# All Questions

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### Decisional Diffie-Hellman: compute Legendre symbol of $g^{ab}$ from $g^a$ and $g^b$?

From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decisional_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_assumption: Importantly, the DDH assumption does not hold in the multiplicative group $\mathbb {Z} _{p}^{*}$, where $p$ is ...
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### Is (1 bit HW signal) XOR (8 bits PRNG output) sufficient for a HWRNG?

This is really a follow up question to a comment made regarding How to roll a HWRNG In the situation of whitening a hardware generated random bit stream, "XORing the two bitstreams should be fine ...
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### What are the relative merits of padding algorithms pkcs7, iso7816, and x923?

I am assuming none of these padding algorithms are "the best"... But what are the advantages and disadvantages of using them? PKCS7 is certainly the most commonly used one, but I am interested in ...
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### HD (Hierarchical Deterministic) Keys using Safe Curves?

Bitcoin's HD (Hierarchical Deterministic) Keys as described in BIP32 allow for a master key to be created (a private key and a chain code) such that a tree of both public and private keys can be ...
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### Choice of the one-way function (OWF) for Lamport signatures

I am studying the Lamport signature scheme, and I found that in many sources (eg: Hash-based Digital Signature Schemes) the input and output bitstring of the OWF and the message digest have the same ...
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### Can I store the initialisation vector (IV) in the filename?

I'm encrypting a file and I'm using an initialisation vector. Given that the IV doesn't need to be a secret, is it secure if I add it to the encrypted file's name?
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### What do numbers in a crypto algorithm stand for? Is there a convention?

What do the numbers stand for in the names of cryptographic functions, for example AES-256, RSA-1024 or ...
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### Clarification regarding multiple modular exponentiation

If the base is same and exponents are different, for example: $R_1=b^x\bmod{p}$; $R_2=b^y\bmod{p}$; $R_3=b^z\bmod{p}$; ($p$ is large prime (2048 bit); $x$, $y$ and $z$ - 160 bit integers)) To ...
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### What is the difference between RCCA and CCA2?

Well, I know it's easy to tell CCA1 from CCA2, but I failed to find the difference between RCCA and CCA2. What is the difference?
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### Secure Multiparty Computation with Secret Output

Is there any MPC scheme that allows a function with several secret inputs to be computed, while the output can only become known to one specific party? If not, is this even possible?
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### Efficient way to confirm identity

I am working on a multiplayer game. I have a central server which handles all data transmission and coordinates all games. Clients which involved in a single session send requests to do actions to ...
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### Is it okay to use an HMAC of the plaintext and a (possibly distinct) key as the IV for symmetric cryptography?

I was thinking of how to create an IV for a block cipher that doesn't require stored state, and I came up with the idea of using an HMAC of the (padded) plaintext and a (possibly distinct) key as the ...
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### Why SIVP Is Worst Case Problem?

I just started to study lattice cryptography. I'm now studying worst-case to average-case reduction for SIS. In previous question, "worst means any and average means random". And I wonder why ...
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### What is the purpose of Pseudorandom Function Families (PRFs)?

I'm currently in a course in Cryptography, and was wondering why pseudorandom function families exist at all. If there existed one pseudorandom function f(x), based on its definition, could that not ...
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### Symmetric encryption algorithms with large IVs and authentication?

Most modern symmetric ciphers require a nonce/IV. If the nonce is reused, security is lost. If the nonce is large enough, it can be generated securely by using a CSPRNG. This avoids needing to keep ...
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### Combining a block cipher with a (pseudo) OTP

One of the drawbacks of OTP is that it can require an inconveniently long key. Besides that, it doesn’t provide data authentication. Therefore, I have been working on an algorithm idea, which I hope ...
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### How can I study the math behind cryptography? [closed]

I am a junior in high school and I am currently studying algebra 2. Where can I go to learn about the mathematics behind cryptography? I have a very basic knowledge of cryptography, but I am really ...
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### Would SHA-1 be safe for certificates with short validity?

There are articles floating around the topic of SHA-1 deprecation. The gist of it is that in (mostly) developing countries, people are still using mobile/computing devices that are 5 years old (or ...
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### Authenticated Encryption of UDP packets

I am working on a UDP based file transfer protocol. Congestion Control, Resending of packages and other UDP challenges are dealt with - speedtests shows that the protocol is up to 10 times faster than ...
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### Username and Password: How does it work?

Suppose a client (Alice) goes to an HTTPS website (Bob) over TLS 1.2. Alice sends Client Hello with some random number $r_a$. Bob sends Server Hello with another random number $r_b$. Suppose they ...
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### How is the AddRoundKey operation performed in AES-256?

Can anyone explain to me (or send a link to somewhere) how round keys are added in AES-256? I understand that the round keys is added to the state matrix for each round and how XOR works. But since ...
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### Provable security of cryptographic hash functions

I am working on the following exercise question: Consider the following construction of a “keyed” hash function from Katz & Lindell (ex. 7.22 (1st ed.)/ 8.21(2nd ed.)). Gen : On input ...
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### RSA and difference between factors

As I understand, for RSA $n = p \cdot q$. For the key to be safe enough from getting factored, $p$ and $q$ have to be far from each other. How far do they have to be? For example, if I have two ...
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### Implementation of ECC over binary field

I am supposed to implement ECC over binary field (in C++) for equations of the type - $y^2 + xy = x^3 + ax + b$, as my project. I wish to include the following features : The user will enter a prime ...
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### Generalization of the DL-assumption in bilinear group pair

When thinking about a pairing-based cryptographic scheme, I encountered the following problem. Let $e \colon G_1, G_2 \to G_T$ be a Type 3 pairing. Then: Given $P, zP \in G_1$ and $Q, zQ \in G_2$, ...
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### How “hard” it is to take an e'th root mod p?

I know it's hard to find the $e$th root of a number mod $n=p_1*p_2$, and if it would be possible we could break RSA. But how hard it is to take an $e$th root mod $p$ where $p$ is a prime and ...
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### Hash functions vs Stream Ciphers in terms of Speed

We know that it's possible to create a hash using a stream cipher (for instance, RC4 or AES in Counter Mode). As stated here: "A Pseudo Random Generator (PRG) and a hash function are both Pseudo ...
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### comparison of security for identity based signature and Hashing (SHA-1) the identities

I would like to know which method can provide better security: using identity based signature or hashing the identities and message (using SHA-1) for authentication?
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### How to apply linear cryptanalysis to PRESENT?

Can someone help me implement linear cryptanalysis of the PRESENT block cipher? How should I start with 64 bits of plaintext and 80 bits of key?
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### Seeking an implementation of the Satoh algorithm for elliptical curve point counting

I would be very grateful if someone has an implementation of the Satoh algorithm (Fast Elliptic Curve Point Counting). Can someone point me to practical algorithm implementations or provide some ...
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### Generating keys in RSA [duplicate]

I'm trying to learn how RSA works. From what I found online, I'm supposed to generate private key using Extended Euclidean algorithm. I've managed to generate the public key, but don't know how to ...
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### How to tell if a hardware RNG is rigged?

On a related note of building my own RNG, as someone suggested to use several commericial solutions how can I check if it is rigged against me? (although I am still strongly biased to a homebrew ...
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### Execution time for HMAC-MD5 on a 160 bit data using 128 bit key on a 3GHz CPU [closed]

I need to know the execution time for HMAC -MD5 for a 160 bit data using 128 bit key on a 3 Ghz CPU, kindly specify other parameters of the machine like RAM, operating system used etc