# All Questions

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### NTRU less secure than previously thought?

A new paper (https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/552.pdf) says: This makes it possible to asymptotically and heuristically break the NTRU cryptosystem in subexponential time (without contradicting its ...
524 views

### Why does an algorithm need a keyspace?

Why does an algorithm need a keyspace? I thought the person encrypting would define his/her own key.
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### Discrete Logarithm (512 bits numbers) - Find exponent parameter

I'm trying to resolve a discrete logarithm equation: $$y = g^x \bmod p$$ Every parameter is a 512-bit number. I know the values for $g$, $y$ and $p$ and I need to find the $x$ value. Finally, I know ...
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### Best practices to store user credential on a SaaS webapp [closed]

What are all the basic best practices to store user informations on a database for a SaaS web application? I mean basically two things: usernames and passwords. that's it. Seems simple but I know ...
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### cipher text only attacks on deterministic homomorphic encryption schemes

If we consider a set of numbers say a set $s=\{a,b,c,d\}$ , where $a,b,c,d>1$ and the numbers $a, b, c, d$ do not share any relation between them , i.e. for any two numbers, $n_1,n_2\in s$ the ...
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### Why is the re-encryption algorithm in Universal Re-encryption for Mixnets more complicated than apparently necessary?

This is the paper. On page 6, the paper describes a variant of El Gamal and a way of re-encrypting ciphertexts. I thought an easier way to do encryption is to output $(m(g^x)^y,g^y)$, and universal ...
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### what are the most common stream ciphers algorithms? [closed]

say that we have an unknown stream cipher which output bytes and which have more than 10 years of existence. What can be the most probable algorithms if we consider the most 'populars' stream cipher ...
68 views

### On Proving That a Primitive Does Not Exist

In the paper of Hsiao and Reyzin, Section $1.4$: Note that to show that no general reduction from $P$ to $Q$ exists requires proving that $Q$ does not exist Since the statement is about trying ...
57 views

### Generating PGP key *without* random generator? (using fixed input only)

I understand why in general, a strong random generator or source of entropy is used when generating PGP keys. However, I have a use case where I want to generate PGP keys deterministically, i.e. ...
83 views

### What is the danger if a non-prime is chosen for RSA? [duplicate]

I was reading this question about generating primes for RSA keys. The answers point out that most implementations of of the algorithm use probabilistic prime-ness checking algorithms. The answer by ...
35 views

### Crypto++ - how to use it in Code Blocks [closed]

I started recently learning cryptography. I tried to find implementation of some algorithms in C++ and I found Crypto++ Library. I have some basic knowledge in C++, but I don't know how to use ...
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### PGP solution for Mac that doesn't store keys on my system? [migrated]

I'm desparately trying to find an OS X app that can: generate PGP keys encrypt files or messages using my private key decrypt files or messages using someone's public key However all the tools ...
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### How is wpa2 authentication structured

I would like to understand the cryptography behind Wpa2. As far as I know, there are 4 messages on the 4-way handshake and three of them are values concatenated with hashes. First, I am trying to ...
188 views

### Attack for RSA 1024 bit with Low Public Exponent

I am facing a challenge at university. Our teacher give us the challenge to try to break an RSA 1024 bit. We have public modulus N and public exponent e (0x03), we don't know the padding. We have a ...
67 views

### Implementing AES MixColumns with fewest XOR gates

I'm playing with Contiki (O.S. for constrained devices such as sensors and micro-controllers) and particularly with the AES encryption in software (the one available in Contiki source code). I'm ...
30 views

### Side channel attack on FPGA AES engine

I actually don't know if this is the right place where ask, but I try. The side channel attacks aren't a negligible problem. There are several ways to protect from these attacks its own IP inside the ...
627 views

### Which symmetric cipher is best for studying? [closed]

I would like to study a modern symmetric cipher (I have never studied a cipher before) and I was wondering which would be the best cipher for studying purposes of the following: AES (Rijndael), ...
41 views

### How to determine the exponent when using RSA

Can someone please explain to me how, when using RSA, to determine the exponent to be used in encryption and decryption? I have attempted a worked example on using RSA (shown below) but I can't ever ...
41 views

### Frequency tables for HTML page source

Are there online resources with an ASCII character frequency table for HTML? There's tons of them for english, but I can't seem to find one for page source. I know that this is something that's ...
45 views

### What is more efficient, pairing based cryptography or non pairing based cryptography? [closed]

As far as I know non pairing pairing based cryptography is less time consuming than pairing based because, pairing based uses complex operations. Are there any advantages of pairing based cryptography ...
17 views

### SSH rekey security implications

When an SSH session is rekeyed due to either the time limit or data limit for rekeying having passed, does the Diffie-Hellman exchange take place within the encrypted channel provided by the existing ...
23 views

### Determine safety of exercise hash functions

There have been several attacks against hash functions such as $h_{sha1}$ and $h_{md5}$. Professor A suggests a new function $h_{666}$ with an output length of 666 bits. Professor B suggests ...
33 views

### Determine if encryption is safe against CPA

The following encryption scheme encrypts each block of length $n$ of the plaintext separately: $c_i = k_1 \oplus F(k_2 \oplus p_i)$ Where $F$ is a strong pseudo-random permutation (i.e. it is easy ...
33 views

### How broken is a xor of two multiply with carry generators?

How broken is a xor of two LCGs? How Brittle Are LCG-Cracking Techniques? Based on the above two questions, I have simply one additional question: how broken is a XOR of two 64-bit multiply with ...
52 views

### Collision or second preimage for the Chacha core?

Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha core is an evolution of the Salsa20 core. Both are functions over the set of 512-bit bitstrings, partitioned as sixteen 32-bit words. Can we exhibit collisions, or ...
44 views

### Understanding Meet-in-the-Middle attack on block ciphers

I understand how to implement a Meet-in-the-Middle attack on 2DES/3DES, by computing for one half all possible keys and storing the outcome and then subsequently do the same for the other half but ...
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### Worst case one way function

the worst-case one way function is defined as follows $$\forall A \exists x : pr(A(f(x))\in f^{-1}(f(x)))\neq 1$$ can you give any example of such function?
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### Modular Order Preserving Encryption [closed]

how to implement Modular Order Preserving Encryption for keyword search
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### What is Polymorphic encryption? [closed]

Well i have downloaded some cryptographic algorithm. Do there are those I didn't understand so this is my question: What is polymorphic RC4 or Polymorphic xor encryption? I heard this in malware ...
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### Eavesdropping experiment with private key

I am extremely new to cryptography, still trying to learn basics. I got stuck in the following example of an eavesdropping experiment with a private key. \begin{array} {|r|r r r|r|} \hline C & ...
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### SQL-Like queries in CRYPTDB doesn't work [on hold]

I have downloaded and built Cryptdb and it works well. Most of queries on encrypted database run without any issue but, the query with LIKE key word receives an ...
33 views

### How are subkeys, in Feistel block ciphers, derived for each round?

I'm bit confused about the subkeys that are used in Feistel ciphers. I know that all the subkeys ki are derived from the main key K, but how? Say I have a simplified Feistel block cipher of i rounds, ...
67 views

### Is secure communication without public-key crytography feasible?

We all know about public-key cryptosystems, and we know some of these are computationally secure (for the time being, of course). Are there any algorithms out there which allow safe communication ...
26 views

### Cardinality of the key space $\{0,1\}^\ell$

Imagine we have a scheme whose key is chosen from the set $\{0,1\}^\ell$. My question is: What is the size of key space for this scheme?
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### 2DES vs. two-key triple encryption, with no decryption step

So studying double encryption (double DES) and understanding why it is subject to a Meet-in-the-middle attack, I tried to see if the same attack could be applied to a triple encryption with only two ...
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### What is search space of this problem? [duplicate]

I have an exam and i have no time to solve this problem(I think about it a lot but i do not solve it).please help me and solve it for me: $A$ is a random number and has $512$ bits.We make $B$ ...
49 views

### What is “witness encryption”?

I recently skimmed over two papers on time-lock encryption and to get the data released on a specific point in time they'd extract some information from the blockchain, which can only be obtained if ...
21 views

### OPENSSL: Non-expiriable or self-renewing self-signed certificates [closed]

I want to create an OpenSSL self-signed certificate which does not expire either by… specifying expiry date as "never", or setting up a “self-renewing” algorithm in Javascript. Is either one of ...
19 views

### Relationship between an elements order and the DLP [closed]

How can I use these properties to attack the DHKE? I know that the order of $a$ is always $2$ for $a = P - 1$ in $Z_p$. The subgroups generated by a will be $\{1,a\}$.
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### Turning a 64 bit block cipher into a 128 bit block cipher

There are quite a few block cipher modes of operation that require 128 bits. There are also modes of operation where a higher block size than 128, e.g. a block size of 256 bit would even be practical. ...
52 views

### 3DES over Galois Counter Mode (GCM) for authenticated encryption

Is it possible to use DES or 3DES over Galois Counter Mode (GCM) to provide authenticated encryption? I haven't seen any implementation yet.
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### Encrypt a file for multiple persons with different keys?

I thought a problem and want to ask if there's a more elegant solution. The scenario: A company with a fileserver, which hosts encrypted documents. The files need to be accessible by about a dozen ...
43 views

### Session key Exchange, some doubt

I have to find a solution to this problem: I have a network composed by 1 server and some client. The server has a couple of keys (public and private) and it shares a secret key with each client. My ...
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### Concerns about use of MAC in my specification

Here is the pseudocode for a routine I am designing: ...
440 views

### What are the differences between collision attack and birthday attack?

From my understanding both types of attack, collision and birthday, are based on the principle of two randomly/pseudo-randomly chosen plaintext to hash to the same value. I don't want to launch any ...
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### what are the advatanges and disavantages of the digital signature algorithms for JWT?

I am using a Java JWT library jose4j. There is a list of digital signatures algorithms which can be used. HMAC using SHA-2 RSASSA-PKCS1-V1_5 Digital Signatures with with SHA-2 Elliptic Curve Digital ...
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### Encryption(AES) and verification per message

I want to send/receive messages with A (an peer) using TCP socket. I want to encrypt messages using AES CBC. Only I and A know a symmetric key K1 used in AES CBC, and K2 used in HMAC. The size of each ...