# All Questions

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### PGP String to Key specifiers

I've been reading through the PGP Standard and here I'm a little confused. This section is discussing converting string data to a session key. I'm confused about the paragraph in bold. First off, what ...
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### Proving an encrypted message contains (but does not 100% consist of) a plain-text message? [duplicate]

I have keypair (u,r), and two pieces of data, X and Y. I reveal X publicly but keep Y secret. Y has high entropy. I then combine X and Y, into c(X,Y) = Z. I encrypt Z, into "encrypt(Z,u) = Q". r ...
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### Formula for the number of expected collisions

Say we have a hash function that produces $n$ bit outputs. From the birthday problem that after around $\sqrt{2^n}$ different inputs to the has function, we can expect a collision. Say instead that ...
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### DES hardware implementation of substitution lookup table [ ReWorked ]

I'm a crypto enthusiastic and student of cryptography. I'm developing a project with other students titled "A hardware implementation of a DES cryptography for educational purposes", our idea was to ...
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### Why do we truncate the hash when using DSA?

All the articles I read on the web about DSA keep telling me that the size of the hash needs to be truncated so that the bit length is equal to or lesser than the bit length of the prime number of the ...
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### Size of encrypted AES CEK in CMS block

When I run openssl cms -encrypt -aes256 -in sample.der -out wrapped.der -outform DER -recip ecc.crt -keyopt ecdh_kdf_md:sha512 the part of the CMS output which ...
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### Calculating $\mathbb F_{p^2}$-rational points of an elliptic curve defined over $\mathbb F_p$

How can I calculate points on an elliptic curve defined over $\mathbb F_p$, for example $y^2 \equiv x^3 + 1 \pmod p$, with coordinates in $\mathbb F_{p^2}$? (points might have complex number format in ...
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### Is there any equivalent to the apache xml security library for JSON? [closed]

I'm talking about org.apache.xml.security(santurio) Is there any equivalent library that works with JSON and provides the same set of features? (mostly AES-128 with KEK support)
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### Privacy and Integrity in Public Cryptography

I'm trying to figure out which is the best way to get privacy and integrity together in public cryptography. Alice needs to send multiple files $f$ (may be big) to Bob. I've thought: Alice computes ...
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### Are ideal hashes possible to create?

In a hash function, you map an input of arbitrary length to an output of finite length such that the relationship is one-to-one (or at least that's what you are trying to achieve). Hence, isn't it ...
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### What security authorities and standards reject $e=3$ in RSA, when, and with what rationale?

In RSA, some security authorities and/or standards allow the public exponent $e=3$, others require or recommend $e>2^{16}$ (or perhaps some other minimum). I gathered the following: PKCS#1 allows ...
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### Are there any cryptosystems that use multiple keys to perform encryption instead of one or two? [closed]

Are there any cryptosystem that uses multiple keys (3 or more) to perform encryption rather than one (symmetric-key cryptography) or two (RSA, public-key cryptography, etc)?
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### Ensuring integrity and confidentiality together with symmetric encryption

I've been required to answer a question: As usually, we have Alice and Bob. Suppose Alice wants to send a file F to Bob, ensuring integrity and confidentiality. They share a symmetryc key ...
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### One time pad- XORing or substitution

I have come across 2 versions of otp while reading it and want to confirm it. they have taken a plain text consisting of alphabets where they are shifted and replaced by alphabets itself. XORing of ...
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### CPA-security proof of “l-padded RSA” encryption scheme

The 10.9 exercise from the Katz-Lindell textbook creates a lot of confusion, let me state it here. Consider the following experiment for an algorithm $A$ and a function $l$ with $l(n) \leq 2n-2$ for ...
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### Hitting a counter example in homomorphic encryption over the integers

The paper Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers talks about a super simple symmetric key implementation on page 1 and 2. It says that to generate a key, you pick a random odd number between ...
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### Does Curve25519 only provide 112 bit security?

In a recent mail on the IETF CFRG mailing list it was claimed that: The (currently missing) security considerations (or somewhere) should describe why Curve25519 is ok when used in contexts where ...
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### Exchanging keys via third party

In many symmetric key ciphers sender and receiver have to exchange a single key. They may also do it through 3rd party who distributes it to both of them. since 3rd party can read all messages ...
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### Can iterated hashing be used to mitigate collision and preimage weaknesses?

How much security does double hashing add regarding collisions and preimages? Is it helpful to iterate a hash function even more times than two? For example, can MD5 be fixed (in practice) by ...
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### Encipher the following plaintext message using the Vignere method using the key K = [4,2,3] [closed]

Encipher the following plaintext message, Exotic, using the Vignere method using the key K = [4,2,3] Can anyone help me get the ...
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### Is there a way to generate sound one-time pads out of public information?

Is there a way to 'mangle' a public data-source (for example, the current date in YYYYMMDD or the top New York Times headline) to form a one-time pad that will sufficiently hide the pad's source? ...
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### What was the NSA's reasoning for making their bitwise combination functions in SHA-1 the way they did?

I know that these functions are there to actually make the program work. What I want to know is why they made the functions one way but not another. For example, why did they pick F1(B, C, D) = (B ...
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### Cryptography and FPGA

I see a lot of papers about FPGA implementations. For what kind of "concrete" application should we implement cryptographic algorithms on FPGA ? Which secured application require such a huge data ...
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### Clarification of RFC2246 with regards to Finished Message

I'm working on a client handshake finished message for a TLS client, and I'm reading through the RFC 2246 spec. The spec states (in section 7.4.9): The hash contained in finished messages sent by ...
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### Choose a random number that is different from a bunch of other secret numbers

I'm looking for an algorithm where n participants each have a different secret number between $[0..x]$ (and where $x$ is known) and where the participants then select randomly another, non-secret, ...
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I have an OLD work database that seems to have a simple encryption on the PW. I have one users whose pw is 7777 the cipher text is ...
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### Symmetric key in homomorphic encryption over the integers

Much like this question: Public key in fully homomorphic encryption over the integers I am also reading I'm reading Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers, but I'm working on implementing the ...
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### Can RSA be securely used for “blind decryption”?

Assume we have the following setup: A client with trusted storage and computing capabilities (e.g. a smartcard) A server with trusted computing and short-term storage capabilities (e.g. RAM + CPU, ...
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### Shamir Secret Sharing: Why cannot we recover polynomial's root if we have $t-1$ shares?

Imagine we have $t-1$ shares in $(t,n)$ shamir secret sharing. So at least $t$ shares are needed. Question: Why cannot we use $t-1$ shares to find a root of the polynomial and then recover the ...
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### Safe generation of $k$ points on a curve such that the mutual discrete logs are hard?

I have a multiplicative group $G$ of prime order $p$ implemented using a twisted Edwards curve (similar to Ed25519). I want to compute a set of $k$ distinct points $P_1,...,P_k$ that generate $G$, ...
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### What is matrix branching program?

Recently I am reading something about order-revealing encryption (by Boneh at al. in EuroCrypt 2015) and encountered "matrix branching programming". It seems like it took me forever to understand ...
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### Chance to find HMAC key/salt when having knowledge of the hashed data?

I'm not sure how to word this... I'm working with a HMAC (I think of it being a "salted hash"). I know the entire string being hashed, I do NOT know the salt. I also know the first 8 characters of the ...
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### In $\mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z$, is $(a+b\cdot r)$ a random value for fixed $a,b$ and random $r$?

Let $p$ be a prime number. Consider two fixed values $a,b\in\mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z$, where $b\neq0$, and a uniformly random value $r\leftarrow \mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z$. Is $v=a+b\cdot r$ a uniformly ...
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### Assemble RSA keys from components [closed]

I'm studying openpgp cryptography and struggling to understand some things. I can't use pgp tool for generating keys and ecryption, but have to write a simple app to generate keys, encrypt and decrypt ...
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### Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange broken?

Found this report detailing a quantum algorithm for computing isogenies between supersingular elliptic curves. http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/techreports/2014/cacr2014-24.pdf with the quote ...
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### Is it possible to track down copies of WW2-era codebooks?

I've got an academic curiosity regarding some of the old Japanese naval codes used during World War II specifically. I'm wondering if any of the codebooks from this era have been made available, or ...
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### Random Function size

I am new to cryptography. I have question regarding the size of the set of random functions. I found the text from "Introduction to modern cryptography" by Katz and Lindell, in another thread which ...
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I would love to have a system where the password is never send in plaintext (even with TLS) to authenticate a user. I've come up with this protocol, but I'd rather use something proven. Registration: ...
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### Complement of information on software usage [closed]

I recently asked this question on cryptography S.E. and was kind of surprised that the answer didn't contain technical explanations (what software to use, etc) that would have solved it. One user ...
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### ECC considered secure in OpenSSL?

If I perform the following command: openssl ecparam -list_curves using my OpenSSL version (1.0.1f), it spits out the following supported curves: ...
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### Why is RSA encryption significantly faster than decryption?

I am designing an implementation of RSA . I recorded computation times in Java by using System.currentTimeMillis(). It returned an encryption time of 0.05 ms and ...