# All Questions

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### Is this ECC encryption key sharing method okay?

Is this encryption key sharing okay to use? Or is much better to use ECIES? $G$ = base point $a$ = Alice’s private key $b$ = Bob’s private key $A = aG$ = Alice’s public key $B = bG$ = Bob’s public ...
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### Ideal system for an encryption scheme

What is the ideal system for an encryption scheme? For a pseudorandom permutation the ideal one is a random permutation, for a pseudorandom function the ideal one is a random function. For an ...
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### inverse problem about scalar multiplication on elliptic curve

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve over a finite field $F_p$. Given $n$ be a positive integer and $Q$ be a point on $E$, assume that $Q=nP$, how can we find this $P$? We can assume that $n|p-1$. If $n$ is ...
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### Is it possible to derive the midstate of a sha256 hash?

Let's say I have an unknown string with the known sha256-hash of it. I was wondering if it was possible to now calculate the sha256 of the concatenation of the unknown string and "abc". (In PHP: ...
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### How well analyzed are giant block length ciphers?

I have heard about ciphers that have a block length of 256 megabytes... That is huge. How well are they understood by the encryption community? I'm referring to PMC Ciphers. Has anyone used such a ...
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### Question about proof of knowledge defintion?

I am just reading the "soundness"-definition for proofs of knowledge by Bellare / Goldreich. A proof of knowledge is a proof between a prover $P$ and a verifier $V$. $P$ convinces $V$ to know a secret ...
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### How can I prove that this encryption scheme from a random oracle is secure?

I am reading this example: A random oracle is an ideal object. What makes a random oracle convenient for proofs is the part about knowing nothing on the output for a given input if you do not ...
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### Relaxed trust criterion for mental poker server?

I've read a lot about protocols for mental poker without a trusted server, but I'm interested in the possibility of a faster, more practical protocol that relaxes that criterion a bit and "trusts" a ...
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### One-time pad and perfect secrecy properties

I have a homework problem: Explain how to find $m_{0}$ and $c$ such that $P[c=c': k \leftarrow K, c' \leftarrow E(k, m_{0})] > 0$ where P is probability and k is chosen uniformly. I do not know ...
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### How hard is a known prefix hash preimage attack?

Suppose the attacker knows $X, Z$ such that $H(X || Y) = Z$ If bit-length(Y) < 60 then a brute force attack is possible. What if ...
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### Prevent/minimize replay attacks in public message board

Assume we have a public message board where anyone can send a message to. If plain messages are used, anyone can impersonate anyone. The goal is to disallow impersonations. We can use public key ...
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### Creating colliding x509 certificates: Crafting RSA moduli step

I am trying to generate 2 x509 certificates with the same signature but different values in the common name field, based on md5 collisions, as it was specified in this paper (page 7). Now I have ...
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### Cryptographic Protocol using NaCl

Why? I wanted to add some security and privacy to a chat-type server for playing various games (with a few things that are done on the server to limit cheating). Going by the "Don't implement ...
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### Determining the algorithm used to generate a digital signature

I have a string "abcd pqrs". This string is digitally signed with an X.509 certificate (with its private key) and it produces a signature. From the signed string, is it possible to find out what ...
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### Transforming simplest protocol into a Sigma-protocol

I have some questions from previous years exams, I hope you could help me with them. :) Suppose that a protocol satisfies the properties of a $\Sigma$-protocol, except that it is only (plain) ...
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### Is this a valid real-time authentication scheme?

The scenario in Alice/Bob/Cindy terms: Alice approaches someone she doesn't know, but thinks is Bob, and asks for some secret information. Bob doesn't know and doesn't trust Alice, but Alice says she ...
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### Computer appliance protocol

I build the computer appliance system that consist of software server and multiple controllers. The system I want to build must be pluggable in the sense that when I connect a controller C to the ...
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### Structure of encrypted office files

I try to find out the structure of encrypted office files (I'd like to implement something like a carving tool for finding certain encrypted file types). I try to understand the Office Document ...
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### Are there any systems like SDSI / SPKI that are currently being developed?

SPKI / SDSI look interesting but appear to have fizzled out and died. Are there any modern competitors?
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### How to properly format a PGP Message Block?

As sort of a follow up to my (currently) unanswered question, if it is correct, how do i properly calculate and format the packet that actually stores the data being encrypted? I thought I knew what I ...
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### Universal hashing techniques based on matrix multiplication

The article here says below, about a universal hashing technique based on matrix multiplications. "However, there is a little known method based on using a random matrix. It has lots of advantages - ...
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### A question about elliptic curves and finite fields in bilinear pairings

Based on what mentioned in the paper "Pairings For Cryptographers" http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X08000449 the two inputs of a pairing map are two members of two additive ...
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### How does AES-CCM work in BitLocker?

I'm studying this white-paper: http://jessekornblum.com/publications/di09.pdf The author says that using AES-CCM with the external key (highlighted in green at page 9, figure 4) and with the nonce at ...
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### Coppersmith method for factorisation

Is anyone familiar with the Coppersmith method? Does anyone know how is the $3\times3$ basis matrix obtained in this case?
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### Minimum length of PKI key for signature

I am looking for data which shows how time it would take to brute force (or crack by any other method) different sizes of RSA/DSA keys used for a digital signature. I am looking to use as small a ...
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### Paillier can add and multiply, why is it only partially homomorphic?

I've seen that it's widely accepted that before Gentry's breakthrough (which is not practical yet) in 2009 there were no known full homomorphic encryption scheme. I've read here in another answer ...
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### A question or few about Mental Poker

I have spent some time studying the "Mental Poker" protocol (sometimes called SRA), initially proposed by Shamir, Rivest, and Adleman -- ...
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### Modulo settings for successful encryption?

I saw this awesome video which shows how encryption works using "discrete logarithm". The example says: $3^x\mod17$. I understood that $3$ is called “generator”, because it has no "straight" root and ...
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### Is it possible to perform a rudimentary asymmetric key encryption algorithm by hand?

I have at least three, distinct motivations for having a simple way to use asymmetric key encryption by hand or without modern computers. First, I was recently demonstrating to a 12-year-old how ...
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### key-exchange with websockets in node.js

I do not see how someone would distribute a “key/key agreement” without exposing it to a MITM! I would consider it to be strange if the answer is “via a HTTPS or TLS connection” because – if this is ...
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### Autocorrelation in Autokey

I know that Vigenère can broken using auto-correlation (as explained at cryptool-online.org). Now my question is: Why does this also work with autokey (tested it using crypttool)? To prove that I ...
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### Bilinear pairing

I am working on Efficient Construction of Pairings which are being realized by Miller's algorithm. In this algorithm the basic steps are point doubling and line function computation point addition ...
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### Secure Secret sharing

I'm trying to come up with a new way to do oblivious transfer that is faster and requires less computation than existing methods. The basis of my method is shamir secret sharing. Below is an example ...
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### Blowfish vs. Twofish regarding power consumption

If I wanted to use Blowfish or Twofish to provide security on a device where power consumption is crucial. Regarding power consumption, which one would win? Generally, which algorithms are known to ...
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### Looking for crypto with derived keys?

I am looking for cryptographic algorithm or combination of them. Basically I need an algorithm, which can generate private key and for this key can be computed multiple keys based on some seed. So a ...
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### For enciphering messages with AES in CTR mode, do I need a different key for each message?

I have written a program to run AES in CTR mode with keys of 128,192 or 256 bits and checked it gives correct results with the data given in section F.5 at ...
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### Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, correct stepping

I'm trying to use the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm on the following bit sequence: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 I have the correct answer and most of the approach to get there, but I'm unable to fill in what I ...
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### Constructing of 16x16 Involutory Binary Matrices of Branch Number 7

In the PDF “Algebraic Construction of 16×16 Binary Matrices of Branch Number 7 with One Fixed Point”, it was given that: ...