# All Questions

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### SHA256 Padding and Parsing [closed]

Can anyone please help me with basic Verilog Structure for Padding and Parsing stages of SHA256. I have Googled it a lot but couldn't find it. I'm stuck at How to check the Size " L " of the random ...
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### Are there any elliptic curve asymmetric encryption algorithms?

RSA offers the functionality of encrypting (short messages, or symmetric keys) with a public key, and decrypting with a private key. However, RSA key generation is extremely expensive, especially for ...
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### Leak-proof protocol: is such a thing possible?

Is it possible to design a protocol that by itself guarantees that a malicious implementation cannot leak secret data without breaking the protocol? Setting: Alice and Bob have a pre-shared secret ...
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### Block cipher and parity of permutation

Can anyone explain the following text passage to me? Most real-world block ciphers build even permutations, because it's hard to build odd ones using small operations (32 bit) on larger (128 ...
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### Could program verification techniques prevent bugs of the genre of Heartbleed from occurring? [migrated]

On the matter of the Heartbleed bug, Bruce Schneier wrote in his Crypto-Gram of 15th April: '"Catastrophic" is the right word. On the scale of 1 to 10, this is an 11.' I read several years ago that a ...
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### Does AES-128 have the same strength as AES-256 with a padded key?

When I use the same 128-bit key for AES-128 and AES-256 with a known/public padding for the latter, is there some weakness in AES-256 that is not present in AES-128 with essentially the same key? ...
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### Is there a simple zero knowledge proof of $x$ for $b=x^x\pmod p$?

We have a multiplicative cyclic group $G$ which is a subgroup of $(\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z})∗$. There are two parties, Alice and Bob: If: Alice knows: $b$ and $x$ such that $x^x = b$; Bob knows: $b$. ...
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### Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE

IKE Protocol have 2 modes, that modes have different structure. Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE.
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### Positioning of keys in encrypted text

I'm just looking at very simple encryption. I've noticed that the key is typically either at the front or at the back of the encrypted text. This is quite easy to break if you know the key. It can ...
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### Why does HMAC need a fixed length padding?

As everybody knows in order to calculate HMAC we have to concatenate padding to the message. I am just curious why the padding needs to be fixed-length. Why do we need the blocksize parameter here? ...
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### What is a 'secret key factory'? What precisely is it doing? [closed]

I have found a Java implementation of AES CBC mode that runs in Netbeans. The lines below appear to create the key from password and salt: ...
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### Attack of an RSA signature scheme using PKCS#1 v1.5 encryption padding

My best interpretation of this question is that Java's crypto API has been subverted to perform RSA signature using PKCS#1 v1.5 encryption padding. Assume the signature $S$ of a message $M$ is ...
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### security in the standard model → random oracle model?

Can a protocol proved secure in the standard model be considered secure in the random oracle model?
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### Exchanging Keyspace and Message space in PRF

Suppose there is a secure PRF $F: K \times X \to Y$. Then is $F': X \times K \to Y$, defined by $F'(x,k):=F(k,x)$, a secure PRF? In my opinion it should be because exchanging the keyspace with ...
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### Does ElGamal Encryption create a different key for each block sent?

I ask about ElGamal algorithm. Is ElGamal algorithm used new key for each encryption process. in other word it should we use new key for each chunk? For example, if we have message that has four block ...
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### Certificate Revocation List [migrated]

There are many fields on a certificate revocation list (CRL) like Algorithm, Parameters, Issuer Name, This update date, Next update date, user certificate serial #, etc. While I understand the purpose ...
125 views

### How to select $g$ in Paillier Cryptosystem

For my cryptography class project in university I have selected Paillier Cryptosystem as a course project ...
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### does re-encrypting the same value with multiple keys reduce security

I found myself wondering today, how much security is lost if you take a plaintext - assume that its content, including any metadata is unknown to an attacker, for example it may be random data - and ...
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### In Pedersen Key Distribution, can the public key be persistent?

I am implementing a key distribution protocol described by Torben Pedersen in A Threshold Cryptosystem without a Trusted Party (EUROCRYPT'91). In the protocol, the $n$ parties distribute a public key ...
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### Homomorphic Encryption and Semantic Security using Lattices?

I've been reading Brakerski and Vaikuntanathan's "Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE" and I'm still digesting pieces at a time. Under section 1.1, "Re-Linearization: Somewhat ...
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### How to make sure the pre-agreed information safe for DH-Key Exchange

The definition of DH key exchange was given as the method let two authenticate each other & exchange the crypto key over an insecure channel. DH-key-exchange was innovated to defence ...
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### How to understand authenticator working process [closed]

Now days authenticator are used widely, however as a beginner to cryptography, I'm confused on the mechanism of key refresh. How it works ? Is that related to DH-key-exchange or the server will change ...
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### Compute in GF(2^8) [duplicate]

(x^4+x+1)/(x^7+x^6+x^3+x^2), where the irreducible polynomial is the one used by AES, P(x)=x^8+x^4+x^3+x+1. I think I need to ...
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### implementing a cryptographic hash with a block cipher [duplicate]

How can a cryptographic hash function be implemented/created using the block cipher? I was wondering if we can use AES in cipher block chaining mode to implement it.
173 views

### PRP, PRF and modular arithmetic

Are there any arithmetic or mathematical functions that can be used as PRPs or PRFs ? Since, Conventional block ciphers like AES are that are proven to be good PRPs are not based on mathematics but ...
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### Why do some block cipher modes of operation only use encryption while others use both encryption and decryption?

In Chapter 6, Question 6.8, of his book “Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practices”, William Stalling asks: Why do some block cipher modes of operation only use encryption while ...
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### How do they implement MAC in TLS?

I recently read questions about "MAC then Encrypt/Encrypt then MAC" which made me curious about how they actually use the algorithm. MAC only calculated once either case (according to what I read). ...
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### A known-plaintext attack on an LFSR-based stream cipher

I am reading a book about Cryptography, and I am stuck in a question. I am really trying to solve it for weeks. But I think the problem is I couldn't understand the whole picture. The question was ...
1k views

### Simply put, what does perfect secrecy means?

I would like to ask for a clear (but maybe not so deep) explanation of what the term "perfect secrecy" means. As far as I have researched and understood, it has to do with probabilities of assuming ...
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### Perfect Forward Secrecy in TLS

I read that TLS does PFS using Diffie Hellman. However, DH can be used even without certificates - so how is DHE-RSA better than plain DHE? Is DHE a insecure algorithm, that DHE-RSA is needed?
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### Given a message and signature, find a public key that makes the signature valid (ECDSA)

This question is a variant on Given a message and signature, find a public key that makes the signature valid, which discusses the analogous question for RSA. It was suggested to me by this post over ...
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### How secure is the knapsack?

Can the knapsack be used in cryptography in a secure sense (described below)? Knapsack problem: Given some number $X$ and a set $W$ of weights $w_1, w_2, ... w_n$, find a subset $S$ of $W$ (if it ...
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### Why should a signature use PSS padding in RSA?

Suppose I send a message using AES (private keys already negotiated securely) and I send a hash of this message using RSA (encrypted with private key) with OAEP to verify the authenticity and ...
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### Is there an algorithm to check if an elliptic curve is secure?

As I understand it elliptic curves are of the form $y^2 = x^3 + ax + b$ Where $a$ and $b$ are the curve parameters. However not all parameters will give a curve suitable for crypto purposes. Is there ...
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### Generate a new public/private key pair for each new message?

When using PGP type public encrypted communication, would it be a good idea to generate a new public for each message and attach that in the new public key in the reply to back to sender mail body? ...
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### What is difference between PRG, PRF, and PRP

Until what I have gotten is: A PRG is generator is a part of PRF that produces pseudo-random values for the function. PRF is semantically secure and has no worries of being invertible. Fine, then ...
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### Showing that security of a elgamal invariant is insecure

Original Elgamal signature is defined $S(m, \alpha) = (r, s)$, where $$r = g^k \bmod p$$ $$s = (m – r*α)k^{-1} \bmod (p – 1)$$ more information on Elgamal signature can be found here. Variant ...
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### Difference between plain AES CTR and “CCM-style” CTR

I am trying to adapt the following function from SJCL, which does "AES-CCM" style CTR encryption, to do "pure CTR" encryption. I am playing around with SIV and would rather use this well-reviewed ...
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### cryptography and use of python programming language [closed]

why is it recommended to write cryptography programs ,for example crypt-analysis projects with python programming language? what is the advantages of python? why not use c or any other language?
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### How to keep phi(n) secret in RSA?

As we know, RSA cryptosystem have both private key(a,p,q) and public key(b,n), by chinese remainder theorem and fermat's little theorem, we know that the importance of keep p and q secret, and from ...
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### How do I express each element in a field F as a power of a primitive element?

I have a field $\mathbb F_{2^4}$, and it is represented as a residue ring of the polynomials over $\mathbb F_2$ modulo the polynomial $\beta^4 + \beta^3 + \beta^2 + \beta + 1$. I want to express ...
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### Why does this square root algorithm work?

I've been doing some elliptic curve cryptography, and a library I'm using has this slightly bizarre algorithm for computing modular square roots: Let $x$ be some quadratic residue modulo $p$ for some ...
Perhaps a silly question, but I am wondering what the advantages are of threshold signatures. Let's consider the following two signature schemes: $(t,n)$-threshold signature with a trusted dealer, ...