# All Questions

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### Is there a reference that prove that the AES Key Schedule generate random looking round keys?

Starting from uniformly random generated AES master key, is there a reference that prove that an specific roundkey can be considered as uniformly random generated as well ?
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### How hard is it to find plaintexts whose hashes satisfy $h(a)\oplus h(b)=h(c)$?

Given a cryptographic hash function $h$, for example SHA256, how hard is it to find plaintexts $a,b,c$ such that $$h(a)\oplus h(b)=h(c) \text?$$
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### How secure is it to use password as AES key?

I am developing a steganography app where user encrypt any file into an audio file. The user can enter a password to protect the hidden data. The same password is converted as a 256 bit key and the ...
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It seems that merkle hash tree (MHT) traversals have been discussed somewhat in the literature, but there does not appear to be much written on inserting, deleting, and updating leaves. Is this lack ...
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### Usage of GF(p^m) fields, where p != 2

$GF(2^m)$ Galois fields are widely used in different cryptographic algorithms, for example, in Rijndael. However, $GF(p^m)$ fields are possible with any prime $p$, not only 2, but $GF(2^m)$ fields ...
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### Definition of the Decryption oracle

In the context of public-key encryption, what would be a formal definition of the decryption oracle? I know the informal definition (i.e., a function that is available to the adversary and that ...
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### Any ideas on login using Digital Signature PKCS

I am curious to know about possibility to login into web application just by identifying the user based on digital signature in usb token. any reference in this direction?
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### 1 Billion Bit Encryption?

So, browsing through YouTube, I stumbled on this video interview of John Draper (Captain Crunch), one of the first "hackers". He talks for about 3 minutes (until 27:48) about his home rolled ...
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### How do I communicate the value of the initialization vector to the end user? Should it be part of the encrypted message?

I am taking a cryptography class and our first homework is to implement a 32-bit block cipher. I implemented a simple block-cipher that uses CBC. Currently, my implementation reads both the 32-bit IV ...
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### RSA: How effective is this keypair-trash attack [duplicate]

A question that could very well be part of xkcd's "what if?": Let's say Monica made a piece of software that sends all RSA keypairs to a central database after they're not used anymore. Something ...
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### Applications of GF(p) polynomials

A Galois field of the type $GF(p)$, where $p$ is prime, is normally expressed as the ring of integers modulo $p$. If my understanding is correct, it is also possible to represent its elements as a ...
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Given is a system, which does provide only implementations of fast hash algorithms (MD5, SHA1, SHA-256, SHA-512). There is no implementation of PBKDF2, bcrypt or scrypt available. The system does ...
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### x509 Certificate Signature

I've got a question about the signature of a CA. As I understand, the CA takes the public key of the client and signs it with his own private key by using "md5WithRSAEncryption" (like explained here: ...
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### Is this a valid “fix” for deterministic encryption in encrypted databases?

It appears (after doing some light research) that for encrypted databases to be practical enough to be usable, deterministic encryption is required, specifically with regard to the type of encryption ...
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### Negative exponents in Shoup's threshold RSA?

I'm trying to implement threshold RSA operations, starting with decryption based on Peeters, R., Nikova, S., & Preneel, B. (2008). Practical RSA Threshold Decryption for Things That Think. ...
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### With wrong IV at receiver side, the CFB in better than OFB?

Assume the receiver have a wrong IV (initialization vector), in the CFB mode only the first block of plaintext is wrong but in OFB mode the second and all blocks will be affected. Is that correct? ...
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### Why isn't CTR mode (counter mode) used more often?

For the CTR mode, the design is good for parallelization, yes, it seems the benchmark of the program downloaded from crypto++ proves that on an Intel I7 CPU. My question is that as most of CPU on ...
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### Problem in understanding Blakley's Secret Sharing Scheme

I need to implement Blakley's Secret Sharing Scheme. I have read below mentioned two research papers but still unable to understand how to implement it. Safeguarding cryptographic keys Two Matrices ...
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### How are the AES inverse S-Boxes calculated?

I would like to know, how to calculate the inverse S-box. I followed this link (with affine transformation first, then multiplicative inverse), but the result is wrong. For example, if I use the value ...
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### Hardness assumptions on composite order bilinear groups [closed]

I am not at all knowledgeable in elliptic curve cryptography. So, here lies a couple of questions that I failed to find answers for to my satisfaction. Is there any known Type-III bilinear pairing ...
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### Is there a strong cryptographic reason for GCM's 2^39 - 256 bit limit?

In reading through the original GCM specification (McGrew & Viega '05), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter ...
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### Is there a strong cryptographic reason for GCM's 2^39 - 256 bit limit? [duplicate]

In reading through the original GCM specification (McGrew & Viega '05), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter ...
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### Is signing a message just encrypting it with private key? [duplicate]

I have a simple question, When I sign a message (in RSA) does the program encrypt the text with my private key? Because I can decrypt it with my public key. Yes or no. Is signing a message just ...
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### Why can't you just clone encrypted data and use it?

Let's take a contactless card for example (one for public transport lets say (i.e. MiCard)), the data is encrypted on the card and encrypted on the reader as far as I know. So how come somebody who ...
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### In ECC, how do I prove that point addition is commutative?

I am studying elliptic curve cryptography and this question is related to the commutative property of point addition operation. Point addition $P_3(x_3,y_3)$ of two points $P_1(x_1, y_1)$ and ...
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### Proving that an encryption scheme is susceptible to certain attacks

I'm currently trying to prove the following: Where p is a prime number of cryptographic size, prove that: e(m) = am + b (mod p) where a and b are private is open to a known plaintext attack e(m) = ...
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### How does BLAKE2 ensure that hash(A) != hash(B) when B = A||0 and both A & B have the same number of blocks?

Suppose I have two arrays : A = a single byte, being zero. B = two bytes, both being zero. B = A||0 (i.e. B starts with A, and differs only by appending a zero byte) BLAKE2(A) != BLAKE2(B) Yet, ...
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### RSA: how does it work and how is it more secure than symmetric systems

Before starting the question, I know that RSA is naturally a key exchange cryptosystem rather than an antilogarithm fully implemented for encrypting and decrypting data since the length of the secret ...
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### Decrypt files with original file CTB-Locker [closed]

I have problem called CTB-Locker. It encrypted all of my files on computer and since I have lot of documents that are very important I am in problems! As I read online CTB-Locker uses "elliptical ...
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### Will current encryption always remain secure? Is there mathematical proof?

Current encryption algorithms, such as AES, RSA, elliptic curve, etc. work based on known mathematical problems. I am specifically interested in the RSA. Will such security always remain secure? One ...
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### Is it a variant of Strong RSA assumption?

Informally, the hardness of RSA/Strong RSA assumption lies in the hardness of factoring a large composite number $N$ having two large primes as its factors. If RSA modulus $N$ is a prime number, then ...
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### Cipher for human interpretation [duplicate]

Please suggest algorithms to encrypt and decrypt text messages that can be easily performed by human in a considerably short time. It doesn't have to be really secure, but sufficient to fool ...
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### Is it possible: Derived key based on variable number of private keys?

I have a MySQL database that I want to encrypt with AES_ENCRYPT() and have to provide access to a variable and possibly changing number of users. Is it possible to derive an encryption key based on a ...
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### Achieving 32-bit verification code with 16-bit CRC? [closed]

I am programming an embedded chip that has a hardware 16-bit CRC module. I have to protect some data bytes $d_0,d_1,...,d_{n-1}$ against corruption caused by sudden loss of power; a 32-bit CRC would ...
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### What is contained in a RSA key file? [duplicate]

Consider a RSA key file like this: ...
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### Spritz cipher sponge function capacity

Rivest and Shuldt proposed a new sponge like cipher algorithm called Spritz: http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/pubs/RS14.pdf In this paper they say that the strength of the cipher is related to the ...
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### Converting a number to a member of a multiplicative cyclic group

I am currently trying to make an implementation of the ElGamal encryption for educational purposes. As I understand it, when using the encryption with multiplicative cyclic groups, one generates a ...
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### Why is factoring $p-1$ easy when $p$ is a safe prime?

A paper states: [...] $(p,g,y)$ is a correct ElGamal public key if $g^x=y\pmod p$. To verify this the order of $g$, and thus the factorization of $p-1$, is needed. This is easy for safe primes ...
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### Combined message separation

I have two ciphertexts, I suppose that its RC4 with reused key. I have XORed both ciphertexts and obtained message containing combined cleartexts. I suppose that the underlaying messages are written ...
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### Data anonymization and search with wild-cards

Broadcast encryption technique proposed by Water et al. http://www.slideserve.com/nairi/revocation-systems-with-very-small-private-keys takes a leap from earlier schemes as it provides smaller user ...
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### ElGamal and Schnorr groups

As I gather, a normal practice for choosing a cyclic group for ElGamal key generation is to find a safe prime $p$ and use a multiplicative cyclic group with modulus $p$ and order $q = (p-1)/2$. ...
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### Finding strong primes

Wikipedia lists the following conditions for a prime to be strong: $p-1$ has large prime factors. That is, $p = a_1 q_1 + 1$ for some integer $a_1$ and large prime $q_1$. $q_1-1$ has large prime ...
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### Is it possible to perform one-way Diffie-Hellman MITM?

Here's something that is bugging me recently: suppose that me and my friend establish an OTR session and - as a result of that - DH key exchange is performed. My friend verifies my key, but I cannot ...
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### How much work is required to detect multiple collisions for a hash function?

Assume an ideal hash function of output size n bits, detecting one collision requires approximately 2^(n/2) evaluations of the ...
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### Security issues for integrating AAA and OTP services [closed]

What are the main security issues for integrating AAA and OTP services. In our organization with about 1000 clients, we want to integrate the services. What are the main security issues about the ...
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### Should the nonce passed to GCM be authenticated?

This answer recommends authenticating the IV with HMAC when using AES and then HMAC. Since AES-GCM provides authentication too, should the external nonce passed to GCM be authenticated separately ...
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### display an image encrypted with ECB [closed]

On wikipedia there is an example of a picture encrypted with ECB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#Electronic_codebook_.28ECB.29 I just wanted to know how an encrypted ...
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### Security aspects of using a global values as nonce and additional data for AES? [closed]

is it a good idea to use global values as nonce / additional data? What problems can occur? What should be take in account when we deal with such parameters for encryption. Thanks