# All Questions

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I've been looking at the weakness with plain/textbook RSA, where the same message is encrypted and sent to multiple destinations. In this case, it is possible to recover the message. Given that an ...
667 views

### How can I add more rounds to AES?

I'd like to understand a bit more about the AES key schedule if anyone would mind explaining that. For instance, why is the way the schedule generated (with recursive xors and occasional ...
354 views

### Two step encryption

Is there any asymmetric cryptography algorithm which will allow recursive encryption. ...
2k views

### Cracking the Beaufort cipher

Is there any easy way to crack a Beaufort cipher? We have a Vigenère table, and are trying to guess the keyword. Any easier way?
698 views

### Randomized algorithms and the one time pad

The way I understand it, an algorithm is said to be randomized if it uses randomness as part of its logic (quoting Wikipedia). Now, in the case of encryption algorithms, I assume this means that for ...
965 views

### Key derivation from a random seed

The main problem is to use a block cipher to generate a random key. I would like to generate 256-bits key which can be as random as possible. I generate it in the following way: Pick a plaintext ...
155 views

### The meaning of “scheme”

This question is a bit different from other questions here, but I think it is suitable to correctly understand the terminology of cryptography. Consider the following two sets of terms: Encryption ...
356 views

### Why pairing based crypto is suitable for some particular cryptographic primitives?

Why pairing based crypto is being widely used in some special crypto primitives as ID based crypto and variations of standard signatures? I mean taking as deep as possible what makes it suitable for ...
723 views

### Is there another resource for Carter-Wegman-style message authentication?

I'm wondering if there are other resources that cover Carter-Wegman style message authentication, besides the sources themselves. Is there an online text or a book that covers their ideas? I'd ...
233 views

### Encrypt array of int for individual retrieval

I have limited exposure to cryptographic terminology, so please bear with me. My end goal is to encrypt integer IDs, before transmitting them to a web client in a list of search results, in a way ...
769 views

### Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm Secret Key

just a follow up question with this question.. How does the key schedule of Rijndael looks for keysizes other than 128 bit? A 256-bit key can still encrypt a block of plaintext in 128 bit? but in ...
123 views

### RSA security assumptions - does breaking the DLP also break RSA? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Would the ability to efficiently find Discrete Logs have any impact on the security of RSA? I'm wondering if breaking the DLP, that is the basis for ElGamal and DSA, ...
702 views

### Does RSA padding have to be unpredictable if the payload is?

I'm trying to understand the precise requirements on padding when using RSA for encryption. Suppose Alice uses RSA to encrypt a payload $M$ that cannot be guessed (say, a random nonce): Alice send ...
221 views

### Getting the encryption method and key from the encrypted data and the raw data

I have some pairs of plaintext and ciphertext data, from which I need to be able to decrypt the other passwords stored in the database. The password field typically contains something like ...
28 views

### Some questions about the internals of bcrypt [duplicate]

I'm attempting to get a better understanding of cryptography and have run into some questions about bcrypt. Bcrypt relies on the blowfish cipher, which is a reversible method of encryption. But ...
75 views

### Can the key-complement property of DES be used against 3DES?

The comments in this recent question about the security of 3DES made me wonder if the key complement property of DES (which reduces its security by ~1 bit) can be used in the meet-in-the-middle attack ...
68 views

### Compression in key generation of DES algorithm

Does anyone have a pseudo-code or an algorithm or even a diagram of the compression (pc2) of the DES algorithm? I can't find a relation between the bits that are dropped, even when I do it manually ...
134 views

### Theoretical decryption of RSA

I am currently looking into RSA and have some questions. I am interested in theoretical answers, assuming there is infinite time for decryption. Is it necessary to work out the private-key exponent ...
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### How to perfrom modular division while numerator is lesser than the denominator?

I'm implementing point addition and point doubling of elliptic curve cryptography. The formula that I'm using for slope is Point addition: $S = \frac{(P_y-Q_y)}{(P_x-Q_x)}$ where $P$ and $Q$ are the ...
111 views

### How to calculate mapping in bilinear

I am trying to read a paper in cryptography. In key generation phase, paper give a definition for bilinear like G and Gt be two cyclic groups of prime order p $e: G * G \to G_t$. be a map with the ...
101 views

### Multiple levels of encryption

Is it feasible to have data encrypted at different levels of hierarchy I'd like to encrypt an xml database (such as used in www.keepass.info) whereby two or more keys can exist. For example: Key #1 ...
148 views

### Memory hard key derivation (password hash) using AES encryption

I am restricted on a certain environment involving PHP and am currently unable to implement new memory hard hashes such as scrypt (and I am not trying to compete with the likes of scrypt). My ...
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### With EC secp256k1 is there a way of transforming a function of the private key to a function of the public key?

A key pair has a private key $D_A$ and a public key $Q_A$. $D_A$ is an integer less than the curve's $n$. Is there any (boolean) function of the private key $f(D_A)$ which can be transformed into a ...
212 views

### Can e = 2 be used in unpadded RSA?

I am wondering whether $e = 2$ can be used in unpadded RSA... It seems like it is not possible to use it: the value of e needs to be coprime with $tot(n)$. $tot(n) = (p - 1)(q - 1)$ where $p$ and $q$ ...
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### One Time Pads and reuse of the decrypted message?

How is it insecure when Alice encrypts a message with a One-Time-Pad to Bob, and Bob then uses the decrypted message from Alice as the next One-Time-Pad? For example: Alice sends Bob a message ...
239 views

### Simple digital signature example that one could compute without a computer?

I am working on a document to explain Bitcoin to students. But I am having a hard time translating the principle described in §2 of the Bitcoin whitepaper in layman's terms. There is a great question ...
55 views

### Using a product of a series of curve25519 scalars as a private key

There are a few systems like the GNU Name System and the Sphinx mixnet packet format that employ a series of curve25519 scalars all multiplied together as a private key. Are there any caveats to ...
156 views

### How much processing power should you assume an attacker has?

The answer to this question says that you should assume an attacker can do one billion operations per second: Key Size for Symmetric Homomorphic Encryption Over the Integers Is that a single attacker ...
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### How to encrypt/decrypt data in an SPI BIOS FLASH

I need some info/suggestions about the cryptographic algorithm that make me sure that the executed bios by the CPU is an authenticated bios. The check has to be performed by a FPGA. I have SPI Flash ...
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### Why the $IV$ used in Merkle-Damgard has to be fixed to a specific value?

I just can't figure out why on earth the $IV$ in Merkle-Damgard has to be fixed (that's what the Katz-Lindell book says)? Because even if you choose it randomly from say $\{{0,1}\}^n$ then the ...
233 views

### Is Checksum to file back decoding possible?

So, I was having this weird thought. If the checksums(MD5 or SHA...) are unique to any file and are modified if any part of the file is edited, why cant the checksums be decoded back to get the ...
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### How to securely store data? / How to securely encrypt a file? [closed]

How do I safely encrypt a file? or formulated differentely: How do I safely store the data of my application in a file? Note: Using established tools isn't an option for this. The tasks need to be ...
558 views

### Is One Time Pad considered Chosen-Plaintext Attack Secure?

If we're considering Chosen-Plaintext Attack setting, then the adversary has access to the Encryption Oracle right, and we know that OTP is only considered secure if we use the key only once. How ...
171 views

### Authenticate a short message with redundant encryption instead of using a MAC?

I have a short message that’s exactly 128 bits of length. The message serves as a time-limited authorization token for a database. It contains a permission profile ID (64 bits) and an issue timestamp ...
290 views

### How does ROTL work?

what does ROTL stand for? I know it does left shifting but what about the acronym? When we do a left shift, do we take the leftmost bit and add it at the end, by making the second bit the first, and ...
330 views

### About the Security of PCBC Encryption Mode

We are designing an encrypted file system. We plan to use the PCBC (Plaintext Cipher Block Chaining) encryption mode for encryption. This is because we desire the feature ("small changes in the ...
149 views

### Security of integrity protection with HMAC vs AEAD

I'd like to know how the security of the integrity protection compares between: HMAC-SHA-256 with an 32 byte tag or a truncated 16 byte tag AES-GCM with a 16 byte tag AES-CCM with a 16 byte tag or ...
381 views

### Koblitz encoding a message to a point, what is the “associated auxiliary base parameter”?

I am looking at the Koblitz method for encoding a message as an elliptic curve point. The first step given in the paper I'm reading is: "Choose an elliptic curve and its associated auxiliary base ...
153 views

### Is format preserving encryption suitable for use with words or names?

Is it possible to use FPE to encrypt names and language words like 'Bob' 'the' 'tree', in order to preserve both length and format (like keeping characters within a certain range like A-Z a-z) The ...
208 views

### How does ccrypt work?

On many Linux/GNU distributions CCrypt (ccrypt) by Peter Selinger is available as a command line utility to encrypt files. How does the protocol work and is it ...
528 views

### ccrypt and its security

I would like to know how secure is ccrypt to encrypt files (like images, videos and other non-plain text data) using single password of 20+ chars length. It uses Rijndael with 256-bit block size and ...
250 views

### Difference between statistical PRNG and cryptographic PRNG? [duplicate]

What's the difference between a statistical pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) and a cryptographic-strength PRNG? I've seen a lot of PRNGs that are proposed for statistical uses -- e.g., ...
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### Gap problem for Learning With Errors

Informally, a "Gap problem" arises when solving the computational (or search) version using an oracle for the decisional version. This definition of Gap Problem was introduced by Okamoto and ...
210 views

### What is the use of segments in Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB)

In NIST SP800-38A: Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation CFB can be used with a parameter s - the size of a data segment in bits - which determines the ...
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### What are these twist attacks with cost $2^{58.4}$ on NIST P-224 curve, and when do they apply?

This page on Twist security mentions a combined attack and a twist rho attack, applicable in particular to NIST P-224 curve with cost $2^{58.4}$ something, with no mention precise definition of ...
280 views

### Small Encryption Exponent

I am trying to crack an unpadded RSA set up for a homework. I have public key (R,e) and encrypted message E. ...
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### Feasibility of finding public key when private key is known

We all know that in a public key cryptosystem, given a public key it is extremely hard to compute private key from it. Is it the same case in reverse? Given a private key, how easy is it to compute ...
I refer to an article https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/501. I focus on (a bit modified) Algorithm 1 which runs as follows (in my understanding): For given $n, m\in \mathbb N$, $q=2^k$ and a distribution ...