# All Questions

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### Is there an AES identity key?

The following questions are of pure theoretical nature. I don't have an application in mind. Is there a key that makes AES the identity function? Is there a key that makes AES the identity function ...
82 views

### Is a PRF applied to a secure MAC also a secure MAC?

Suppose I apply a PRF to a secure MAC. Do I still have a secure MAC?
67 views

### Obtaining Diffie-Hellman generator

In the Wikipedia article on Diffie-Hellman, the algorithm calls for a large prime modulus, $p$, and a generator, $g$, which is a primitive root of $p$. As far as my knowledge of number theory goes, ...
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### Is it okay to bail out early when length mismatch is detected?

Is it okay to bail out early when length mismatch is detected? Specifically, when verifying authenticated encryption, is it okay to bail out early if the wrong amount of ciphertext or the wrong ...
103 views

### Do 2DES and 3DES2 have the same effective key length?

I am following the notes "Introduction to Modern Cryptography" by Bellare and Rogaway, and on the chapter about blockciphers there is the following claim (page 11 of https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~mihir/...
134 views

### AES implementation to encrypt files

I'm making a small python program to encrypt an arbitrary text file. Currently I have a file to store passwords (hashed values), so nothing stored in plaintext. The user enters the command line ...
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### Order and cofactor of the base point? [duplicate]

What is the order and cofactor of a base point? Is it possible to deduct the order and cofactor, given just the basepoint. What about the other way around from order and cofactor to basepoint?
67 views

### How does the verification process associated with this signature scheme work?

My cryptology professor asked us to show that while the following signature scheme is conceptually valid, that it is inherently insecure, however, I am not sure how to demonstrate that the associated ...
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In the ideal/real proof paradigm we sometimes find simulators with the capacity of set adversary random tape. My question: when do we have to consider the necessity of simulators set adversary random-...
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### Does length-prepending stop length-extension attacks?

Does length-prepending stop length-extension attacks on Merkle-Damgård hash functions, assuming that the length is checked?
54 views

### Does XChaCha20 exist with similar properties to XSalsa20?

Does XChaCha20 (built from ChaCha20 just like XSalsa20 is built from Salsa20) exist and have XSalsa20's desirable properties?
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### Is XSalsa20-Poly1305-SIV a reasonable choice for nonce-misuse-resistant authenticated encryption?

Consider XSalsa20-Poly1305-SIV. This is obtained by: computing a MAC $t_{secret}$ of the plaintext from the key and nonce, as in ChaCha20-Poly1305 except that the plaintext, not the ciphertext, is ...
130 views

### Why can't NORX produce intermediate auth tags like Keyak can?

Why can't NORX produce intermediate auth tags like Keyak can? Keyak appears quite attractive because of this, but seems to be slow in the absence of hardware acceleration.
66 views

### Is ChaCha12 considered 256-bit secure?

ChaCha20 is considered 256-bit secure (no attack faster than brute force). However, the best known cryptanalysis that I know of is on ChaCha7. That gives ChaCha20 a rather large security margin (...
369 views

### Is authenticated encryption unnecessary if the message is digitally signed?

Normally, it is necessary to use authenticated encryption if the message may be tampered with. Can the authentecation be omitted if the message has been otherwise authenticated?
28 views

### NIST SP800-108 KDF modes comparison

According to NIST SP800-108, there are three modes that can build KDF from PRF: counter mode, feedback mode and double-pipeline iteration mode. Assume that the same PRF and input distribution are used,...
54 views

### Difference between HMAC-SHA1(key, msg) vs SHA1(key + msg) [duplicate]

Is there any practical difference from using HMAC-SHA1(key, msg) vs SHA1(key + msg) as a way to verify the authenticity/...
269 views

### Is it possible to decrypt cryptowall-encrypted files? [duplicate]

I am writing regarding a certain ransomware program called cryptowall (prop 4.0). I have lost many documents to this, and as it so happens, I have a few file duplicates before and after they were ...
28 views

### Generally accepted algorithm for two-pass, misuse-resistant AEAD that is efficient in software

I would like to know what the standard is for two-pass, nonce-misuse-resistant AEAD that is efficient in software. Thus, AES-SIV is excluded; modes based on a stream cipher like ChaCha20 are ...
74 views

### Is the identity function a one-way function?

The definition of the one way function says: it must be verifiable in polynomial time probability of inverting it less or equal to negligible Now, I am not sure I fully understand one way ...
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### How to convert roots of Weber polynomial to Hilbert class polynomial over modulo prime?

Using any non square root discriminant $D$, we should be able to find the Weber class polynomial. How can I convert the roots of a Weber polynomial to a Hilbert class polynomial over modulo prime?
3k views

### Are checksums essentially non-secure versions of cryptographic hashes?

Are checksums basically toned-down versions of cryptographic hashes? As in: they are supposed to detect errors that occur naturally/randomly as opposed to being designed to prevent a knowledgeable ...
76 views

### Secure entropy extractor for thermal noise collected from camera input?

I have read this paper (pdf) which talks about measuring the entropy of thermal noise collected from camera input. They estimate the minimum entropy at about 4 bits per pixel. Probably estimating 1 ...
115 views

### DIY over-encryption with a related key

I know next to nothing about cryptography, which is bad because I'm a programmer. I was exploring some code the other day and the encryption part of it seemed a little strange to me. I'd like the name/...
34 views

### Explanation of protocol secure under random oracle but insecure with any hash fuction

It is known that there is a protocol that is secure in the random oracle model, but where any real hash function makes the protocol insecure. The proof is constructive, but I could not understand the ...
70 views

### Misuse-resistant authenticated encryption based on SHA-3/Blake2b and AES-CTR/ChaCha20

I am wondering if the following is a useful misuse-resistant authenticated encryption scheme: Parameters (shared by many users): Choose a hash function $H$, such as Blake2 or Keccak. SHA2 could ...
116 views

### Example of a PRP that is not a strong PRP

The exact definition of security for a pseudorandom permutation is straightforward - for some encryption scheme $E\,\colon\,\mathcal{K}\times\mathcal{D}\rightarrow\mathcal{D}$, it must be the case ...
39 views

### Considerations on using a single long-term key for file encryption

I'm thinking about designing my own container file format that allows me to store a file in it along with, say, a thumbnail or other metadata. Some of these files are confidential and therefore must ...
29 views

### Can I get an explanation of HDCP's key exchange protocol?

I'm talking about HDCP v1.x. The specification is a too dense for me and easy-to-understand information about it on the net is scarce. What I've gathered is: that there is a master key that is a 40-...
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### Terminology for secret sharing

To my understanding, there are two "approaches" to t out of n threshold encryption. In both of them, n shares are given to different shareholders, and at least t of them must agree to "proceed". "...
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### What will browser show when a user access website and website present certificate of some other domain with same top level domain [closed]

For example, User tries to access a.example.com and server presents abc.example.com with a.example.com not in SANs list. Will it be just a warning or an error?
50 views

### Usage of 3DES for single block

I have a device, HASP, which has functionality to encrypt 8 byte data using 3DES in ECB mode, with three different keys, I am interested how secure is this? I know it might not be most secure, but how ...
173 views

### PHP AES 256 CBC faster than AES 128 CBC? Or am I doing something wrong?

for last couple of days I'm learning a bit about encrypting data in PHP, as I need a good encryption/decryption function for storing user's passwords in DB. I use ...
87 views

### Can RSA with padding detect all errors in ciphertext?

I'm new in cryptography and there are a couple of things that i'm not sure if i understand correctly. First, when using padding (PKCS or OAEP), if the chiphertext has errors in transmission we'll we ...