# All Questions

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### Zero knowledge proof of bilinear equation

Suppose A and B have pre-shared a secret key $r$. Is there a way for A to prove that $p=[e(a,b)e(g^{c_i},b)]^r$ has been correctly computed with this $r$ but without knowing or revealing either a,b or ...
766 views

### Is it secure to concatenate two 16-bit random numbers into a 32-bit one?

I'm working on a security application for RF modules aimed to protect a communication between an autarkic sensor and a line-powered receiver against MITM (man-in-the-middle attacks). I decided to use ...
56 views

### What is the meaning of the overlapping region on OTP-perfect secrecy diagram?

I'm new to cryptography. I want to ask about OTP-perfect secrecy diagram like figure below: On the overlapping region (middle), notated by R(X;Y;Z). R can be calculated by I(X;Y) - I(X;Y|Z). That ...
50 views

### Encryption on the cloud with versioning

Can file-versioning, which is available for instance in Dropdox, weaken the security of encrypted files if someone is able to see two or more snapshots of the ciphertext at different times? To be ...
91 views

### Double Encryption Using same key

I am new to crypto and wondered what would happen when we encrypt twice using any algorithm and the same key. Consider two block ciphers A and B. We generate the ciphertext as c = A(B(m)) for any ...
114 views

### FIPS 140-2 Compliance Testing

Is there any tool which can be used to test that implementations follow FIPS 140-2 Compliance ?
27 views

### Where can I find a versatile PKI and library leveraging curve25519?

I note that Things that use Curve25519 provides a long list of protocols, software, and libraries that leverage curve25519, but I'm wondering if there is any such software that more fully implements a ...
118 views

### What are the practical limitations of Asymmetric encryption vs Symmetric encryption? [duplicate]

I hear it commonly said that the advantages of Symmetric encryption are speed and no limit to the amount of data that can be symmetrically encrypted. I also hear it commonly said that the advantages ...
39 views

### Subkey generation in OMAC1/CMAC with XTEA?

All implementations of CMAC that I have found so far use a block cipher with the same key and block size. However, XTEA enciphers a 64 bit block by using a 128 bit key. If ...
135 views

### Picking a nonce in the context of CCM (CTR with CBC-MAC) mode

After having read the RFC 3610: Counter with CBC-MAC (CCM) and the Wikipedia article on CTR mode, I'm not sure how a nonce should be picked. The RFC says: A nonce N of 15-L octets. Within the ...
42 views

### apprSVP in lattices

The approximate Shortest Vector Problem (apprSVP) is a problem where, given the basis and the approximation factor $\gamma$ (a function of the dimension $n$), one must find a vector $v$ belonging to ...
66 views

### Explain same encryption time for two files of different sizes

I am encrypting files in a two layered fashion as follows: Inner layer is 128 bit AES-CTR encryption Outer/Second layer is a simple one time padding with a particular key. While testing the ...
48 views

### ciphertext packing for bandwidth optimization

Lets say $Alice$ needs to send ciphertext $c_b = enc(m_b,k_b)$ to $Bob$ and ciphertext $c_c = enc(m_c,k_c)$ to $Carol$, for both the ciphertexts notice that underlying plaintexts are different (i.e. ...
101 views

### How to prove that the Permutation cipher is not CPA secure?

Encryption scheme is called a permutation cipher if every plaintext string with letters $a_1,\ldots, a_n$ is encrypted as $a_{\pi(1)}, \ldots, a_{\pi(n)}$ for some (not necessarily uniform) ...
502 views

### How to generate unique (random) numbers that can be traced back to a unique source number?

I need to generate unique (random) numbers that I can trace back to a unique source number. For example: source number A can generate numbers A1, A1, A3 .... Am source number B can generate numbers ...
105 views

### Paillier Cryptosystem - Practical applications?

I wonder: are there any real-world practical applications using the Paillier cryptosystem , as introduced in [1], or some derivations of it? I'm aware of quite a few schemes proposed in literature ...
65 views

### Is this a proper PBKDF2 key derivation function algorithm?

I've started implementing PBKDF2 algorithm recently and since I'm new in crypto, I would like to ask if my implementation is good. I looked up some documentations and I tried to follow many of them ...
62 views

### Comparing two definitions of one-way function

I'm reading Rafael Pass's lecture notes on one-way function and came across two definitions. The first one is: A function $f$ is one-way if $f$ can be computed in P.P.T. and there exists no ...
178 views

### Determining if a ciphertext can be decrypted

I want to know what the state of the art in the following cryptographic problem is. Assume a public channel on which encrypted messages are exchanged, using symmetric key encryption. I hold a couple ...
115 views

### Is EncFS good for online storage services?

Conclusion from an EncFS audit: EncFS is probably safe as long as the adversary only gets one copy of the ciphertext and nothing more. EncFS is not safe if the adversary has the ...
16 views

### In the RSA encryption system, are there not multiple messages m that give the same cipher text c? [duplicate]

For example: p = 5, q = 11, n = 55 $\phi$(55) = 40 e = 3, $\phi$(55) and 3 are relatively prime m = 3, then: $3^3 mod(55) = 27$ m = 113, then: $113^3 mod(55) = 27$ I heard that e and $\phi$(n) ...
241 views

### XTEA: patterns in plain text

I'm using XTEA to encrypt passwords that I store in a database. (I need to be able to decrypt these passwords later to log in on another system.) But now I have noticed something: if I decrypt a ...
47 views

### Are there any test vectors for the CMS content type AuthEnvelopedData (for AES-GCM)?

I am looking for CMS AuthEnvelopedData test vectors for AES-GCM mode. I haven’t seen any ready-to-use test vectors for it. There are test vectors for AES-GCM mode but not for its CMS support. I even ...
259 views

### When is the Random Oracle model (not) necessary?

Hash functions are often used in cryptographic schemes and protocols, and that doesn't necessarily mean that their proofs are on the Random Oracle model. That leads to the following question: What is ...
65 views

### Effect of ESSIV when used with XTS

I looked everywhere on the web and I did find a lot of information about full disk encryption, but nothing really answered my question. When formatting a partition to use LUKS, the two most common ...
94 views

### Distribution based integer factorization

The past week I've been looking into - and playing with - algorithms for factoring RSA moduli. From what I understand, it's important that the primes p and q are of the same magnitude as the square ...
63 views

### A secure function evaluation problem and an alternative of 1 out of n oblivious transfer?

I am considering a "secure function evaluation" problem: Consider two parties: A and B. A has a one-to-one mapping function $f(x)=k$. Basically, the function $f(x)$ can be regarded as a table of two ...
59 views

### Detecting steganography by analysing non-significant data entropy?

I am not thinking only steganography in images, I think it is also possible to encode data for example into the length of spaces of a clear html text. I suspect, the steganography changes (elevates) ...
34 views

### Leakage in Secure Two party Computation

Am trying to understand Garbled Circuit based approach for Secure Two party Computation. There isn't much leakage in the classic millionaire's problem where the comparison circuit is used. But ...
330 views

### Precisely how does CBC mode use the initialization vector? [duplicate]

As I understand it, AES in CBC mode does an XOR of the 128-bit initialization vector and the first 128 bits of plain text. Is this correct? I am using the PHP 5.3 openssl extension in aes-256-cbc ...
191 views

### Is there an upper bound to the private exponent in RSA?

In the RSA algorithm, we choose $p$ and $q$ as prime numbers and we select a value $e$ which is coprime to $\varphi(pq)=(p-1)(q-1)$. Then we calculate $d:=e^{-1}\bmod\varphi(pq)$. My question is: ...
70 views

### How to propagate error in variable-sized message?

I want to design a scheme to encrypt a variable-length message with a secret key, to provide confidentiality. The message is a short human-readable text string with byte granularity, let's say under ...
148 views

### How to determine the RSA Private key size from the Public.key file?

Question: How to determine the RSA Private key size from the Public.key file? Just roughly, how big it could be? ...
76 views

### Authenticate ephemeral key exchange

At the moment I'm designing a crytosystem for a VPN server. One of the requirements is Perfect Forward Secrecy, but I'n not sure how to implement authentication on the ephemeral key exchange. If both ...
40 views

### Security of a signature scheme based on both factoring and discrete logarithms

I have seen this paper: A New Signature Scheme Based on Multiple Hard Number Theoretic Problems by Ismail and Tahat: In this paper, we propose a new signature scheme based on two hard number ...
152 views

### How is OID 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d parsed as 1.2.840.113549?

I saw that an RSA key, created by OpenSSL, contains the following HEX string: 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 01 01 that HEX string gets interpreted as Object ID: 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 It is obvious ...
158 views

### Basic Encryption and Decryption related question

I recently started studying cryptography and got interested in the subject. But I got this doubt when I was studying the encryption scheme. Even though we encrypt our message and change it into ...
41 views

### What are the first 4 and last 2 bytes in DH parameter files?

when we generate DH parameters file in PEM format, like this: ...
62 views

### Hiding identifying data while allowing matching?

I do research with people about their illegal drug use, and for one project I'm doing surveys with them when they visit a needle exchange. So over time the same people get repeatedly surveyed as they ...
21 views

### Is there a system where I can securely store a secret value and compare a semi-ambiguous input to it?

I have an idea for a new kind of mobile phone lock screen. When you first create your pattern, you put together a series of colors and compass directions from the following choices: Red, Blue, Yellow, ...
205 views

### Encrypt with one cipher and decrypt with a different cipher?

I recently installed an android app called Secret Space Encryptor and think I found a serious flaw in it. Let me explain: This app provides a variety of different ciphers to use and I used Threefish ...
23 views

### Lower defree annihilator of function

Suppose $f=x_0x_2(x_1+1)+x_1x_3(x_0+1)$, annihilator is such function $g$, so that $gf=0$ for all $x$ Intuitively solution(for some reason) is obvious - $g=x_0x_1$, which holds true. (Cloud sagemath ...
29 views

### Is it bad practice to use the message digest of the plaintext as the initialization vector? [duplicate]

Data is being encrypted in a database. A message digest is being created for deduplication purposes. Is it ok to use the message digest that will be the key of the table that houses the encrypted ...
105 views

### Simple two round feistel chiffre

I am currently learning for a exam in cryptgraphy. I now try to understand the Feistel Cipher with two rounds. I do not have any information on what the functions are actually doing. The following ...
48 views

### 2 round GOST_28147-89 cipher distinguisher

So, here is the scheme of how this will look graphically: The deal is to present distinguisher for this cipher. First of all here is my drafts: Way 1 Assume that distinguisher displays in ...
84 views

### Why is ECIES complex?

Wouldn't encrypting a message with AES, then encrypting the (randomly generated) AES key and IV with the EC public key suffice? What attack vectors does ECIES protect against, that an ...
114 views

### 1024 RSA Hash Signature attack. Forge a valid signature

I have an RSA signature of 1024 bit where i know the following: Public modulus N Public exponent (0x03) Cypher message Summary: An MD5 hash is calculated from a collection of byte and is used as ...
140 views

### Fast 128-bit MAC with second preimage resistance?

I have an application that needs a fast 128-bit MAC to guarantee message authenticity in a protocol. I would like to reuse this MAC value as a binding identifier, so that even those who know the key ...
I am wondering about the crypto-period for keys used in pseudo-random functions. For example, let's say I am using HMAC-SHA256 with a secret key $K$. After how many computes do I have to update $K$? ...