# All Questions

32 views

### what is the encryption type [closed]

i tried every method but i found nothing what is the encryption method thi is the hash : 85tOoZypnY6HpqvTjNZm+g15iT0F8kTikowC8uoMyac= and is any online encryption detector ?
246 views

### security of Felix cipher

I just find this pencil and paper cipher 'Felix' and I want to know how secure it is? EDIT From http://web.archive.org/web/20110825142054/http://topcat.hypermart.net/papers/felix.txt Felix a ...
60 views

### PNG converted to BMP — and encrypted with ECB [on hold]

This is not a cryptography question, but after searching for the answer to no avail, I resort to asking it here. In a vein similar to what is done here, I've encrypted a BMP image in ECB mode. And ...
51 views

### What is 'key agility' in relation to symmetric-key encryption?

I sometimes see, in discussions of symmetric ciphers, reference to the 'key agility' of a particular algorithm. It seems to be related to the difficulty of switching encryption keys, but I don't ...
79 views

### becoming a cryptographer after math studies [duplicate]

after studying philosophy and being a philosophy teacher, I took back studies 4 years ago and I did a bachelor in maths. I'm in maths grad school now (I'm 32), and I would like to work in ...
87 views

### Puzzle - zero knowledge

I am solving the following problem : I have puzzles, where all pieces are squares and the grid has $n$*$n$ format. There is no global image to guide a puzzle solver. Despite the puzzles match locally, ...
22 views

### Masking Parity Check Matrix Goppa

I like know: Is possible that any adversary PPT will be able to find the generator matrix $G$ of Goppa code $GC$, if given $SH$ matrix, where $H$ is a parity check matrix of $GC$ and $S$ is a random ...
43 views

### The exact definition of a symmetric encryption

I have doubts for the definition of the decryption algorithm $D(.)$. I think I've already seen that the decryption returns a plaintext $M$ on input the key $K$ and $C=E_K(M)$. I have also seen thet ...
57 views

### Why does WPA2-PSK use 4-way handshake instead of 2-way handshake

I don't seem to grasp why is the handshake for PTK in WPA2-PSK 4-way and not 2-way. Isn't it enough to just have these two steps: First party sends Nonce1 to the other party Second party sends to ...
47 views

### How do you prevent the risk of damage to the security of Fully Homomorphic Encryption?

In this paper on pg. 1248 in the "preprocessing phase" section the authors say: In the preprocessing phase, the parties run a (standard) MPC to collectively generate a key pair (pk,sk) for the ...
10 views

### Why does a joint leakage MPC protocol not directly apply to a disjoint leakage requirement?

In this paper on pg. 1239 the footnote at the bottom points out the difference between $joint$ leakage and $disjoint$ leakage. The authors say the weakly leakage resilient protocol of BGG+11 cannot ...
79 views

### Design requirements for a keyed hash function?

I am actually preparing for a cryptography exam, and I found a question asked by the professor in the class, below are the lines that I copied from the slide : Example: Let $Ek$ be the encryption ...
80 views

### Tamper-evident audit logs

I want to be able to detect tampering in a log file that is under the control of an untrusted party. I am not interested in secrecy, only the integrity of the contents in the file - so I want to ...
43 views

### Adversary to Any Collision Resistance Hash Function

I'm reading a notion Any Collision Resistance for Hash Functions. In the lecture define a collision finder CF. CF is said to $(t,\epsilon)$-break the family of hash functions $F_K$ if the ...
174 views

### Ciphers in CBC mode reveal place of change in plaintext

Theoretically, when using a symmetric block cipher in CBC mode, the current block is dependent on the previous block. Suppose one plaintext is encrypted using CBC, and then one bit of it is changed, ...
69 views

### Best group if one wants the discrete log problem to be hard?

Suppose one is implementing a cryptographic scheme over a group where one needs the discrete logarithm to be hard - what is the recommended group to use? I'm looking for a group where calculations are ...
58 views

### How can Shamir's method for secret sharing work in the GF(256)?

I have been reading about Shamir's secret sharing, and maybe i completely misunderstand something, but the field is meant to be a prime. However, when i look at the implementations of this algorithm, ...
56 views

### Visual cryptography with phone camera [closed]

I am reading about Visual cryptography and wonder if it could be done with the phone camera also. An example - the manufacturer produces products with one share of the image printed on them (COMPANY ...
308 views

### A key-derivation function that is as strong as the stronger of PBKDF2 and scrypt

I want a key stretching system that's as strong as the stronger of scrypt and PBKDF2. The consensus now is that scrypt is by far the better system, but that might change if in the future, a weakness ...
175 views

### Adding and multiplication in jacobian coordinates

How can I derive formulas for adding 2 points and multiplication by a scalar in Jacobian coordinates $(x,y) = (\frac{X}{Z^2},\frac{Y}{Z^3})$ over an elliptic curve?
99 views

### Is this new server API authentication protocol secure?

I need a secure protocol to authenticate client side users with my server which has an API. I am devising something more secure particularly to resist active MITM attacks where an attacker may modify ...
56 views

### Upper bound Linear Feedback Shift Register

It is clear that when we have any output stream $x_0,x_1,...$ produced by linear feedback shift register than this output has to be periodic. Now I was wondering if we can find an upper bound for ...
73 views

### password generation: random length or max length

In short: Is it cryptographically stronger to have a known length password of the maximum length allowed, or a random length password somewhere in the range of the longest length possible? Does the ...
190 views

### Timing attack on modular exponentiation

It is known that computing $a^x \bmod N$ takes $O(|x| + \mathrm{pop}(x))$ multiplications modulo $N$, where $|x|$ is the number of bits of $x$ and $\mathrm{pop}(x)$ is the number of $1$ bits (Hamming ...
62 views

### What is the impact of the Goppa code distinguisher on the CFS and McEliece?

What is the impact of the distinguisher for the high-rate Goppa codes (as published in "A Distinguisher for High Rate McEliece Cryptosystems") on the CFS signature scheme and the McEliece/Niederreiter ...
125 views

### Shamir's Simple Sharing Scheme - preventing partial recovery of data

In SSSS, if you recreate the original secret with one of the decoder inputs being slightly damaged (e.g. one or two chars incorrect), you receive a slightly damaged version of the original secret. So ...
58 views

### Unblind a RSA blinded signature

I have blinded m = 16 with r= 13, e = 7 and n = 209. This resulted in m' = 464, which led to a s' = 8. Now, I want to unblind this s' by using s = s' * r$^{-1}$ but im stuck at filling in the ...
95 views

### Is $q(n)=1/n$ a negligible function?

By definition - $q(n)$ is a negligible function if for every positive integer $c>0$ there exist an integer $N_c$ such that for all $x>N_c$ : $q(n)<1/x^c$ So for the function $1/x$, if we ...
173 views

### Is the following symmetric design secure?

Assume: $O$ be a reversible random permutation oracle on a finite set and $O^{-1}$ the inverse permutation (pretty much equivalent to a random permutation: What is the difference between a bijective ...
49 views

### Difference between Pedersen commitment and commitment based on ElGamal

Does any of you know what is the difference between the Pedersen commitment and the commitment that uses the ElGamal encryption scheme? For the sake of completeness, I recall what both of them look ...
255 views

### Why are the initial states of hashes functions (like SHA-1) often non-zero?

There is already a question asking "Why initialize SHA1 with specific buffer?" and my question follows on from this: Why are the initial states of hash functions often non-zero? For most, I have ...
138 views

### How is the MD2 hash function S-table constructed from Pi?

For fun, I'm learning more about cryptography and hashing. I'm implementing the MD2 hash function following RFC 1319 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1319). I'll preface by saying I know there are ...
727 views

I developed a p2p-app in C# which sends and receives encrypted text messages (50KB). For encryption, my app uses AES 128 bit in CBC cipher mode. For each message it uses a new randomly-generated IV. ...
67 views

### How to obtain KCV from the key

Simple question: we have AES 128 encryption and a key. How can we calculate the key check value (KCV)? One example: key is 48C3B4286FF421A4A328E68AD9E542A4 and KCV should be 77DC84. I am trying it ...
116 views

Suppose $E_k$$(a, b, c)$ is encryption of values $a, b$ and $c$ with key $k$ through encryption algorithm AES (AES-128) and each $a, b$ and $c$ are 300 bits integer values. Also Suppose this ...
88 views

### What scheme will allow merging and splitting the result of a function?

I am wondering if it's possible to have a scheme as follows. Here is the scenario: we have a set of objects (e.g. strings) {O1, O2, ..., On} we have a set of users {U1, U2, ..., Um} each user asks ...
2k views

### Recommended skills for a job in cryptology

First let me apologize if this is an ill posed question. Let me also note that I do not in any way seek a comprehensive answer, simply your thoughts on what makes for a valuable asset to a company ...
60 views

### OMAC : Padding on empty string

I started to implement some MAC since last week with the specifications given here. I'm currently testing the OMAC (one-key CBC) with test vectors. In the OMAC specifications at page 4, they explain ...
82 views

### Block Cipher vs Stream Cipher in Web Application

I'm doing research about "Cryptographic attack methods in Web Application" so I have some questions to ask you guys: Block Cipher vs Stream Cipher, which is more common used in Web Application? How ...
102 views

### DES Key Schedule Algorithm

Reading through the DES Specification it says that the keys are permuted with PC-1 initially and then shifted left both $C$ and $D$. However, before it gets ...
39 views

### AES and Known-plaintext attack [duplicate]

Can you help me to finding some papers that shows AES is secure against known-plaintext attack?
59 views

In this paper on pg. 1241 the authors discuss bullet point on Adaptive Zero-Knowledge : I am new to Zero-Knowledge and I am having trouble understanding what they are saying. I think they are ...
61 views

### Why use a timestamp and how can someone know it's the correct one?

Let's say A wants to send a message, so everyone who gets the message, can be assured that it's from A. A then sends a message : ...
37 views

### applying HKDF at both the client and the server

I have two keys (K1 and K2) at both the client and the server. I hope to use HKDF in both client and server side to concatenate the keys. I will use the same salt value at both the client ad the ...
32 views

### Flaw in the security definition of Stateful Length-Hiding Authenticated Encryption (sLHAE)?

In the paper On the Security of the TLS Protocol: A Systematic Analysis, the authors define the notion of a stateful length-hiding authenticated encryption scheme (sLHAE). For the purpose of this ...
29 views

### Example of CL PKC

I am trying to solve the example of algorithms of Certificateless Signature by manually and solving the mathematics of Algorithms but not succeed while doing mathematical calculations. Please ...
32 views

### Asymptotic Hash Function and Concrete Hash Function

I'm reading Collision-Resistant Hashing: Towards Making UOWHFs Practical, and they say that its formalization is non-asymptotic. Why is the formalization non-asymptotic? What is an example of hash ...
57 views

### What is the difference between a bijective random oracle and a random permutation?

Assume $S$ be a finite set $O$ be a random oracle from $S$ to $S$, such that $O$ is bijective $f$ be a random permutation of $S$ Is there any difference between $O$ and $f$? Does it makes any ...
I know a protocol for bit commitment using regular OT (Bob has 1/2 chance of learning the bit Alice transferred to him) which goes like this: COMMITMENT PHASE Alice chooses a bit $b$ For ...