# All Questions

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### How do Galios fields work in AES? [duplicate]

I am trying to learn how AES functions but I keep hanging at the subject of Galios fields. I am reading a lot about them but I just can not find an understandable explaination in how they work. Could ...
637 views

### Calculate the RSA private exponent from the CRT parameters

I am trying to make the RSA structure of Openssl manually, knowing the public key ($n$, $e$) and the CRT parameters $p$, $q$, $d_P$, $d_Q$, and $u = q^{-1} \mod p$. That is, I want to get the $d$ ...
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### tweakable block cipher and ideal block cipher

Can the set of block ciphers obtained from a tweakable block cipher (using distinct tweaks) be considered as the set of ideal block ciphers ?
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### Insecurity of CBC-MAC

Can anyone explain why CBC-MAC is not secure for variable length message? I read many books, but there are still some confusion. Such as the highlighted parts in previous pictures ...
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### Is a chosen ciphertext attack on PGP still possible?

In a paper from 2002 (pdf), Jallad et al describe a chosen ciphertext attack on PGP by taking advantage of the CFB mode that the block ciphers use under PGP. It's quite a devastating attack. Is this ...
13k views

### How cryptographically secure was the original WW2 Enigma machine, from a modern viewpoint?

If cryptanalysts today were to crack the original Enigma machine, “how fast” or “how easily” could they do it? What methods would they use? The original cracking was significantly helped by operator ...
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### The role of the dealer in visual cryptography

In visual cryptography schemes (VCS), there is special person called dealer. The dealer sets up the system, and the only one who knows about secret image. After encryption, the dealer distributes the ...
37 views

### Appropriate scrypt parameters when generating an scrypt hash

What values for CPU, memory and parallel difficulty should be used when generating an scrypt hash? i.e. ...
31 views

### how a MITM attack works against tripartite in DH? [on hold]

Must Oscar change only the Key $K_{abc}$ (Alice, Bob and Charlie) or does he have one key for everyone of them ?
590 views

### How does blocksize affect security?

I have recently read about how blockciphers and how stream ciphers work, and although I think I finally got everything right, I'm still wondering how increasing blocksize increases security.
4k views

### What is a “freestart collision”?

In their work on SHA-1 collisions (cf. the EUROCRYPT-2016 paper “Freestart collision on full SHA-1” by Stevens, Karpman, and Peyrin) Stevens et al show that they are able to generate "freestart ...
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### RSA 3072 is 65,536 more difficult to factor than 2048?

If RSA 3072 is equal to 128 bit symmetric and 2048 is equal to 112 bit symmetric then 128-112= 16 and 2^16= 65,536. In that case wouldn't this make 3072 more future proof against quantum computers or ...
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### Having trouble with a double encoded keyword sypher [closed]

IIYFATKOHRFDQLRTUKFOLDTIQLTFAZLGZFUNCKYCEFUCUQUGCWWOGYSOCZTXGZPNHYPMPQDOLNONAZOEQLUSEYELNUDEPQDOKPTIPQTYCZUZQQORUFANHQRGHIUJUQOEQQUWKEURLYHCSLUCUUUFKLUNAYLRUFAZQZONKYIGBKYITDOEAWGDPIKOOTRCUJLIGZWNSZGC ...
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### Randomness of a Key in a One Time Pad

The keys used in an One Time Pad are required to be randomly generated from a keyspace $\mathcal{K}$, we require 256 bit random keys, i.e. $\mathcal{K}=\{0,1\}^{256}.$ Suppose we randomly select an ...
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### Key Hierarchy and key Encryption

If i have two 56-bit DES keys, and I use these two key to encrypt a 256-bit AES key. Like this $K_{AT}$ encrypts $K_{BT}$ and $K_{BT}$ encrypts $K$ What is the effective security of key $K$? Is it ...
199 views

### Finding the subgroup in isogeny-based cryptography

Isogeny-based cryptography is one of the newest post-quantum cryptography. Hardness of this system is based on finding isogeny between two elliptic curves. Also this is theorem: Elliptic curves ...
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### McEliece variants that support signatures

Besides the Niederreiter cryptosystem, are there any other variants that support digital signatures? Can any of them sign arbitrary signatures unlike the Niederreiter cryptosystem? What are the key ...
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### Expire signature

I am looking for a way to have a 'did it expired' key. There's a similar question here, but I have to prevent reusing of the 'did it expired' signature . A possible solution would be a two one-way ...
39 views

### Man in the middle attack including 3 parties [closed]

How could a man in the middle attack work with 3 different parties in Diffie Hellman?
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### How to break a 32 bit block cipher without key?

From what I know Skip32 is the only 32 bit block cipher and I heard its not secure. What do I do or which tool do I use to break a 32-bit block cipher? I did search for this but all I find is attacks ...
11k views

### What makes RSA secure by using prime numbers?

I am just learning about the RSA algorithm. Looking at the first two steps: Choose two distinct prime numbers $p$ and $q$. Compute $n = pq$. I have some probably stupid questions: Why do $p$ ...
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### What does $\langle A, B\rangle$ mean?

I'm reading about CL-PKC and in Al-Riyami's FullIndent, I find some notations I must be sure to understand, to well explain it ...
230 views

### Formal verification in cryptography

I have seen in some places that people use formal verification and/or computer-aided verification for cryptography (tools like ProVerif, CryptoVerif, etc.). How do these approaches work?
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### Motivation for the definition of statistical distance

Statistical distance is a widely used measure in cryptography for comparing two distributions. One can define various other measures for capturing the differences between two distributions, but why do ...
1k views

### Comparing Files: Is it better to use multiple hash algorithms or just one?

I'm looking to compare (for byte-for-byte equality) two binary files. I already have the process down: Check for existence etc. Compare file lengths Use a hash or CRC of a sort (right now I use ...
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### What is the diffrence between Feistel networks and SPN?

I recently read about the concept of Feistel Networks and Substitution Permutation Networks but what is exactly the difference between the two ?
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### Order of multiple encryption algorithms

as you can see on image above, in VeraCrypt you can select either Serpent -> Twofish -> AES or ...
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