arbitrary hash function, maybe SHA256 or SCrypt. Let ...
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### Elgamal with secret key equal to zero possible?

From various sources (e.g. this paper, page 3), the key generation algorithm of Elgamal samples the secret key $x$ from $\mathbb{Z}_q$, which is identifiable to $\{0, 1, 2, \dots, q-1\}$. My ...
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### What happens if someone implements tree-base signature scheme incorrectly?

I'm learning about signature schemes and read about Merkele's tree-base signature scheme. There are paragraphs about how the key and signings are generated. Using so-called tree structure and pseudo ...
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### Unknown Hash or Cipher [on hold]

I'm trying to identify what method was used to hash or encrypt a string of text, I have the plain text and the output, however, I have been unable to identify the method used to produce the output. ...
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### How to find the time complexity of modular multiplication? [duplicate]

There are two number of length m bits. How do I prove that the complexity of modular multiplication of these two numbers is $O(m^2)$.
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### What is the private key in RSA?

I'm new to cryptography and I have a doubt: I read some pages a bit different definition for the RSA private key: In 1 - (n, d) In 2 - ...
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### improve of cryptography algorithm [closed]

This is my algorithm.. ...
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### How do attacks on WEP work?

There is an abundance of tools and tutorials on how to break WEP encryption. However, I fail to find a nice resource that gives a clear break-down of why the attacks are possible. For example, I know ...
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### How are boolean functions used in cryptography?

I recently started becoming interested in Boolean functions. Because they are defined as $f: \{0, 1\}^n \rightarrow \{0, 1\}$, or in other words only over $\{0, 1\}$, I guessed they can somehow be ...
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### Symmetric cipher speed (AES vs Camellia vs Twofish)

If I have understand correct, Twofish is more secure (harder to break) than AES and Camellia, but Twofish is slower than AES and Camellia. But how can I mesure the speed difference between AES vs ...
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### RSA encryption using multiplication

Generally in RSA we encrypt as $m^e \pmod n$. Will RSA work if we replace the power by normal multiplication? $E = (m \times e) \mod n$ and decryption as $c \times d \mod n$. What will be $d$ ...
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### Currently Best Integer not bit FHE [on hold]

HElib encrypts and evaluates on bits. Are there any FHE that evaluates on encrypted integers? If there are more than one, which one to choose?
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### Can we do modulus switching for number theoretic encryption?

Can we do modulus switching for number theoretic encryption such as Paillier or ElGamal?
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### Why are hash functions like SpookyHash and MurmurHash so highly collision resistant?

Why are hash functions like SpookyHash and MurmurHash so highly collision resistant? I tried to test these hash functions using a few billion input messages and I found that there is no hash value ...
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### To what extent is WhatsApp's statement on secure messaging realistic?

As those of you who use WhatsApp Messenger probably know, with their recent update chats and calls are now encrypted. Here's what WhatsApp claims: Messages you send to this chat and calls are now ...
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### What would happen to AES if we replaced MixColumns with ShiftColumns?

I have this as a question in an assignment and I guess I don't fully understand the steps. I understand that if we omit MixColumns, then every byte of the ...
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### Modelling crypto protocols using Formal methods

How to start working with SPIN/Promela for modelling cryptographic protocols using formal method such as LTL?
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### How is decryption done in AES CTR mode?

Since AES CTR mode uses a unique IV and counter to produce the key to XOR with the plain text to get the ciphertext, the question is so as to how decryption is done. Since AES CTR produces a ...
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### Is the use of a 4-round Blake2b permutation in OPP justified?

The MEM-AEAD construction uses a 4-round Blake2b permutation in masked Even-Mansour mode as a (tweakable) block cipher. 4 rounds of the Blake2b permutation are already broken to my knowledge. Why ...
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### Is this cascading encryption, and is my security weakened as a result?

I'm trying to understand what is, and what is not, considered cascading encryption. All of the posts and conversations I've read over the past few days discourage the practice, including this article. ...
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### Are there any free to use video and audio chat programs that offer end-to-end encryption that do not let the service know of the content? [migrated]

Skype is compromised, FaceTime is compromised, and I believe Ovoo is compromised. Does anyone know of any genuinely free (not free-to-try or in-app purchase-type applications) that offer end-to-end ...
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### How secure is the OTR protocol?

I am using Adium and wondering how secure it is. I believe it uses AES-256 (I do not understand what that means) by default. It also requests that users exchange fingerprints with each other before ...
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### How robust is my coded output?

I create codes and ciphers and as a hobby and I was wondering if there was any outfit that would 'test' your output to see how resilient it is. Is there a group anywhere that will accept code, try to ...
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### Backdoor in NIST elliptic curves

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field $F_q$ with prime order $n$ and $P,Q \in E$ and $k$ be private key such that $kP=Q$. Since $n$ is prime, $E$ is isomorphic to $Z_n$. Suppose ...
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### Shamir secret sharing and homomorphism [closed]

Problem: Implement Shamir’s (k, n) Secret Sharing (SSS) scheme, with $k = 3, n = 5$, to (a) Find shares of a given set of numbers. (b) Compute average from shares (c) Choose any ...
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### How solid is this method of encryption? [on hold]

Let's say your message is "This is a message." Now translate it into numbers. a=1 b=2 c=3 so on and so forth. Now take those numbers and turn them into three digits based on a randomly generated ...
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### Can someone please decrypt “NUZGIEJX” using Vigenére [closed]

The key is "FUN". I just want to make sure I am doing it correctly.
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### Deciphering and encrypting using Vigenére square for kids?

Is Vigenére cipher the most basic form of enrypting or is there another simpler way? I'd like to expose my niece to it.
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### Best known attack

I always have listened the term best known attack but I have doubts respect to this term, becase there are several kinds of attacks for example structural attacks, inversion attacks. It is possible to ...
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### Understanding the Hidden Subgroup Problem specific to Integer Factorization

I've been reading about the Hidden Subgroup Problem (HSP), specifically trying to understand how it is related to the integer factorization problem. I've read What exactly is the impact of the hidden ...
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### Question about Cipher Block Chaining(CBC)

I'm studying at the moment the CBC Encryption method,and I was asked in an excercise how many bits would be wrong after decryption if during the transmission 2 bits are interchanged. My guess is that ...
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### mode of operation in cryptography

We need to choose a mode of operation for a Telnet like application where the average message size is between 7 and 1024 bytes. What is the best mode of operation in this case? a. CBC b. CFB c. ...
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### Breaking El Gamal defined over Sn

How can we break EL-GAMAL Encryption defined over Sn the permutation group ? Kindly give the efficient algorithm for it.
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### One time Key Encapsulation Mechanism?

For KEM's, do you only exchange a private key once via the public key encryption and then do all further encryption with this private key, or is a fresh private key sent out with each message? The ...
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### Length of encryption password aes-256-cbc

I'm encrypting a file with sensitive information with cat secret | openssl aes-256-cbc -a -salt > secret.enc I am choosing a random encryption password with ...
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### Two nodes in p2p network exchange data and read data in same time [closed]

I want to finde paper about exchange data between two nodes in p2p network. They must read each other's data in same time. In example two player a,b play rock scissors paper. A must read b's data ...
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### Autokey Cipher Question [closed]

you receive the message DQIXFQETXPPZZR Given that the ciphertext has been encrypted using an Autokey cipher with key k in the range 16 to 18, decipher the meassage. Thanks,
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### Security of $(k, 2k)$-bit generator for small seeds

Here is the problem I am working on for context. I have $\epsilon \le 1 - 2^{-k}$ and $\epsilon$ approaches 1 as $k \to \infty$ but I'm stuck on part c). The $f$ is secure iff there does not ...
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### Why does DSA require that a new $k$ be chosen and the algorithm restarted if $s=0$?

DSA is an algorithm used to generate a digital signature, which consists of a pair of values $(r,s)$. The algorithm computes $r$ first and then $s$. However, if we calculate $s=0$, it says to restart ...
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### Smart Card choice for PKI implementation

I'm seeking to implement a national digital signature standard on a smart card. I feel like this is a good place to ask if anybody is acquainted with a hardware supplier offering smart cards that ...
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### How to use OpenSSL command line utility to encrypt data with encrypted key from public key?

I may not be asking the right question. I am fairly new to data encryption. I am currently being sent encrypted data that's stored as follows: [ [keysize] [key encrypted with public key] [ivsize] ...
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### What functional encryption scheme can be used to compute a linear function?

I am looking for a functional encryption scheme that can compute a linear function. I do not need to work with attributes. All I want is to compute the result of a function $y = a*x+b$, where $x$ is ...
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### Do you need a HMAC if decryption attempts are severely limited?

I am considering an application where data bandwidth is extremely limited, and considering removing message authentication codes from encrypted transmissions. The encryption method is currently ...
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### Practical differences between circuits and turing machines for cryptography

In formal cryptography, we model algorithms (mostly our adversaries) as (Probabilistic) Turing Machines or as boolean circuits. In our lecture on formal cryptography, we learned that circuits are more ...
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### Is correlation in vector distributions “dangerous”?

Consider the two vector distributions $\xi,\chi$ described below, each one outputting integer vectors of length $n$ with coefficients in $\{0,\dots,n\}$. Distribution $\xi$ samples each coefficient ...
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### Key size for HMAC-SHA256 [duplicate]

After reading a bunch of past stack exchange posts like this one and RFCs 5869, 2104, and 4868 I felt comfortable that a 32-byte key was sufficient for HMAC-SHA256. However, I am implementing my code ...
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### EC Schnorr signature: multiple standard?

I 'm working on some EC-Schnorr signature code. Reading various papers on that, it's seems EC-Schnorr is not standardized as well as ECDSA. For example, I found two main differences in two main ...
Problem 4.6*: Let $E: \{0,1\}^k \times \{0,1\}^l \rightarrow \{0,1\}^l$ be a block cipher. The two-fold cascade of $E$ is the blockcipher \$E^{(2)}: \{0,1\}^{2k} \times \{0,1\}^l \rightarrow ...