All Questions

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Encrypt with K1, K2 and decrypt in opposite with K2, K1 [duplicate]

When using symmetric cipher, does the following statement holds: E(x, k) means encrypting x with key k in ECB mode ...
153 views

One cipher to rule them all?

I learned from Dan Boneh's course that many cryptographic primitives (prngs, stream ciphers, hashes, hmac, key derivation functions) can be built from just one a block cipher or PRF. For example, the ...
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RSA-PSS salt size in certificate

In RFC 4055, the signature RSAPSS algorithm has the following ASN 1 parameters: ...
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I've stumbled upon a project that suggests a way of having to remember one password, from which a “per-service password” could be generated by salting the service name using scrypt. What could be a ...
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ElGamal against chosen ciphertext attacks

In Hoffstein, Pipher, and Silverman's book An Introduction to Mathematical Cryptography, the authors make the following remark: An attack in which Eve has access to an oracle that decrypts ...
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Why we need ECDSA when we have ECDH?

ECDSA and ECDH give us the following methods: ...
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How to crack SHA256 only letters

I recently created a program that hashes a password using SHA256 and potentially using salt. How can I crack that if I know that the password only contains lowercase letters?
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Are all stream-ciphers IND-CPA?

A stream cipher usually generates a stream of pseudo-random bits which get XORed with the plaintext to form the ciphertext. The stream is generated using a given IV / nonce and a secret key. CTR-mode ...
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Reversing Rotation + XOR

I have this cypher which is as follows : Take 2 numbers : A=1011 and B=1010 if the ith bit of A is 1 then shift B i times to the left. So in the end you will get ...
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Diffe-Helman Exchange result is always 1

I watched a video on Khan Academy explaining the Diffe-Hellman exchange. When I try to do an example problem, I get 1 all the time. Does the generator and prime modulus (or base on Wikipedia) have to ...
151 views

Why have round constants in hashes?

This may seem like basic crypto knowledge, but why do hash functions like SHA-2 and Whirlpool have round constants that are absorbed into their respective states? I can understand that in a cipher ...
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What is the difference between a PRF and a PRF+?

What is the difference between a PRF and a PRF+? I am understanding them to mean the same thing, but I imagine that is because I don't understand their differences. The IKE RFC defines a PRF as: ...
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different feistel words in key size

I have confusion on Feistel word in key size. Means, "what is the meaning of key size with different feistel word ?" What does m=2,3,4 represent? Where m represent different size of feistel word or ...
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SPI security of FE1 scheme

I have a question about security of FE1(Page 16-18) in paper "format preserving encryption". Can anyone explain me, why we are allowed to replace PRF with random function in security proof? And also, ...
334 views

SHA-256 exhaustive search

How do I calculate the number of computations needed to break SHA256 in case we are using it for safely storing passwords (together with a salt)? Are there any formulas that can be employed? For ...
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Could a crypto system that uses non-FIPS crypto but then upgrades complete to FIPS be FIPS certified?

I know most people around here (including myself) are anti-FIPS, but I have a FIPS related question. Could a crypto system that is not FIPS, e.g. one based on primitives like Curve25519, achieve FIPS ...
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Calculating Multiplicative Inverse for Rijndael S-box using EEA

I am currently learning, and I'm stuck on something that I thought is very simple. On many academic sources they suggest using Extended Euclidean Algorithm to calculate the multiplicative inverse for ...
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How much pre-hashing a password increase security against brute force attack?

I am wondering how much hashing a password used as key for a symmetric key algorithm helps preventing brute force attack on crypted text. Let's assume I want to crypt text A using key B using ...
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Which is the most secure steganography technique? [closed]

Just like we have AES in crypotography, which is the most secure technique in Steganography? I am looking for a technique in which the standard image characteristic modifications it does go ...
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Can I reduce the MAC size in TLS?

The MAC size is reduced to 80 bits in truncated_hmac extension , which says "forging of MAC values cannot be done off-line: in TLS, a single failed MAC guess will cause the immediate termination of ...
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Software interface for KDF and PBKDF?

I'm working on an implementation of Krawczyk and Eronen HKDF from RFC 5869. From Krawczyk's original paper, he identifies four inputs to a KDF in Cryptographic Extraction and Key Derivation: The HKDF ...