# All Questions

2answers
689 views

### Generate a unique 64 bit numeric database key without collisions at $2^{32}$ birthday threshold?

What is the best way to generate a unique 64 bit numeric database key from a string? For example: if the string is a URL, you could generate a 64 bit key using SipHash or by truncating a SHA256 hash ...
1answer
62 views

### Cryptanalysis of Marvin32 compared to SipHash

So I am curious about the security analysis of Marvin32, the randomized hash algorithm used in .NET (to prevent hash-table DoS). I found the source code here: ...
1answer
70 views

### Does SipHash have 64 bit (second) preimage security?

I was not able to find an explicit statement about the first and second preimage security of SipHash-2-4 or SipHash-4-8 anywhere. I think it should be 64 bits, but I'd feel safer if somebody who has ...
0answers
35 views

### Does anyone have an idea of what this is? [closed]

I found this within an mp3 using audacity. Does anyone recognize this type of code?
4answers
221 views

### Computation indistinguishability questions

The definition I have is: Two probability ensembles $X = \{X_n\}_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ and $X = \{Y_n\}_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ are computationally indistinguishable if for every probabilistic ...
0answers
44 views

### What is the recommended key length for digital signature? [closed]

What is the recommended key length considered secure in order to sign a flash memory using PKCS #1.5? What is the main difference between PKCS#1 1.5 to 2.2?
1answer
295 views

### Timing Attack on RSA

So far I have researched on timing attack on RSA, We all know the ransomware named Cryptolocker it uses RSA 2048 bit encryption. Now is it possible to break the encryption using timing attack. I have ...
1answer
1k views

### Knowing pre-encryption data, can we find the private key CryptoLocker used?

One of our users seems to have been hit by CryptoLocker. As a result, he has a hard drive full of encrypted files. The ransom-ware claims to have used public key encryption on the files. If we know ...
0answers
19 views

### Knowing pre-encryption data, can we find the private key CryptoWall used?

I'm just repurposing a question already asked about Cryptolocker for CryptoWall: "If we know exact contents of some of the files prior to them being encrypted, would it be feasible to use those ...
1answer
37 views

### How can I handle the situation if key size is less than 64 bits in DES?

If the data is not a multiple of 64 bits, then I can use padding. I know that it is not secure. But if the key is less than or more than 64 bits, should I ask the user to enter the key again, or ...
3answers
48 views

### Digital signature algorithms within the European Union

I've just noticed that US NIST has accepted DSA as a digital signature standard. Does the European Union have a similar standard, specifying an algorithm to use when digitally signing messages? I ...
2answers
213 views

### Encryption of 8 bit of block data

I'm looking for a cryptographic algorithm that allows encrypting only 8 bits of data in a block. Is there any such algorithm that is considered secure? The reason I'm asking is because I have to ...
1answer
24 views

### What is the difference between a random oracle and a probabilistic algorithm? [closed]

What is the difference between a random oracle and a probabilistic algorithm?
0answers
11 views

### Envelope Encryption with asymmetric keys vs KMS

In Envelope encryption a symmetric secret key is used to sign the data and then another key is used to encrypt the secret to produce an encrypted secret key. The encrypted messages is packaged with ...
1answer
22 views

### How to encrypt/decrypt data in an SPI BIOS FLASH

I need some info/suggestions about the cryptographic algorithm that make me sure that the executed bios by the CPU is an authenticated bios. The check has to be performed by a FPGA. I have SPI Flash ...
2answers
802 views

### Does it make sense to have a compression function that uses 64-bit of the message to create an output of 64-bit?

I have a very simple compression function, which looks like this in C++: ...
0answers
32 views

### Is double encryption using AES using different key lengths (128 bit and then 256 bit) vulnerable? [duplicate]

I know that AES 256 bit is far more than enough to secure a file. I just want to know if there are any vulnerabilities or known attacks which can make such this combination less secure "double ...
2answers
34 views

### OTP same message encrypted twice (with different keys)

Lets say we have a message $m$ that we encrypt with two keys $k_1, k_2$ such that $k_1 \ne k_2$. This will produce two ciphertexts $c_1, c_2$ such that $c_1 = m \oplus k_1, c_2 = m \oplus k_2$. The ...
0answers
34 views

### How to build a secure cryptographic algorithm [closed]

I need some info about the building of a cryptographic system. I would like to know the flow to follow and if there is some books or paper that covers this topic, because I know to concatenate ...
1answer
948 views

### CKM_RSA_PKCS vs CKM_RSA_X_509 mechanisms in PKCS#11

What is the exact difference between the CKM_RSA_PKCS and CKM_RSA_X_509 mechanisms in the PKCS#11 v2.20 specification (Please ...
4answers
3k views

### Diffie-Hellman and man-in-the-middle attacks

See here for the man-in-the-middle attack on Diffie-Hellman that I'm concerned about: What is Diffie-Hellman? How do we combat this? I have two questions: Is one solution for both Alice and Bob ...
1answer
38 views

### Why an upside down path on the evaluation of branching program on encrypted data?

Suggested by Ricky Demer in this post, I am reading the paper "Evaluating Branching Programs on Encrypted Data"(TCC 2007), which uses one-round strong OT protocol to implement homomorphic evaluation ...
1answer
52 views

### Recommended password complexity for SSH key encryption using AES-256-CBC

When protecting SSH private keys with password-based encryption, what would be a good minimum password complexity+length standard to make cracking the password too difficult to be worthwhile anytime ...
1answer
84 views

### Recovering key length from transposition block cipher ciphertext

First of all I would like to say hello to all StackExchange users. So far I've been stalking the forum for some time, now it's time to leave the shadows. In my master thesis I'm writing about ...
1answer
34 views

### Are there any encryption schemes that enable to permute homomorphically?

According to the Barrington's theorem, any circuit in NC1 can be converted to a branching program, whose main operation is the composition of permutations (along with the choosing of permutations ...
1answer
38 views

### Why the $IV$ used in Merkle-Damgard has to be fixed to a specific value?

I just can't figure out why on earth the $IV$ in Merkle-Damgard has to be fixed (that's what the Katz-Lindell book says)? Because even if you choose it randomly from say $\{{0,1}\}^n$ then the ...
3answers
2k views

### Why does the padding in Merkle–Damgård hash functions like MD5 contain the message length?

I understand the need for padding in MD5. But why do we append the message length to the padding? I heard it strengthens the hash but how? Please provide an example if possible and how it applies to ...
2answers
32 views

### Is there a partially homomorphic quantum secure public key cryptosystem with IND-CCA1 security?

I recentely asked "IND-CCA1 RSA padding?" about whether there is a IND-CCA1 secure variant of RSA. The original version of the question also allowed usage of ECC which would allow usage of ElGamal, ...
1answer
27 views

### Request for review: known plaintext mitigation by rotation and xor encoding

When using structured data inside a plaintext (such as gzip headers, xml, etc.) they generate known plaintext which may be useful in cracking the ciphertext. So I had these two ideas on how to make ...
0answers
26 views

### how to do AES decryption knowing the key (matasano) [closed]

I'm doing the challenge in matasano and I'm doing something wrong cause I don't understand what to do. All I want to do for now is to decrypt the first block (128 bits) and then I will code the rest ...
2answers
39 views

### El-Gamal signature with two messages

Alice uses an ElGamal signature with base the group $Z^*_{107}$ and parameter $g=3$ of order $q=53$.The private key of Alice is some $x \in \{0,1,.....,52\}$ and the public key of her is $y=10$. To ...
1answer
27 views

### Modular reduction for NIST prime P256— understanding the data

I am working on a project where I need to implement elliptic curve cryptography, I am struggling from a long time in order to understand the working and the process. Modular finite field arithmetic, ...
1answer
35 views

### Triple-DES DUKPT CBC PIN variant vs Data variant

Does any know the difference between triple des dukpt decryption algorithm with PIN variant and Data variant? I have done Triple DES DUKPT PIN variant, which generate session key from KSN and BDK. ...
6answers
4k views

### Is there a secure cryptosystem that can be performed mentally?

I, myself, do not plan on getting into a situation where I would be unable to use a computer in order to communicate securely. However, I can think of many practical situations in which mental ...
1answer
70 views

### How to prove the hardness of Rabin's function?

I am unable to prove the following theorem: If for a $1/(\log(n))$ fraction of the quadratic residues $q\pmod n$ one could find a square root of $q$, then one could factor $n$ in random polynomial ...
1answer
39 views

### Probability of $D_k(a*k+b) =p$ for a PRP

I'm wondering what the probability of a PRP having numerous keys (say 3 or more) with the same simple idempotent, or near identity, function. For example, does there exist values of $p, a, b, x_1,$ ...
1answer
119 views

### Is it possible to perform a rudimentary asymmetric key encryption algorithm by hand?

I have at least three, distinct motivations for having a simple way to use asymmetric key encryption by hand or without modern computers. First, I was recently demonstrating to a 12-year-old how ...
0answers
66 views

### P-Complete hashes, hashing to a larger set

Historically hashes have been from a large set (say 256 characters) to a smaller set (256 bits). Also, hash functions that are P-complete have no known parallel algorithm; they must be computed ...
0answers
8 views

### Enhanced Security Services / CAdES for PKCS7 - multiple signers for SignerInfo's?

In RFC5652, Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), section 5.3. SignerInfo Type, there's a sid field that maps to this: ...
0answers
31 views

### OPE ON SYNONYM BASED RANKED KEYWORD SEARCH

I had already studied, order preserving encryption(ope) is suitable for ranked keyword search. But i want to use order preserving encryption(ope) for synonym based ranked keyword search. it this ...
1answer
58 views

### How can you produce visual cryptography?

I would like to be able to "code" images such as the one seen here on Wikipedia. Is this generally produced with software, or does this require complex programming? Ideally, I would love to be able ...
1answer
50 views

### Possible to determine equivalence of hash codes from different hashing functions?

Let $H_{1}(x)$, $H_{2}(x)$, ..., $H_{n}(x)$ be a list of $n$ secure one-way hash functions such that for a given input $x$ each $H_{i}(x) \neq H_{j}(x)$ when $i \neq j$. Give one hash function to ...
0answers
27 views

### Why is there no 'ECDSA' version of 'DHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305'?

So I was just checking my TLS cipherlist and noticed that there was a 'DSS' / DSA / ECDSA version of every ...
1answer
41 views

### Why should $a,b < N$ for Montgomery Reduction?

In Montgomery reduction, when calculating $a \times b \mod N$, it is required that $a \lt N$ and $b \lt N$. I think $0 \le T \lt N \times R$ is enough for the Montgomery Reduction. Rationale: Let ...
0answers
22 views

### RC4 via nonlinear mixer — sound?

We implemented a rc4 (ARC4) variant for creating a cryptographic stream - question is: Is this sound? (I'll give an example for 32 bit variant, though 64 bit/larger is possible) Algorithm is as ...
0answers
21 views

### For each of the following modifications to the Merkle-Damgard transform, determine whether the result is collision resistant or not

$(a)$ Modify the construction so that the input length is not included at all (i.e., output $z_B$ and not $z_{B+1}=h^s(z_B||L)$). $(b)$ Modify the construction so that instead of outputting ...
1answer
41 views

### Safety of AES ECB when used with openssl_seal function

I'm trying to use PHP to encrypt files with a public key. I'm using the function openssl_seal that "encrypts data by using RC4 with a randomly generated secret key." RC4 is considered unsafe so the ...
1answer
72 views

### How is wpa2 authentication structured

I would like to understand the cryptography behind Wpa2. As far as I know, there are 4 messages on the 4-way handshake and three of them are values concatenated with hashes. First, I am trying to ...
3answers
48 views

### Let $G$ be a PRG. Are the following $G'$ constructions based on $G$ necessarily PRGs?

$G$ is a PRG where $|G(s)| > 2 \cdot |s|$. $G'(s) = G(s0^{|s|})$. $G'(s) = G(s_1...s_{n/2})$, where $s = s_1...s_n$. My question here is whether my own proposed solutions are correct and do ...
2answers
49 views

### How to formally prove that a given hash construction is collision resistant or not?

Is there a precise procedure or strategy to follow in order to prove in a formal way the (not) collision-resistance of a certain given hash construction? I.e. let $H_1$ and $H_2$ be two hash ...

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