# All Questions

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### Cryptography behind the Turing Imitation Key (TIK)

When browsing the internet I found out about this amazing phone. Well, it would be amazing if it was actually obtainable. It's called the Turing Phone, and it is supposed to come with as good as ...
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### Simultaneous 2 way exchange without trusted third party

Stakeholders: Alice - has a message, M containing a secret, SA that Bob wants, where H(SA) is a hash which may be used by Bob to redeem some Bitcoin time-locked transaction sent previously by Alice. ...
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### How to select corresponding ciphertext in anonymous Identity-based broadcast encryption

In identity-based broadcast encryption, suppose the broadcast ciphertext $(r_1,r_2,\dots,r_i,U,W,V)$ is sent to the receiver. It does not describe which user corresponds to which ciphertext part. User ...
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### What are the practical impacts of Wassenar Arrangement to crypto development?

Wassenar Arrangement limits transport of high-grade crypto hardware/software since decades, if I don't err. What are its practical impacts in that direction? In particular, does it hinder in any sense ...
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### Combining AES-SIV and a password-derived key

I use the following scheme to encrypt and authenticate a 64-byte piece of data $P$: $$C = \textrm{AES-SIV}(K, \textit{AAD}, P)$$ where $AAD$ is a string of 48 bytes, of which 21 bytes are a random ...
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### How feasible is a preimage attack or speedups to brute force a substring of MD5?

Beyond the birthday problem analysis how feasible is a preimage attack or speed up brute force on a substring of MD5. For instance let's say from the 128 bits I decide to strip 24 bits, the first four ...
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### Calculating probability of finding collisions in an invertible hash function

Assuming we have an invertible hash function H that takes inputs of size 2n and outputs hashes of size n, I use the following algorithm to find collisions: Choose a random M as input. Compute its ...
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### How does the Number Field Sieve find the target number for Diffie-Hellman?

I have read some papers relating to the Number Field Sieve, but I could not figure out how this algorithm helps in Logjam, or even what is meant by the number field. What is this? What is meant by ...
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### How to generate an RSASSA-PSS signature with MGF1-SHA256?

As part of rooting a device, I need to generate a 256-byte RSASSA-PSS signature using SHA256 as the hash and MGF1-SHA256 as the mask function, for an update file I created. I can choose any 32-byte ...
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### XTS and 256-bit data blocks

I am developer of an application that uses XTS with ciphers which use 128-bit blocks (AES, Serpent and Twofish). I now want to use XTS with a cipher which uses 256-bit blocks (Shacal-2). AFAIK, I ...
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### Election communication protocol

I'm not a cryptography expert, but this seems like it falls into this area. Imagine I want to design an election system (senate race for example) where I send the exact same ballot of 100 candidates ...
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### Yaos Millionaire Problem: Why distance >= 2?

I'm currently reading about Yao' Millionaire Problem: http://research.cs.wisc.edu/areas/sec/yao1982-ocr.pdf Alice and Bob want to know which of them is richer. Let $j \in \{1, \cdots 10\}$ be Bobs ...
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### Elgamal with secret key equal to zero possible?

From various sources (e.g. this paper, page 3), the key generation algorithm of Elgamal samples the secret key $x$ from $\mathbb{Z}_q$, which is identifiable to $\{0, 1, 2, \dots, q-1\}$. My ...
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### About BGV Scheme Batching Technique

I am reading BGV12 about BGV homomorphic scheme right now.But I am being stuck to understand Batching technique in this paper. In Pack function (page 32),this paper feeds ciphertext $c_i$ and sk $s_1$...
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### When to chose hardware accelerated crypto for Big Data

if you were to recommend a cipher/mode configuration that emphasizes performance for your customers, would you recommend a hardware based accelerated solution over one that isn't? For big data at rest/...
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### Benchmarks for second round CAESAR competitors

I'm interested in how the second round CAESAR competitors stack up in terms of software performance against each other and against chacha20-poly1305 with both small and large messages. Sadly the only ...
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### is accessing elements of an array in secret order vulnerable to timing attack?

Suppose there is an array containing bytes 0...255. Suppose this array is shuffled using a key for random data. Since this is indexing the elements of a table using secret data, is it vulnerable to ...
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### Quantifying bit security for smart-vercauteren encryption scheme

I am working on project that requires to compare in terms of security between two encryption schemes, one of them is the SV scheme. However, I dont know what are the steps exactly towards quantifying ...
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### How to attack polyalphabetic affine cipher with only ciphertext?

How to attack polyalphabetic affine cipher with only the ciphertext? A polyalphabetic affine cipher can be seen as the composition of an affine cipher ($p \mapsto c \equiv a \times p + b \pmod{26})$ ...
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### Majority encryption algorithm?

Assume that I want to leave an encrypted message to a group of $n$ people in a way that they can only decrypt it if they work together in the following sense: For some fixed $k < n$ every sub-...
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### Committing to a secret shared value

Suppose I run a multiparty protocol. At the output stage, I have the function output in a secret shared manner among all parties. Now I want all the parties to commit to their value of the secret ...
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### Is OCB the state of the art in authenticated encryption modes of operation for block ciphers?

OCB mode seems to represent the state of the art in authenticated encryption modes, largely due to its speed – it is faster than GCM even when GCM has hardware support. Its only drawbacks seem ...
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### Does length prepending fix the key reuse problems with CBC and CBC-MAC?

As I hope everybody is well-aware, re-using the key for CBC-MAC and CBC is a really bad idea. Now, there's also the paradigm to prepend the message length to the CBC-MAC (as "associated data") to ...
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### Is an instruction similar to PCLMULQDQ valuable in post quantum key exchange?

This paper describes a Quantum Key Exchange based on the Ring Learning With Errors problem. When used with ECC, there is only a slight performance impact. Assuming this is the popularized approach ...
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### How secure is $\operatorname{AES256}_{\operatorname{ECB}}(\operatorname{ChaCha20}(\text{plaintext}))$?

Suppose I encrypt a bytestream using ChaCha20, and then encrypt the resulting ciphertext using AES in ECB mode. How secure is the combination?
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### Can you give me a summary of cryptographic hardness assumptions?

Until recently, I had a link to a website which summarizes up-to-date cryptographic hardness assumptions. But, unfortunately I cannot find it. The webpage is categorized well problems such as, DL ...
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### Best Attack Against HFE cryptosystem

I am looking for the best know attack against HFE cryptosystem. Reading this paper DEGREE OF REGULARITY FOR HFE I found the next claim However, Faugere and Joux demonstrated that we can solve and ...
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### Are there any crypography schemes which rely on Graph Isomorphism not being in P?

Are there any cryptography schemes having correctness relying on Graph Isomorphism not being in P? If I should ask this question in the CS Theory area, I will migrate it. Thanks.
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### Cloneability of AES-128

I would like to implement an anti-counterfeiting scheme for tools my company manufactures. This would ideally be done via RFID/NFC tags. However, the environment in which these tags operate would ...
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### Finding sum of two encrypted numbers

Let's consider such process: Two emitents emit two (integer) secret numbers independently They encrypt (encode) these number in such a way that no-one (except emitent) can decode these numbers. ...
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### security of Even-Mansour scheme with keyed shuffle

I was researching the Even-Mansour scheme and had a question that wasn't addressed in the paper that I saw, and google was minimally helpful. What if a permutation that uses secret data like the ...
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### Breaking linear blockcipher - expanding recursive formula

I am trying to break a block cipher that can be defined as follows: We have 12 rounds and at each round we perform the following operation. We split 64 bit data into 2 parts each 32-bits, $\ x_r$ ...
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### Publishing only items your subscriber previously subscribed to, without you knowing which those items are

Let's say you were given a dump from a security breach. You want to share the email addresses affected by the breach with a separate company who pays you for this service so that they can protect ...
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### Would LWE problem be still secure if error were like this $e=2e_1$?

In the Learning with error problem, if the error term $e$ from equation $b=<a,s>/q+e$ were of this kind $e=2e_1$, where $e_1$ is chosen according to the probability distribution for the LWE ...
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### Unlinkability of Merkle-Damgård hash function results

Question: Are multiple outputs of a Merkle-Damgård hash function (or specifically SHA-256, if this can only be said for a specific algorithm) on unknown data unlinkable? If yes: Can this be formally ...
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### What is the current encryption method used on GSM currently?

I am currently doing a mini project which sniffs GSM packets using gr-gsm and wireshark. I was wondering if anyone knows what is the name of the current encryption algorithm method used on GSM?
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### how exploitable are cache timing attacks

So there's a PHP package that's been recently written to protect against cache timing attacks: https://www.reddit.com/r/PHP/comments/4a1iuh/rfc_4648_character_encoding_written_to_resist/ My question ...
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### Perfect secrecy is maintained for other plaintext prob distributions?

Suppose a cryptosystem achieves perfect secrecy for a particular plaintext probability distribution. Prove that perfect secrecy is maintained for any other plaintext probability distribution. Having ...
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### How common are weak RSA keys?

There exist certain attacks that can be used against RSA keys whose prime factors are of specific forms, such as one by Coppersmith. How common are these RSA keys? If you generate primes randomly, ...
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### Can GCM auth be bitsliced?

Is it possible to use bitslicing for GCM? This seems like a way to allow for a way to avoid cache-timing attacks without PCLMUL instructions and with good performance.
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### DES_cblock and Key Recovery

I'm trying to get my hands on the key that OpenSSL uses for a DES encryption. The key is based off a random number generator with a seed taken as parameter. The code used is below, provided as part ...
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### How to make a “zero knowledge” cache/key-value store

I'd like to use a possibly insecure cache for storing expensive-to-calculate sensitive information. My requirements are: If the cache ever gets compromised it should reveal nothing about its ids or ...
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### Can I get an explanation of HDCP's key exchange protocol?

I'm talking about HDCP v1.x. The specification is a too dense for me and easy-to-understand information about it on the net is scarce. What I've gathered is: that there is a master key that is a 40-...
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### Why reveal MAC-keys after using them?

As far as my understanding goes MACs are used to determine whether the received message comes from a source that has access to a MAC-key which is known by both parties. Some crypto protocols reveal ...