# All Questions

115 views

### Mathematical formula for switching the key for OTP?

Instead of generating the random key for the one time pad cipher over and over again, is there a mathematical formula that allows you to switch the key to a new key? The new key must be as random and ...
207 views

### Formula for the number of expected collisions

Say we have a hash function that produces $n$ bit outputs. From the birthday problem that after around $\sqrt{2^n}$ different inputs to the has function, we can expect a collision. Say instead that ...
36 views

### Signatures with Hybrid Encryption

Typically, in public-key settings, sign-then-encrypt has been used to provide confidentiality and integrity. However, most public-key cryptosystems use hybrid encryption. I've been searching around ...
47 views

### Are deployed MACs IND-CPA?

There are a number of message authentication codes (MACs) used in practice. They are highly used in practice (f.ex. in TLS), but there's (at least) one application where they can't be used: Full Disk ...
49 views

### Public key of a split key without calculating private key

I am searching for a secret splitting scheme where the private key doesn't exist, since each party chooses their own secrets. The other parties should however still be able to calculate the public ...
581 views

### How to encrypt dates using format preserving encryption and avoid collisions

I'm encrypting with an FPE algorithm in C#. What I did is convert the date I want to encrypt to the day of year value and a year value like so. ...
96 views

### Memory hard password based key derivation functions?

How are memory hard functions designed for the purpose of password based key derivation? To protect against a brute force attack from a parallel machine. What design could work well with Skein? The ...
102 views

### SSL pinning - how to safely hide the certificate?

We are doing an iPhone app and read multiple forums which says SSL pinning makes it possible to avoid man in the middle as we trust our web services server through the certificate which will be pre ...
21 views

### How to change radix in FFX

http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/BCM/documents/proposedmodes/ffx/ffx-spec.pdf tells me that radix should be an arbitrary input determined by the user. However, I do not understand how this ...
129 views

### Simple example to describe Bilinear mapping

Notation : $\mathbb{G}$ is an additive group and $\mathbb{G}_T$ is multiplicative group of prime order $q$. Bilinear mapping $e: \mathbb{G} \times \mathbb{G} \rightarrow \mathbb{G}_T$ has to satisfy ...
78 views

### Indistinguishability game hop

I am trying to prove that changing an input in a security game from a randomly permuted set to a set that is permuted using a pseudorandom permutation (PRP) results in a negligible distinguishing ...
101 views

### UKS attack on KEA protocol

I'm trying to understand the UKS attack on KEA protocol. This is described in this paper: Security Analysis of KEA Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol So to summarize: KEA protocol: UKS ...
206 views

### What is the original SKID3 protocol?

While searching for a mutual authentication protocol I often stumbled upon SKID3. However I encountered different variations of it. The basic structure is the following: (1) A --> B: rA (2) B --> ...
139 views

### Extension of a password hashing algorithm using Fibonacci

I am right now taking a class named Applied Cryptography and our final project is to create a password hashing method using at least one existing algorithm and then add additional steps to make it ...
592 views

### Authentication using AES

I need to implement an authentication mechanism in an embedded environment which does not support floating point operations but has an AES accelerator module which allows for encyption/decryption ...
90 views

### Why is the definition of Special-honest verifier zero-knowledge probabilistic?

Let $P$ be a prover willing to prove to a verifier $V$ that he knows a witness $w$ satisfying $(x,w) \in R$ for some relation $R$ and some common input $x$. As found in the literature, $P$ can use a ...
52 views

### What is ε in differential privacy?

In ε-differential privacy, what does the ε refer to? Is it privacy value or the notation used? Can anyone provide an example of differential privacy?
83 views

### AES storing the length within the encrypted data versus storing it outside

I need to strip off padding after decrypting AES(CBC)-encrypted data (I have control over encryption and data transmission), so have looked at adding the length of the original data to the payload ...
49 views

### MDC-2 recommended IV values?

I'm currently reading Menezes' "Handbook of Applied Cryptography", and in it, when describing the MDC-2 cryptographic hash function, has the following line: Choose the 64-bit non-secret constants ...
128 views

### Simulation Based Proof: How the Corrupted Party's Input is Given To Simulator

Imagine we have a 3-party protocol, including client $A$,client $B$ and a server. In this protocol client $B$ encrypts its input under its public key and sends it to the server. The server performs ...
25 views

### How to reconstruct hash value to the original format? [duplicate]

I would like to know how I can reconstruct a hash value such as 558f68181d2b0c9d57d41ce7aa36b71d9 to its original format (734). I have used a code in matlab, which provided me with an hash output, ...
129 views

### Is there a secure source of entropy on a typical microcontroller?

On a device that does not have a hardware RNG, what is the best source for entropy? Some options and pitfalls floating around: Use the ADC to read something analog: can become deterministic if ...
65 views

### RSA signature attack check on lowest 16 bytes - Implementation

I am referring to solution given in this question I need help to implement Poncho hint in this comment: As the first question i have an RSA signature of 1024 bit applied on an hash (MD5) of the ...
1k views

### Why do crypto libs use table lookups when they're vulnerable to timing attacks?

AESEngine.java, from BouncyCastle, uses table lookups as does aes_x86core.c, in OpenSSL. But per Cache-timing attacks on AES table lookups like what OpenSSL and BouncyCastle are doing are vulnerable ...
43 views

### FFX Encryption over alphabet of arbitrary radix

I understand how standard numeric FPE using a halved string in cycled Feistel networks is constructed and operates. I then read the paper regarding FFX encryption which should allow for any non-binary ...
73 views

### RSA problem - how to find $d$ [duplicate]

For example, let $p = 3$ and $q= 11$, choose $e = 3$. What computation I have to apply in order to find the corresponding $d$? I know it's 7, but I want to know the exact process to be applied to find ...
41 views

### RSA Encryption: What happens if n is a factor of the message M? [duplicate]

From what I have learned about RSA encryption, the message M and the modulo n must be coprime because Euler's theorem only holds for coprime numbers? for example, what happens if I choose p = 3, q = ...
61 views

### Can string lookups be vulnerable to timing attacks like array lookups are?

Per “Can non-assembly crypto libraries truly be secure against timing attacks?”, array lookups are vulnerable to timing attacks. Like, if you do cresult[map[i]] and ...
217 views

### Customizable Crypto Algorithms in Hardware

Several companies offer customized cryptographic algorithms, for example Crypto AG (www.crypto.ch/en/company): The individually created customer algorithms are unknown to anyone else and are not ...
59 views

### Public SRP verifiers or public hash chain “public keys” when secret is low entropy password

I want to set up the following: An untrusted server should host user sessions and authenticate users without knowing their passwords or being capable of creating a fake user session in the user's ...
44 views

### Key exchange resilience to DoS attack

I am designing a user registration protocol for a system where I control both clients and servers. The aim is to establish a symmetric key for subsequent authentication, while minimizing the work ...
160 views

### Is Checksum to file back decoding possible?

So, I was having this weird thought. If the checksums(MD5 or SHA...) are unique to any file and are modified if any part of the file is edited, why cant the checksums be decoded back to get the ...
96 views

### Is Cramer-Shoup backdoorable?

We recently had the question whether it's possible to have multiple private keys with one public key for the cramer-shoup cryptosystem. There it was stated that finding such "secondary" private keys ...
111 views

### CP-ABE for threshold cryptography

I would like to know if there is any research work using CP-ABE for threshold cryptography? I want to know also if applying CP-ABE for threshold cryptography would overcome other techniques.
89 views

### Extend OTP on random data?

If Alice and Bob both start with a shared OTP $P_0$, which is 256-bytes long, and Alice wants to send a 512-byte message, would it be secure to send the first 256 bytes with standard OTP (...
164 views

### Can non-assembly crypto libraries truly be secure against timing attacks?

http://cr.yp.to/antiforgery/cachetiming-20050414.pdf states the following: So what went wrong? Answer: NIST failed to recognize that table lookups do not take constant time. “Table lookup: not ...
449 views

### In SSL and TLS, why is there a separate Change Cipher Spec Protocol rather than including a change_cipher_spec message in the Handshake Protocol?

In SSL and TLS, why is there a separate Change Cipher Spec Protocol rather than including a change_cipher_spec message in the Handshake Protocol?
69 views

### ssh-keygen DH Primality Testing

I'm pretty familiar with using ssh-keygen to create groups that go in the /etc/ssh/moduli file for the Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange in openssh. Reading over the man page, it says "By default, each ...
124 views

### More efficient and just as secure to sign message hash using Ed25519?

According to the Ed25519 paper, the (potentially long) input message is hashed twice (see Section 4 page 12 steps 1 and 3). This webpage has a nice diagram toward the bottom that illustrates this, ...
224 views

### Implementing CBC Encryption Using Decryption

I've implemented this algorithm, which, working from the end of the message backwards, creates a valid CBC ciphertext from any plaintext, using the block cipher's decryption operation instead of the ...
38 views

### can cramer-shoup public key have two difefrent private key?

since I am new to Cramer Shoup algorithm I want to know is it possible to have 2 different private key for a public key due the key pair generation algorithm that Cramer Shoup use? I know that in ...
62 views

### Is modular Barrett reduction usable for Ed25519?

I currently try to implement Ed25519 following this draft. I have implemented every field operation except the reduction by the group order $q$ (in chapter 5). I looked for a reduction algorithm and ...
55 views

### Signature Verification: High level

I'm trying to understand how certificate signing and verification works conceptually. I know the classic example with asymmetric cryptography- the sender encrypts data with public key of receiver, ...
44 views

### Is constructing IND-CCA2 public key encryption schemes particularly easy with the KEM/DEM approach?

After the introduction of McBits, I was interested what security notions are neccessary for IND-CCA2 security of integrated encryption schemes (IES, following the key encapsulation mechanism / data ...
196 views

### Is the GOST block cipher broken?

Is the GOST cipher broken or known to be weak and insecure? Please try to simplify your answer since I am a programmer and not a cryptographer and please consider this web page and tell me if the ...
60 views

### Encryption algorithms larger than 256 Bit for “big data” encryption?

I'm somewhat new to encryption. When looking at encryption programs for big data, I frequently see a maximum of 256 bits. Why do we generally restrict our (symmetric) keys to 256 bits? Can more ...
75 views

### One time pad ciphers in emails

In order to achieve very high security for privacy, would it be cryptographically secure to use one time pad ciphers in emails? The distribution of the keyword would pose no problems since I would ...
14 views

### Are there any paper/human strong crypto systems? [duplicate]

Are there any paper/human executed crypto systems that have reasonable strength? I am aware of a few candidates so far Solitare from Cryptonomicon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire_(cipher) ...
### ElGamal in $Z^*_{p^n}$
If $p$ is an odd prime and $n$ natural,it is known that the group $Z^*_{p^n}$ is cyclic.Explain why the selection-choice of the group $Z^*_{{3^{1000}}}$ for the construction of a cryptosystem ElGamal ...