# All Questions

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### Ciphertext with uneven letter distribution

I have a ciphertext encrypted with an unknown method. It is part of a challenge (personal quest), so I can not post it. The letter statistics is the following: ...
34 views

### What are the pre-requisites I need to be able to code Salsa20 in C#?

I've taken a basic course in Cryptography and we've learnt various algorithms and their usage. I've implemented RC4 and Triple DES in C# with ASP.NET. For a project that I am a part of, I need to ...
14k views

### Time Capsule cryptography?

Does there exist any cryptographic algorithm which encrypts data in such a way that it can only be decrypted after a certain period of time? The only idea that I can think of, is something like this: ...
18 views

### How big window is secure and practical with TOTP? [migrated]

We are using Time-based One-time Password Algorithm (Google Authenticator) in our system. Since we currently don't allow any time window and code validity is just 30 seconds, we are constantly having ...
39 views

### RSA PKCS#1, v1.5 padding output

If I make use of RSA PKCS#1 in v1.5 what padding length is used. Basically, it is not allowed that the plaintext is bigger than the modulus. But what if the length in bits is the same (padding to ...
24 views

### Breaking Vigenere via Kasiski/Babbage method? (non-programmatic)

I'm really hoping someone can explain to me what is going on in the second major component of this form of analysis. If you wish, for convenience, here's a page that already has some ciphered text ...
78 views

### Why does a fixed key not make MACs like CBC-MAC or GMAC into secure hash functions? [duplicate]

Why does setting the secret key to a fixed, public value not make MACs like CBC-MAC or EMAC into secure unkeyed cryptographic hash functions? In other words, why is the resulting hash function not ...
54 views

### Research for video game: Novice cryptography concepts [on hold]

I'm making a video game which has some basic cryptography as a main base for puzzle design. I'm hoping players will get great puzzle challenge and learn a few cryptography concepts through playing the ...
15 views

Can any one help me decrypt this message: noohaiisee spyg iOyh h ol ceet pbcuoonnss
10 views

### How do you apply bilinear mapping to attribute based encryption?

I'm new to both bilinear mapping and ABE. I have a vague idea of how bilinear mapping works now, but I don't understand how it applies to ABE. Can someone give me an example?
74 views

### Encoding scalar values to points on Ed25519

I'm interested exploring key derivation and threshold signature protocol that require point arithmetic (addition) on the private scalar values and $S$ values of the signatures in ed25519. ...
94 views

### Block cipher not resistant to collisions

If we have the following block cipher, $E(k,m)$, which is a permutation, why is $f_2 (x,y)$ not collision resistant? $$f_2(x, y) = E(x, x \oplus y)$$
9k views

### What is the difference between MAC and HMAC?

In reference to this question, what are the "stronger security properties" that HMAC provides over MAC. I got that MAC requires an IV whereas HMAC doesn't. I also understood that MAC may reveal ...
29 views

### What are possible caveats when generating a group for use as parameters for Diffie-Hellman key exchange?

As reusing a widely used group for Diffie-Hellman key exchanges might lead to far easier third-party key discovery through precomputation for that specific group, I would like to know what can ...
1k views

### McEliece Cryptosystem Implementations

Are there any current implementations (language irrelevant) of the McEliece Cryptosystem? I have been hunting around all day, and yet, have only found a few mathematical equations pertaining to the ...
345 views

Are there any "good" ways to get a permutation from a password/pass-phrase? If one, for example, wanted to get a permutation of letters from a password, how might one do that in a smart way? I would ...
28 views

### Permuted Hash Table

Suppose we have a hash table, $HT$, consisting of $100$ bins.The hash table uses a hash function $H$ that is public. We all know that given value $a$ we can compute the address in the hash by ...
27 views

### OpenSSL Signature different each time

I have a file that I am generating a signature for using OpenSSL, and each time I generate the signature, it is different to the last time. ...
27 views

### Interesting Topics for Projects? [on hold]

I hope this is not a off-topic question for the site, but I was wondering if I could get any recommendations for project topics in cryptography suitable for someone just learning basic material now. ...
193 views

### Simulation based proofs: Simple examples

I am aware that,(in theory) in order to proof that a scheme is secure using simulation based proof we replace an adversary in real world with a simulator in ideal world. Then we try to show that their ...
29 views

### How to create Crypto based Project [on hold]

I took Cryptography course last semester and It was very interesting. To have a more practical understanding, I thought I should create a mini project. Below is the ...
25 views

### Poly1305 vs VMAC: is VMAC much better for long messages?

VMAC seems to me much more secure than Poly1305 on long messages (the security of the latter decreases linearly with increasing message length). Is this of practical relevance?
85 views

### How to find roots of equation $f(x)=0 \pmod p$, where $p$ is prime number?

$f(x)$is any nth degree equation $n>0$, how to find roots of $f(x)$ over prime modulo.
48 views

### Is multiplicative blinding less secure than additive?

It's easy to see that additive blinding (e.g., $x+r$ for secret x and random r) is perfectly secure in a finite field (this is a one-time-pad) and statistically secure for $r$ uniformly distributed in ...
26 views

### block cipher secure as ind - cpa

if we have the following block cipher found here http://imagebin.ca/v/2WGa2kAGEX3E, is it ind - cpa secure?
32 views

### Updating values authenticated by Merkle Tree

Assume we have 4 values: $v_1,v_2,v_3$ and $v_4$. We construct a Merkle tree on top of them such that the values are leaves of the tree. I send the values and the tree to an untrusted server. But I ...
68 views

### What is wrong with simple concatenation in salted password hashes?

I once heard that if implementing a password hashing scheme, simply concatenating the password and salt together before hashing could lead to some subtle vulnerabilities, and I'm trying to figure out ...
22 views

### Miller Algorithm of Weil Pairing implementation for Python2

I would like to implement miller algorithm for Python, but it cannot work correctly, Please help me. (1) Please tell me Miller algorithm's output of the following case. ...
810 views

### Is there a null HMAC?

I came up with this question while unit testing a function that includes an HMAC. What is the expected behavior of an HMAC with a well-defined key and a set of data with no elements in it? Is there ...
105 views

### Common Modulus Attack not reproducible

I want to calculate a simple example of the RSA common modulus attack. However, the result is not correct and I do not find my mistake. p=$29, q=37, n=p*q = 1073, \phi(n) = 1008, e1 = 5, e2 = 11$ ...
29 views

### Cardholder to Merchant SET Protocol

I have some doubts regarding the SET protocol. Let say the Alice payment information runs through a sha-1 hash function which is a one-way algorithm, irreversible to create a message digest. How do ...
38 views

### Compression in key generation of DES algorithm

Does anyone have a pseudo-code or an algorithm or even a diagram of the compression (pc2) of the DES algorithm? I can't find a relation between the bits that are dropped, even when I do it manually ...
59 views

### How to encrypt incomplete block with RSA as a block cipher?

I have a question about an RSA academic example. If we are using block-RSA with a block-size of 3 and we have this message: "android". It is broken into 'and', 'roi', 'd'. How to encrypt the last ...
24 views

### SET Protocol (SET)

I would like to know if the current SET protocol uses 3DES or AES other than DES and RSA? I have look into many articles but some of them were outdated.
42 views

### Encryption of Real Time UDP packet

I am planning to work on real time UDP packet encryption. I have a server which generates fixed size UDP packets at every 200ms and this message is sent to the receiver application which receives this ...
135 views

### Why does a non-prime DH modulus creates a “NOBUS” backdoor

can't we do a nobus backdoor with DH modulus prime? Some have argued that with a prime modulus you can just get the order by doing p-1 and then factor it, thus it is easy to reverse. I argue that this ...
197 views

### elgamal based decryption mixnet

Can anybody help me to understand elgamal based decryption mixnet? Pure elgamal can be used in mixnet (re-encryption mixnet) and its very easy, and I have implemented decryption mixnet using RSA also. ...
53 views

### How do substution-permutation networks work? [duplicate]

I understand what is going on in higher level. But I don't understand what's really going on in page 3 and 4 of this slide. Specifically, How $S_0$ and $S_1$ is used? What goes in what goes out? ...
97 views

### How to break Universal Re-Encryption algorithm?

Let p be a prime, and g be an element of $ℤ^*p$ of prime order q. Let x ∈ ℤq be the private key, and $h = g^x$ (mod p) be the public key. To encrypt a message m ∈ $ℤ^*p$, pick two random ...
84 views

### How to prove that a function F isn't a pseudo random function

Let $F$ be a length-preserving pseudorandom function. For the following constructions of a keyed function $F' : \{0, 1\}^n \times \{0, 1\}^{n−1} \to \{0, 1\}^{2n}$, state whether $F'$ is a ...
114 views

### HW acceleration for Camellia cipher (x86_64/AES-NI/AVX2)

Modern processors support hardware acceleration for various crypto functions such as AES directly, or general vector operations which can be used in crypto ...
32 views

### Does Coppersmith's method always finds non-trivial factor of integers of the form $n=a(2^k b+1)$ assuming $1 < a<2^k b +1$ and $b < n^{1/4-0.05}$?

Crossposted from mathoverflow. Got an argument and numeric evidence that pari's implementation of Coppersmith's method finds non trivial factor of integers of certain form under some assumptions very ...
1k views

### HRNG for One Time Pad

I have just advanced to the last grade of high school (in Denmark). In this year, we all get to do one big project, where we can build/invent/create whatever we want to "solve a problem". As I study ...
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### How to convert AES to a PRNG in order to run NIST Statistical Test Suite?

I want to run statistical tests on my implementation of AES. How should I convert it into a PRNG? Is there a standard way to go about doing this? I could not find much information about this although ...
23 views

### Comparison Affine Coordinates and Projective Coordinates Addition in Excel

Kurve : EC : y^2=x^3 + x + 1 Generator:(1,7) p=23 Result in Affine use excel: P=(1,7), Q=(7,11) => P+Q=(18,20) Result in Projective use exccel: P=(1:7:1), Q=(7:11:1) => P+Q=(15:2:9) U = U1 - U2 ...
75 views

### Secure randomized data matching?

This might be a dumb question but I will go for it. Let's say we have a data set $D$ consisting of sensitive data, and we want to be able to match if a new piece of data $S$ already exists in $D$ ...
25 views

### How do I solve this transposition cipher? [closed]

(88 characters): ANNHA MSUIM HDSHP CEVVA LEOVE PAERS ADYSC TNLIE LIIET PTSRO CNAFM GONCO NMAMO RLEIT MSNSY LFOOI SASEO RGA. -- My introductory cryptography instructor assigned this, I calculated the ...
204 views

### Why was the Navajo code not broken by the Japanese in WWII?

In reading about this topic recently, to my understanding, the encryption schemes used on top of the Navajo language were very simple and definitely could have been broken (my research shows they ...