# All Questions

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### Where is the proof of security of Diffie's cipher?

There is an apparently provably secure cipher that was proposed by Diffie, but enhanced by R.A. Rueppel. The scheme, which was mentioned in Applied Cryptography, works like this: Measure the length ...
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### How can I encrypt + authenticate short strings into similar short ciphertexts?

I wish to manipulate short ASCII strings (namely unpredictable domain names) into a form which cryptographically assures authenticity and confidentiality, for use in the local part of email addresses. ...
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### Is it safe to encrypt a public key alongside a message with AES?

If I have a message M and a public key P, and I encrypt them alongside one another: CIPHER = AES(M + P, aes_key) Is CIPHER now weakened if someone knows what P ...
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### Are there any tools for expressing the cipher operations as a system of equations?

The first step In Algebraic-attack is expressing the cipher operations as a system of equations. Is there an automated tool to do this?
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### SAT-Based Public Key Cryptosystem

I am researching post quantum cryptography and I've stumbled upon this article which presents a PKC with an np-complete (SAT) trapdoor. I was wondering if someone could help me understand the way the ...
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### We can obtain “absolutely perfect CONFIDENTIALITY” using the one-time pad. Is there such a thing as “absolutely perfect INTEGRITY”? [duplicate]

The OTP (one-time pad) gives us perfect secrecy. This is the very best confidentiality available in this universe. (Although it does require large keys, which is beside the point of this question). ...
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### differential cryptanalysis cipher for the final round

I have a problem to find the sub-key. The system is… For each round, we make the following stage: We add the round key $K_i$. Substitution : we have 8 blocks of 4 bits, and an S-box ...
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### How distinct are the meanings of the terms “CSPRNG,” “DRBG” and “stream cipher”?

Are there universal, consensus definitions for the following terms? Cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator ("CSPRNG") Deterministic random bit generator ("DRBG") Stream cipher ...
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### What does the TLS 1.2 client finished message contain?

I am implementing TLS 1.2 and I'm stuck on the client finished message. My question is: what is the size and structure of a clients finished message in TLS 1.2 when using the ...
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### Is the 'nonce' in bitcoin really a nonce?

Is the 'nonce' in bitcoin really a nonce? Reading definitions of nonce and salt it seems the number is used as a salt but the same value can occur in multiple blocks; there's no requirement or indeed ...
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### Does “double RC4” exhibit the same weaknesses as standard RC4?

I know that RC4 is weak. However, I don't know if two RC4 streams XORed with each other can be attacked in the same way that one can, especially if $n$ bytes are dropped. Assume keys and IVs are ...
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### Find collision in Ajtai's hash function using short vector

Background What is Ajtai's hash function? Given a matrix $A \hookleftarrow U(\mathbb{Z}_q^{n \times m})$ and a column vector $\vec{m} \in \mathbb{Z}_d^m$, the hash of the message $\vec{m}$ is given ...
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### What may be causing conflicts in Whirlpool implementation versions?

I see by layman articles (e.g. at Wikipedia) that the Whirlpool hash function has seemingly three current versions. That is to say, they are referenced as ...
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### Why does this square root algorithm work?

I've been doing some elliptic curve cryptography, and a library I'm using has this slightly bizarre algorithm for computing modular square roots: Let $x$ be some quadratic residue modulo $p$ for some ...
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### Proof of storage scheme

I'm familiar with client puzzles, where the client performs some work and there is a way to prove to the server that the client has done so. Is there a way to do this, but where the client's resource ...
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### Analogue encryption algorithms

I have a basic understanding of how strong encryption works on digital data. Bits can be changed so that they appear completely random and map one-to-one back to the original set, given the correct ...
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### What does pseudo pre-image of a hash function mean?

So finding a pre-image means given the hash value, one tries to find a message that gives this value using the function's standard IV. What about pseudo-preimage?
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### Slow one-way pseudo-random permutation?

I'm looking for a slow one-way pseudo-random permutation; or in other words a block cipher $E_K: P\in\{0,1\}^b\mapsto C\in\{0,1\}^b$ with moderate block size $b\approx 64$ bits, wide key $K$, ...
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### Is there an encyption scheme that combines additive homomorphism with ability to proxy re-encrypt?

Is there an encyption scheme that combines additive homomorphism with ability to proxy re-encrypt? I've tried digging around on the Internet but haven't found anything conclusive on the topic.
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### Is the first version of the Message-Digest algorithm by Ronald Rivest publically available?

Diving into the history and evolution of the Message-Digest algorithm by Ronald Rivest, I have been able to track back papers from MD6 down to MD2. Yet, somehow I can not seem to be able to find any ...
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### Multiple iterations of AES for key derivation?

The keepass password manager uses multiple rounds of AES for its key derivation, as described here. I was somewhat surprised that it wasn't using pbkdf2, bcrypt, or something more common. ...
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### Converting Ed25519 public key to a Curve25519 public key

I understand that: $$x_{montgomery} = \frac{1 + y_{edwards}}{1 - y_{edwards}}$$ Using the libsodium ed25519 implementation, I have tried to write the following: ...
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### How do zero knowledge protocol with vertex-3-coloring work?

I'm currently not sure if I understood how the zero knowledge protocol with vertex-3-coloring works. I'll describe what I think I've understood and I'll write my questions in bold. Zero-knowledge-...
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### Do Rabin Fingerprints have any advantages over CRC?

Background In both, bitstrings are interpreted as a polnomical over GF(2) and they each can be used to implement a hash over a sliding window. The definitions of each are as follows: Rabin ...
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### In a lattice, how can one define a good basis and a bad basis?

When it comes to lattice based cryptographic systems, all the literature talks about, good bases and bad bases. How does one define what a good basis is and what a bad basis is?
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### Alternatives to FHE for secure function evaluation

As a followup to a previous question I asked which was more related to Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), what other cryptographic methods are available for computing a private function on public and/...
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### Calculating private keys in the RSA cryptosystem

The number $43733$ was chosen as base for an implementation of the RSA system. $M=19985$ is the message, that was encrypted with help of a public key $K=53$. What is the plaintext text? What is the ...
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### Is the AES Key Schedule weak?

After reading this paper entitled Key Recovery Attacks of Practical Complexity on AES Variants With Up To 10 Rounds I was left wondering why the key schedule of AES is invertable. In the paper the ...