# All Questions

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### What does “Worst-case hardness” mean in lattice-based cryptography?

In the wiki page of Lattice-based Cryptography the "Worst-case hardness" is defined as below: Worst-case hardness of lattice problems means that breaking the cryptographic construction (even with ...
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### Going Blind, Group or Ring?

I have several problems approaching the following problem: Let's assume that we have Alice, Bob and Cathy. Alice wants to present a message to Cathy, showing her that someone else has signed it (Bob), ...
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### Cracking Stream Cipher

I need to crack a stream cipher. I have a set of plain text and encrypted text pairs. The hint to the question asks me to use entropy analysis and look at the hex dump of the encrypted text. However, ...
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### State of the art in zero knowledge proof compilers?

What is the current state of the art zero knowledge proof compiler ? I need one that can minimally handle double exponentiation by a known value E.g. $$Pok\{(\alpha):h=g^{\alpha^b}\}$$ where b, ...
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### Why is CBC based on AES malleable in blocks other than the first block?

Perhaps I don't understand the answers to Malleability attacks against encryption without authentication, so trying to be more concrete... please be patient. If I want to change the first block and I ...
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### DES-encrypted cipher

Suppose that you knew that a plaintext was encrypted with DES and consisted only of 16-bit Unicode letters, numerals, and punctuation marks available on a standard English-language QWERTY keyboard. ...
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### Is knowing the distribution of input domain only way to do cipher text only attacks?

Imagine there is a $n$ bit block cipher. The attacker has harvested some how all possible $2^n$ cipher texts for some given key. Without the knowledge of the distribution of input domain as in ...
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### Is it ok to send part of digital signature if we have bandwidth constraints?

When creating digital signatures is it ok to send part of it when we have bandwidth constraints?
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### Why can ECC key sizes be smaller than RSA keys for similar security?

I understand how ECC is based on the discrete log problem and RSA on integer factorization. I've read several references that show how a solution to either of these problems can typically be adapted ...
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### What is it meant by a “hybrid argument”?

Can anyone explain (or point to a reference for) what a hybrid argument is in a security proof, and when it's convenient or preferable to use it? Among some of the places where I've seen it ...
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### Is there a metric (term) for work required to decrypt a public key?

Any public key decryption can be decrypted given enough time and computing power. Is there a metric or term for this? Something like it would require on average 2^43 1024 bit hashes to find private ...
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### How is HKDF-Expand better than a simple hash?

Why do we need HKDF-Expand if we can simply hash the pseudorandom key to make it longer? The docs (in the link) say: The second stage "expands" the pseudorandom key to the desired length... ...
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### Why does a perfect secrecy can be achieved when decryption correctness is not totally required?

By Shanon theorem, a perfect secrecy encryption scheme must use a key space of equal size as the message space. But when the correctness requirement is weakened such that $Pr[Dec_k(Enc_k(m))=m]=1/2$ ...
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Using homomorphic encryption, I would like to be able to take an encrypted integer and either add 1 or -1 for a new encrypted value. I do not want the encrypted value to be recoverable - just the ...
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### Shamir's ID based signatures

I am currently implementing Shamir's ID based signature algorithm as proposed in Adi Shamir, Identity-Based Cryptosystems and Signature Schemes. Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84, ...
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### implication of tweak on bruteforcing a block cipher

Consider a KPA attack, where the attacker gets known plain text and the corresponding cipher text. Since the encryption algorithm is known, he can brute force all possibilities of key bits. What is ...
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### Which blind signature schemes exist, and how do they compare?

I'm looking into blind signature schemes for use as digital cash. I have come across blinded RSA, and Lucre(DH based). Are there other schemes available, and how do they compare? I suspect there ...
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### Using cryptographic hash to match AES key size

I am making a tool for myself where I intend to store cipher text. I wish to use AES together with arbitrary sized keys to create these cipher text strings. The idea is to use a cryptographic hash ...
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### Best way to get 32 bytes from PBKDF2

Use the PBKDF2 output as an HMAC key, hashing two different inputs - once for 20 bytes and once for 12 : ...
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### Security based on PRF

I've seen that there is several kinds of PRF, and sometimes people speak about strong PRFs. When proofs of a protocol or algorithm are given based on the assumption of the use of a PRF, are they ...
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### What is the padding scheme for the original Tiger hash?

The specification doesn't seem to indicate how to pad messages to the requisite 512-bit boundary. What is the padding scheme for the original Tiger hash?
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### Efficiently computing the neutral element in a ring isomorphic to Z/NZ?

Edited to clarify question So my question is whether anyone knows of an efficient way to compute the neutral element (I'm gonna call it 1, but the operation doesn't have to be multiplication) in an ...
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### Predicting Java's PRNG using partial output

I have a program (a game) that uses Java's nextInt function with parameter 0x10000 to get a random 16-bit number. Java's ...
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### Authentication and deniability

I have the following problem: Alice wants to send Bob a message such that Bob knows it is from Alice but at the same time he cannot prove that Alice send him this message. The solution I came up ...
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### ElGamal encryption with private key [closed]

Does the encryption with a private key and decryption with a public key works in ElGamal likewise what is done when we use RSA for sender authentication?
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### Three-way hash collision

According to the birthday paradox we need approximately $O(|T|^{1/2})$ samples from the tag-space to find a collision for a hash function $h:K\times M \to T$. But how many samples are needed to find a ...