# All Questions

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### counting points on elliptic curve

Given an elliptic curve with equation $y^2=x^3+ax+b$, and i want to find the number of points $(a,b)\in E(\mathbb{F}_p)$ where the polynomial has repeated roots, how do i do it? I have an intuition it ...
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### Regex searchable word list for space-less monoalphabetic substitution

I am working on teaching myself basic cryptography, in the process I created a simple substitution cipher based on a single alphabet, and a statically defined offset (no key for now). Now that ...
147 views

### Can insecure algorithms be combined to form a secure algorithm?

This is hypothetical as I can't think of any reason to do this, but out of curiosity.. Could I, for example, take the MD5 digest of a message and concatenate it with the SHA-1 digest (not quite ...
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### Is a simple stream cipher “partially homomorphic” if no integrity check is applied?

My understanding is that, simply put, a stream cipher is just a CSPRNG such that $R(i,k)$ will produce a deterministic but statistically random sequence, where $i$ is an IV, and $k$ is the session ...
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### unknown Transposition ciphertext [closed]

What cryptanalysis can be made to find the transposition code for a cipher: it's not railfence, slidefair, classical rectangular by rows or columns, or double rectangular, or Ubchi. For a ...
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### The real-life meaning of proving over a group that doesn't support the oracle?

If I proved a scheme's security under GDH assumption, in real-life, if this DDH oracle does exist, then it's good, but what about other side ? In real-life, if this DDH oracle doesn't exist, then ...
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### Why doesn't this authentication protocol work? [duplicate]

I am a student taking a cryptography course so forgive me if this comes off as a silly question. This is an assignment question: Alice ------R--------> Bob Alice <-----[R]B------ Bob Alice ...
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### Why doesn't this dummy mutual authentication protocol provide mutual authentication?

I am a student taking a cryptography course so forgive me if this comes off as a silly question. This is an assignment question: ...
113 views

### Why can an RSA signature be authenticated ONLY with the signer's public key?

I'm an undergraduate Math student currently taking a cryptology course. I have a question about the RSA signature authentication mechanism. An RSA signature can be authenticated with the public key ...
136 views

### Keyed digest function with odds of collision below the birthday bound?

I wonder if it is possible to devise a function $F(K,S,R_S)\mapsto D$ where: $K$ is some key (I have freedom on $K$, it could even be generated by a trusted party); $S$ is in $\{0,1\}^s$, say ...
104 views

### RSA performance

I was wondering what is the performance bottleneck in RSA algorithm? Is it the size of message, calculating the modular inverse, exponentiation? Say I have a fixed value of n to encrypt and decrypt ...
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### Is the composition of collision resistant hash with non collision resistant hash a collision resistant hash?

Suppose $h_1$ is collision resistant, and $h_2$ isn't. Will $h(x)=h_2(h_1(x))$ always be collision resistant? [Edited:] the output of h2 must be uniformly distributed
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### Graphically representing points on Elliptic Curve over finite field

I have taken elliptic curve $E\colon y^2=x^3-4x+20$, defined over $\mathbb{F}_{29}$. The number of points on the curve, $\left|E(\mathbb{F}_{29})\right|=37$. I took base point $P=(1,5)$, and got ...
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### Using the same RSA keypair to sign and encrypt

The RSA signature operation is basically the same as encrypting with the private key. In particular, both operations use the same kind of keys. Is it safe to use the same RSA keypair both for ...
96 views

### What is the chance of a collision when using SHA-3?

I currently am writing a web app and am using two random hashes that are before and after the string and are both 50 char long (alphabet, numbers, and special chars). ...
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### $\phi$ function in Dual_EC_DRBG

I am trying to understand the operation of the Dual_EC_DRBG. I'm reading the formal specification (SP 800-90) and can't seem to find a definition of the $\phi$ function used throughout the definition ...
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### How does Google's “authenticator number generator” work?

I have two-factor authentication enabled on my Google account, and I have this app on my phone which generates a number I have to type when I'm logging in to Google-Mail. But I don't understand how ...
188 views

### How hard is to invert the function that computes the middle-bits of (x^2)?

I'm designing a function f that should be moderately hard to invert and very fast to evaluate in a modern CPU. The function will be used in a proof-of-work function. I've read that the middle-bits of ...
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### Implementation of cryptography [closed]

I want to know how we implement the research topic/thesis in cryptography area? I mean is it through C/C++ programmming or any other way?
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### IV's from Crypto++ AutoSeededRNG always ends the same: Problem with the PRNG?

I am using a AutoSeededRNG from Crypto++ to generate IVs for use in CBC encryption. I am encoding the IVs using Base64 for future use (decryption). I notice that ...
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### What does this step in this protocol for the Yao's Millionaire Problem mean?

I was reading “An Efficient Protocol for Yao’s Millionaires’ Problem” (Ioannidis and Grama 2003). In the proposed protocol in section three, it is written: (Step 4) For every $i$, $1 \le i \le d$, ...
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### What is the function of the secret key “r” in Poly1305?

Poly1305-AES uses two per-connection keys $k$ (for AES) and $r$ (for Poly1305's compression function) and a per-message nonce n to execute. I've read the original paper on the implementation, and I ...
127 views

### Did NIST verify “post-quantum” claims in the SHA3 proposal papers?

I have been reading Bernstein’s “Quantum attacks against Blue Midnight Wish, ECHO, Fugue, Grøstl, Hamsi, JH, Keccak, Shabal, SHAvite-3, SIMD, and Skein” paper from 2010… This document disproves ...
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### Blum-Blum-Shub Cryptosystem

I am given $N$, which is Bob's encryption key. I was able to successfully factor $N$ into $N=p*q$. Alice encrypts a messages for bob and sends $a = [1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,...]$ $b = 1545164156...$ ...
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### Why use two affine transformations in Multivariate Cryptography?

I'm reading Multivariate Cryptography and would like to know why we use two affine transformations to scramble the central map? Why not use only one?
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### Differences between working of Tor and onion routing [migrated]

I am learning about Tor and Onion routing and I'm trying to compare both services. From the wiki link, I can see that Diffie Hellman (DH) handshake is used and when look into the “tor-design.pdf” for ...
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### Can AES decrypt with a wrong key?

The title is asking the question in layman terms, but what I really mean to ask is this: Let $x \in \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace^{128}$ (an arbitrary input block) and let $K \in \lbrace 0, 1 \rbrace^{128}$ ...
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### On the structure of the UOV (Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar) signature scheme [closed]

I'm study Multivariate Quadratic Cryptography. I like to know why, in opposite to other multivariate schemes, the second afﬁne map S is not needed for the security of the UOV signature scheme? ...
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According to this document the padded message has the following structure: $EM \;= \; 0x00 \; || \; 0x02 \; || \; PS \; || \; 0x00 \; || \; M$ What is the purpose of this null byte at the beginning ...
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### Weak Stream Cipher cryptanalysis

Hi I have a stream cipher which uses a keystream of: F(r) || F(r+1) || F(r+2) || ... Suppose F(r) is the RSA encryption algorithm: ...
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### User's Privacy in certificateless cryptography

In practically, while doing registration with Key generation center in certificateless Signature,How can be a user do registration to the Key generation center without providing (Global ...
26 views

### Why have AH and ESP security protocol when we could just encrypt packet with a symmetrical key?

Why have AH and ESP security protocol when we could just encrypt / decrypt packets with a symmetrical key and with some block cipher using that symmetrical key?
102 views

### Publicly exposed hash of private key

Would exposing a cryptographic hash function's digest (e.g. SHA-3) of RSA private key data compromise the key? If so, what are the possible (cryptanalysis-) vectors for attacking the key if an ...
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### Can you clarify the proof that secure LR-two party protocols do not exist?

In the paper “Multiparty Computation Secure Against Continual Memory Leakage” on pg. 1237, the footnote #1 discuss why it is not possible to construct a leakage resilient two-party protocol. But I'm ...
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### Why is Lamport-Diffie secure?

Why is Lamport-Diffie secure? I note that there is a demonstration based on onewayness (in the book postquantum cryptography). But a one way function is not sufficient to ensure that it can not infer ...
138 views

### Can you help me understand hash-preserving encryption?

I have rather simplistic understanding of cryptography, so I have to beg a pardon in advance if the question has internal contradictions. Imagine data $A$ with a hash $hashA$. This data is encrypted ...
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### Layered email encryption with multiple private keys on separate media [migrated]

I'd like to encrypt e-mail messages so that multiple physically separated keys are needed to decrypt them. For example, I'd like to have three private keys stored on different media, as in: key A ...
50 views

### Can minimum encrypted message length be used to identify public key algorithm or derived some of its features?

Encrypting a very small message using public key cryptography always result in larger encrypted messages. Is it possible to deduce the algorithm used, key length, etc just by looking at the minimum ...
203 views

### Is this encryption scheme perfectly secure?

Let $m = 6$, and let $\mathbb{Z}_m$ denote the set $\{0,…,m-1\}$. Let $X \mod m$ denote the remainder obtained when dividing $X$ by $m$. (a) Consider the symmetric encryption scheme in ...
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### How good is the RandomPool generator in Crypto++ library?

How good is the RandomPool generator in Crypto++ library? I never heard of it before… I wonder if there is a Fortuna C implementation that I could use in an Objective-C project. Also: How secure is ...
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### How can user privacy be preserved in certificateless cryptography?

In certificateless cryptography, how can a user preserve his privacy from Key Generation Center? If the KGC becomes malicious, how can the user's privacy be preserved? I read "Privacy-Preserving ...
145 views

### What would make it impossible to deny that decryption of a package has taken place?

I'm part of a team designing a system where a user have to be able to read a certain package, if he has preformed an action or series of actions that makes it legal for him to do so. The tricky part ...
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### How do “sign” and “verify” algorithms work with certificateless crypto?

I want to know in a practical scenario how could the CL-PKE works. For complete understanding of Certificateless Signature Scheme, I want to implement "Setup,Partial-secret key extract,user-key ...
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### Can the XOR of two non-collision-resistant hashes be collision resistant?

Suppose I have two hash functions, of which neither (or only one) is collision resistant, and I want to create a new hash function by taking the bitwise exclusive or (XOR) of the results of those two ...
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### What are the key lengths used in (EC)DHE cipher suites in SSL?

What are the key lengths used in (EC)DHE cipher suites in SSL? Browsers only display key lengths for public key encryption…
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### TCR hash functions from MD5

I'm reading Collision-Resistant Hashing: Towards Making UOWHFs Practical (pag. 10 and 11) and here say The most direct way to construct a TCR hash function is to key a function like MD5 or SHA-1. ...
102 views

### Can homomorphic encryption filter?

Often in articles homomorphic encryption is praised as the holy grail of encryption for cloud storage. This is done by suggesting that it can do any computation, and as such could be used for ...
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### Authentication using certificateless signature

With traditional PKI approach two parties can communicate with each other in following way Now, How the above approach will be applied using Certificateless Cryptography.? How two parties in two ...