# All Questions

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### Is a padding oracle attack possible if data is only encrypted internally on a server (e.g. for storage)?

I read something about the padding oracle attack when analysing the use of an AES-encryption of data in a database and was "scared" it could be a serious issue. But after investigating a bit further, ...
49 views

### Why rogued certificate from hash collision is harmful

I cannot understand why rogued certificate is thought harmful though It can be used to impersonate some website. The attacker can craft a rogued certificate with different identities and public key ...
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### What is SHA-256 in Conjunctive Normal Form?

What is the conjunctive normal form (CNF) representation of $\text{SHA-256}(m)=h$, where $m$ is of fixed (or bounded) size and $h$ is 256 bit?
100 views

### Known plaintext attack on 3 round SIMON block cipher

I am attempting to write a program to perform a linear approximation attack on a reduced round version of the SIMON block cipher, but I am stuck on how to actually apply the linear approximation to ...
86 views

### Under what conditions did a Bletchley bombe stop?

I am trying to understand the conditions necessary for one of the Bletchley Park bombes to stop. Let me give an example. I have been experimenting with Enigma machine and bombe simulators to try to ...
333 views

### Is it possible to break enigma code with a todays laptop [closed]

I have a 500 characters enigma encoded text. Random rotors were used (not the ones from wikipedia). I know of this flaw. I can guess some words that sould be in the text, but this probably doesn't ...
44 views

### DHKE choice of private keys

In some literature it is written that the private key should be chosen random from {2,3, ..., p-1} and in some it says {2,3, ..., p-2} I guess p-1 is a weak private key, but why is that so? The ...
94 views

### what are the NTRU keysize and application in industry ?

I'm a student currently working on a research project on the NTRU cryptosystem, I've read some papers about this cryptosystem, and in those papers they are talking about keysize, is it the size of the ...
79 views

### Rabin cryptosystem with 1 mod 4

We have p and q which are distinct primes congruent to 1 mod 4. Then we have n = p*q. Do you know any algorith for calculating square roots for the decryption in this case? I'm asking for some ...
91 views

### Are there drawbacks to encrypting data locally before being encrypted in cloud backup (multiple encryption)?

I am planning on backing up my hard drive using a cloud backup service but have become skeptical of the industry based on incidents like these: ...
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### Is there any patent free EC point compression available? If not, should I GPL/LGPL my code?

I'm currently using the BouncyCastle implementation in uncompressed mode, and considering releasing an optimized version of EC code that uses point compression. It appears the only thing limiting me ...
52 views

### Different keys for clients but 1 key on server

Is it possible to have different keys on alot of (embedded) devices and just have 1 key on a server (to witch all these devices connect)? The main point here being when 1 device is compromised this ...
101 views

### correct usage of keys and nonce

I've being studying up on AES, GCM, CBC, HMAC and a lot of other primitives and am somewhat ( a little bit, perhaps) familiar with them however I am still a bit weary on the use of the keys and nonce. ...
276 views

### The difference between MAC algorithms and what to use

I've been looking into message authentication codes and found several ways to create integrity for a message. I know of the following algorithms: HMAC, this can use any cryptograhpic hash function ...
79 views

### How is the MAC or HMAC secret shared with the other party for verification?

I've seen people everywhere say to use a MAC or HMAC with block ciphers. I think I understand the basics, but I'm still not sure how the HMAC secret is distributed so the other party can verify that ...
105 views

### Security of basic SHA256 MAC in an authenticate-then-encrypt scheme

I know the following construct is insecure if the MAC as defined below is appended to the encrypted message in an Encrypt then Authenticate (EtA) scheme. $k_1$: encryption key $k_2$: authentication ...
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### Words in “index of coincidence” in relation to the Vigenère cipher

I am trying to interpret the formula for index of coincidence from here… I am not understanding $f_i$. How can I calculate $f_i$ in this context? Is this the appearance of single word like ...
163 views

### Attribute-based encryption for cloud storage

I'm trying to understand attribute-based encryption schemes. Almost all articles describe that they are designed for cloud storage, but as I understand, almost all computing (encryption & ...
88 views

### Plaintext block chaining, bad idea why?

Ahead of the question, little warning. Question is not about what are the better options. Question is why it is bad idea? Ok, suppose we have plaintext $p$, which divided into blocks: ...
103 views

### Is it ever unsafe to compress an EC point?

I am working with a library that outputs EC points in uncompressed form. To save space, I'm considering modifying said library to use compressed EC points. Assuming that I keep track of the sign bit ...
58 views

### Length of prime number used in Pedersen Commitment

I am writing a program using a Pedersen commitment scheme and all I'm missing is an appropriate length for my prime $p$. I have heard that a length of $2^{80}$ is ok, is that correct?
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### Proving that a plaintext is the Paillier decryption of a certain ciphertext [duplicate]

Assume that Alice received 100 ciphertexts encrypted with additive homomorphic encryption, say Paillier, using the same public key that belongs to Bob. Alice added all of them, and wants to know the ...
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### Using HMAC SHA256 to protect payment files in local trusted network

in a project that I am working on we have been tasked with eliminating PGP while providing sufficient security to protect payment files only within the Company's trusted network. We arrived at HMAC ...
92 views

### Is MCrypt's 8-bit OFB mode secure?

I just stumbled across a Stack Overflow post which points out that the libmcrypt library (notably used in PHP) implements a somewhat unusual set of block cipher modes: it calls the usual CFB and OFB ...
78 views

### Retrieve value of private key after encryption with the public key

Is there a way to find an RSA private key after it is encrypted with the corresponding public key? Does there exist an algorithm to recover the private key in this special case?
680 views

### Why does applying 56-bit DES twice only give 57 bits of security? [duplicate]

Given two 56-bit keys, $k_1$ and $k_2$, why does $E_{k_1}(E_{k_2}(M))$ only give 57 bits of security? So basically I'm unsure why it only gives 57 bits of security; I understand that one key will ...
43 views

### Combining cascaded encryption keys into one key

Is there an encryption algorithm where it's possible to combine multiple encryption keys into one, so that: $E_{AB}(Data) = E_A(E_B(Data))$ KeyAB should be computable from KeyA and KeyB, but it must ...
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### Knowing N and a relationship between the 2 prime numbers(p and q) find p and q generated with RSA

Let there be $p$ and $q$, 2 prime numbers for which the following relationship is true: $|p-q| < 2 \cdot N^{1/4}$. The algorithm first generates the prime number $p$, then it generates $q$ close ...
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### Integrity compromised - HASH modified

As we are all aware that HASHing is user to verify integrity in cryptography. I have a query about hashing. Suppose a man in the middle attacker manipulates the data and creates new HASH (by running ...
179 views

### Multiple AES/ECB encryptions of different data with same key all end with same pattern

We have used "AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding" with a 256 bit key. We encrypt different streams of data (blockwise) with the same key. Each encrypted stream ends with same pattern. What is the reason for this?
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### Is authentication length always a subset of encryption length?

Do in all the use cases, if I have to encrypt and authenticate, encrypt-then-authenticate or authenticate-then-encrypt, like in IPSEC, SSL or SSH or others, if I were to do these operations to a ...
131 views

### Vigenère, auto-correlation vs Kasiski examination

What are the differences between 'Kasiski examination' and 'auto-correlation' ? In Cryptool site, they state that autocorrelation analysis is more efficient and clearer than the Friedman or Kasiski ...
219 views

### Key space vs Cardinality of 1024-bit RSA

I have been trying to figure out the encryption key space, and cardinality of 1024-bit RSA. From my understanding, the key generated from 1024-bit will be primes greater than $2^{1023}$ but less than ...
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### Are keys generated by the user or block cipher algorithms themselves? [closed]

We know block cipher algorithms. In the block cipher algorithms, Key Scheduling is the one crucial part. I see that in some simulation programs of the AES,DES,TripleDES encryption algorithms. In ...
110 views

### Finding Vigenère cipher key(s) [closed]

How can we find the key used with a Vigenère cipher in small number of steps? If we have text like: Peit Wokm! Mhfa fepatgb ets bvvrvxmea ebte bae twkd qiqi ...
61 views

### How do I control an access code safely?

Upon registration an user has to specify an access code of five digits. This access code is also used as a password for the encryption and decryption of certain strings. The user types in "12345" ...
81 views

### dh parameters someone else generated

Am am auditing some software that includes compiled in DH parameters (2048 bits). I can't be sure who generated the DH parameters or how they were generated. Question: Can DH parameters be weak ...
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### Does it make sense to have multiple values of authentication and cipher offsets while encrypting a packet?

Consider a packet with N segments. cofsset(cipher offset - from where one must cipher) lies in arbitrary Segment "A". aoffset (authentication offset - from where one must authenticate) lies in ...
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### RSA modulus (N) from public key and calculating N from p, q not equal [closed]

I have a RSA public key in the form of public exponent and modulus as follows: ...
39 views

### EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol

I would like to know: What is the currently best (efficiency and security wise) known EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol? (i.e. is there any EC based protocol may be similar to DH ...
401 views

### nonce of AES-GCM in SSL

It seems that the nonce of AES-GCM in SSL has 3 parts: salt, 4 bytes, generated in handshake, not changed in whole session nonce_explicit, 8 bytes, chosen by the sender and carried in each SSL ...
48 views

### Why perfect secrecy can be ensured when a plain message and a cipher-text based on one-time pad are correlated?

First, some well-known results are as follows. For random variables $X$ and $Y$, we have $$H(X,Y) \leq H(X) + H(Y).$$ The equality is achieved when $X$ and $Y$ are independent. Second, in one-time ...
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### Fortuna: why are source ID and data length added together with entropy data into the pools

Section 9.5.6 of Cryptography Engineering states that The concatenation [of source number, length of data, and data itself] is then appended to the pool. Why are we including source number and ...
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### What is the meaning of h(r) in this protocol?

Could somebody tell me what the meaning is of $h(r)$ in the protocol below? ‎‎$A‎\leftarrow‎{B}\quad:{h(r)‎‎}{,B}{,P{_A(r,B)}}‎ \\A‎\rightarrow‎{B}\quad:r$
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### Factoring two RSA moduli $N_i=p_i\cdot q_i$ knowing that $p_2=p_1+2$?

It is given two RSA moduli $N_1$ and $N_2$, known to be of the form $N_i=p_i\cdot q_i$, with $p_i$ and $q_i$ unknown primes, and such that $p_2=p_1+2$. Can we make use of that relation to factor the ...
74 views

### Popularity of ECMQV authenticated key agreement protocol

I've got a few ECMQV related questions: Why is ECMQV a more efficient EC-based authenticated key agreement protocol? Why is ECMQV so popular? Is it because no other protocol of its strength exists? ...
44 views

### What does L_n is the bit length of the group order n states need for my calculation in ECDSA algorithm?

I am doing the program of implementing ECDSA for which I am trying to solve the equation scenario. In ECDSA that signature generation algorithm which states as hash value from the SHA-1 and where $l$ ...
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### Asymmetric encryption that is secure for (almost) any foreseeable future

Recently, I've been reading a couple of papers about building cryptosystems that are secure for up to 30 years. But for some applications, this seems a bit low to me. So I am wondering if considering ...