# All Questions

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### Given a prime exponent e and a prime number n, find b, where b^e = 1 mod n

Can anyone help me with the following problem. Given a prime exponent $e$ and a prime number $n$, find $b$, where $b^e \equiv 1 \bmod n \land b > 1$. For example, $b^5 \equiv 1 \bmod 11$ how to ...
43 views

### On the security definition of password-authenticated key exchange

I found in all PAKE papers, the security is defined as something like this: Let $Succ(A)$ be the probability that an attacker $A$ successfully distinguished the session key from a random string. Then ...
25 views

### Conditional probability with Vigenere Cipher given specific plaintexts and key sizes

Apologies if this should be in the Mathematics stack exchange, I just ask it here because the context is cryptography. Here is the question that I seemingly cannot get correct: Consider the ...
46 views

### In Shamir's (t, n) secret sharing scheme why don't use infinite field? [duplicate]

Well, we use finite fields to select shares. What happened if we use infinite fields.then will the scheme be vulnerable? Easy to break? Or share generation and reconstruction will be difficult? ...
36 views

### Given C is a code of length n. Containing M code-words with a distance d

I'm studying for my exam and came across this question below. I don't understand how to get $d$. I get $C$ is a code of length $n$. Containing $M$ code-words with a distance $d$. $(n,M,d)$ But how ...
677 views

### CBC-MAC length extension attack with IV simulation

I'm doing the Cryptopals challenges (formerly the Matasano challenges) and struggling with second part of the 49th problem where I'm asked to do the length extension attack with CBC-MAC without IV ...
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### How does DH work when combined with ECC or RSA?

I know that Diffie-Hellman is used to create keys in a secure way over an insecure channel. But there is one thing which I cannot understand: I see that a lot of sites use ECC or RSA alongside DH. ...
58 views

### Are analog quantum computers a threat to RSA and DLP?

We already know that D-WAVE's "quantum computers" can't really run the Shor's algorithm, because the way they're built doesn't qualify them as universal quantum computers. Now researchers actually ...
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### What's the reasoning behind the design of the TLS 1.2 PRF?

TLS 1.2 defines a PRF-like construction $P_{hash} : \{0,1\}^* \times \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^l$ for key derivation, etc. To quote the spec: We define a data expansion function, ...
64 views

### proof of correctness Ring-LWE cryptosystem

I've been studying Ring-LWE based crytposystems such as the one in this paper, but I can't seem to find/come up with a proof of correctness for this particular scheme. The encryption goes as follows: ...
27 views

### Password manager that uses a mix of long and short key derivation functions

I was reading "A Convenient Method for Securely Managing Passwords, Halderman et al., 2005". In short, the authors say to do the following: ...
35 views

### Quantum complexity of LWE

As per my understanding LWE is quantum secure because there is no known quantum algorithm to solve LWE in polynomial time. Due to the reductions given by Regev et al. If there is any algorithm that ...
66 views

### What is the most efficient attack on NTRU?

So, I got how finding the private key is equivalent to resolving the SVP. I also understood that the LLL algorithm can only be used in small dimensions. Now, I wonder what is the most efficient attack ...
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### Identify a hash which was already seen? [closed]

I have a question. In our group we are processing a large number of datasets. Each one is identified by its hash (pseudo-random ASCII string). We are currently looking for a way to tell if we already ...
84 views

### Salting Hash stored on RFID tag?

In my application, I am trying to prevent counterfeit widgets from being used on our gadgets; think HP ink-cartridges. I will be doing such with UHF RFID tags embedded in the widgets. Unfortunately, ...
3k views

### How to check the strength of an encryption algorithm?

I asking for advice on how to check strength of an encryption algorithm.
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### Security Proof in Fuzzy Identity Based Encryption?

Been having a great deal of difficulty understanding the use of simulators to prove security of ABE schemes so I though I would start from the first ABE paper (Fuzzy Identity Based Encryption) to try ...
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### how to create and use sub keys with PGP? [migrated]

let's say i wish to have forward secrecy with PGP, that requires me to create multiple sub keys to be used and destroyed accordingly, how should i do it?
217 views

### After a diffie hellman key exchange, what is the common secret used for?

What is the common secret that is established used for? What types of interactions are now possible?
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### Enhance security by combining bits of 4 different hashes

Assuming that performances do not matter, is there any real benefit in terms of security (in general) in combine hashes in this way: hash functions: ...
33 views

### Conditions for Perfect Secrecy with the Vigenere Cipher

Please forgive my ignorance here as I'm far from a math major and I've never looked into cryptography before so if this seems stupid - it probably is. There is a question in a quiz I'm attempting that ...
554 views

### Did non-military cryptography appear in 50's and 60's only due to NSA leaks?

I'm not talking about scytale, but encryption like RSA, DES, etc... How did exactly civil cryptography evolve after World War II?
20 views

### How do we compare two hash functions / cryptographic functions [closed]

I know what hash functions are but as my research project I am comparing two cryptographic algorithms so I am a bit confused about on what bases should I compare the two algorithms as these are ...
58 views

### Questions about length key of RSA 2048 bit

I use putty gen to generate RSA key, I choose length of key is 2048 bit, it generate public key: ...
23 views

### Counter-Mode Message Authentication Code [duplicate]

Excuse my naivety,I don't know much about crypto. But I've been wondering, couldn't counter-mode be used for MAC just like CBC in CBC-MAC, assuming nonce for the counter is not repeated? Am I missing ...
66 views

### Are there any high level memory-hard PBKDF constructions?

The PBKDF2 construction from PKCS #5 v2 has the convenient feature that it can be implemented using only standard interchangeable cryptographic primitives. Specifically, it only requires the ...
14 views

### .cyt file extension, don't know what software to use to open this file type [closed]

I encrypted some zip files in 2010 and found them recently on my hard drive, but I have no idea what software I used to encrypt them so now I cannot open the files, which is very annoying. The files ...
267 views

### Is it possible for Alice and Bob to both sign a message “simultaneously”?

Let's say that there is a message which is considered valid if signed by both Alice and Bob. Alice could sign the message and then give it to Bob, so that he can sign it and give it back to her. But,...
27 views

### Can I use the Sequence Number as the (implicit) IV in AES-GCM IPsec?

The RFC https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4106#page-5 states that, under AES-GCM IPsec, each packet is expanded by 8 bytes for the IV and up to 16 bytes for the ICV. Why? Since we already have a ...
22 views

### Diffie-Hellman combined with DSA/RSA

we have learned Diffie-Hellman, RSA and DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) in university. Because DH is vulnerable of Man-in-the-Middle we had the task to program the DH combined with RSA to protect ...
56 views

### NSA Suite B revoked [closed]

NSA Suite B was formerly documented in CNSSP-15 "National Information Assurance Policy on the Use of Public Standards for the Secure Sharing of Information Among National Security Systems". NSA has ...
103 views

### Change initial hash value of SHA512/t

Fips 180-4 defines under 5.3.6 how to calculate initial hash values for SHA512/t for a given value t. Can someone explain me how the t actually affects the outcome of the procedure (which, as far as I ...
662 views

### What does this notation stand for when describing a code?

This code has appeared in some online course material. I understand the $(5, 4, 3)$ refers to (length, num codewords, distance) but no explanation of the $Z_2^5$ notation is given: One $(5,4,3)$ ...
32k views

### Can you help me understand what a cryptographic “salt” is?

I'm a beginner to cryptography and looking to understand in very simple terms what a cryptographic "salt" is, when I might need to use it, and why I should or should not use it. Can anyone offer me a ...
33 views

### factorization of an integer $N$ that is in special format

Suppose $p_0$ and $q_0$ are known prime numbers and define $p_i$ and $q_i$ as follows: $$p_{i+1} = next\_prime(p_i^2 + q_i^2), \qquad i \ge 0$$ and $$q_{i+1} = next\_prime(2p_iq_i), \qquad i \ge 0$$ ...
31 views

### Are public key and private key exchangeable? [duplicate]

If I get a key pair from RSA algorithm, can I make Private-Key public, and keep Public-Key secret without breaking the security of encryption and signature?
78 views

### Nonce for AES GCM to prevent replay attacks

I am wanting to encrypt a message with a pre shared key that uses AES GCM from the OpenSSL library to do so. I generate my key for the AES crypto via hashing my pre shared key with a salt using the <...
24 views

### What is the best approaches to find the type of a Cipher / Encryption? [duplicate]

There are many known and unknown encoding and encryption types / algorithms. When the algorithm is known, then at least it gives some direction or approach on what to do next to obtain the plaintext ...
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36k views

### How can I generate large prime numbers for RSA?

What is the currently industry-standard algorithm used to generate large prime numbers to be used in RSA encryption? I'm aware that I can find any number of articles on the Internet that explain how ...
26 views

### Secure Cipher Suites supported by JDK versions [closed]

I'm a n00b to cryptography. I've been searching through oracle's java docs, ssl labs, googling and more googling attempting to find an up to date list of cipher suites considered secure for the ...
231 views

### Is it better to encrypt before compression or vice versa?

Is it better to encrypt a plain text file before compression, or vice versa?
74 views

### Security of Fernet Construction (wrt non self delimiting tokens and HMAC short key size)

Fernet is a described as a "high level symmetric encryption recipe" (source) that seems to be the default high level encryption scheme in the cryptography python ...
15 views

### How does the input of (0..11) (512 bit) impact on the SHA-1 algorithm [duplicate]

If my H0(A0=B0=...=000hex) I think i wouldnt´t change anything and and my output for Round 1 would be K1 = 5A827999(hex)