# All Questions

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### Is it secure to use hexadecimal data for IV instead of raw binary?

Is it safe and secure to use a function like bin2hex (which converts binary data to hexadecimal) on the binary output of functions like ...
205 views

### Self-Convergent Hashing

What is the name of an algorithm that hashes its result as an embed of larger set of data that results back to the hash? For instance where $f(x)$ is the hashed result and $x$ is the dataset, and ...
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### Is frequency analysis the only attack on a simple substitution cipher?

I understand that "anagramming" is often used after frequency analysis of a traditional substitution cipher, but anagramming requires prior frequency analysis to provide a starting point. Is there any ...
210 views

### Proof that a hash matches an encrypted file

Assume that Alice has a file $F$ which she is going to send, in encrypted form to Bob. Alice possesses $F$ and an encryption key $K$. She sends to Bob the encryption of $F$ using $K$, $E(F,K)$ as ...
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### What is an impure NIST true random number generator?

I'm working on a true random number generator, and I came across this phrase in the American NIST guide, in section 6.4.1 Non-Approved Conditioning Components: The entropy rate provided shall be ...
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### Permutation of keys that guarantees different hashes

Suppose I have two values to be hashed, $x$ and $y$. Is there a hash function $H$ with the following properties? $H(x) = H(y), \; H(m(x)) \neq H(m(y))$ Where $m$ is a permutation function that may ...
33 views

### Creating a custom 2 way encryption class [closed]

I am trying to make a simple 2 way encryption function that currently uses a substitute cipher for the encryption and an inverse substitution for the decryption. I want to move away from this ...
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### What is PCT_SSL_CIPHER_TYPE_1ST_HALF?

I'm writing a tool to do security posture assessments of SSL/TLS services, and ran into an interesting result. I ran through all defined cipher suites to test which could be negotiated (like sslscan ...
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### How to calculate d in RSA for my number with this [duplicate]

I took the p&q value as 61 & 53 and n=3233 e=17 d=? How to find it? Plz help me...
507 views

### Find private exponent in RSA [duplicate]

The other answers for this confuse me, I know the principle of d in terms of the equation it has to satisfy. However I'm not sure how I would go about finding the private exponent without trial and ...
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### Why IV does not have to be secret yet has to be random [duplicate]

The IV used in schemes such as CBC has to be random and unpredictable. But at the same time it does not have to be kept secret. If the IV does not have to be secret, why does it have to be random ...
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### Choise enother scheme to basises of lattice cryptosystem

In the lattice cryptosystem to find a good or bad basis we apply "hadamard Ratio". But in high dimension computing of this ratio is hard. dose any other scheme exist to solve this problem?
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### What does CMS standard mean by “initial input to the message digest”

I'm really grinding my teeth against digest calculation explanation in the CMS standard. Let's consider the case when the signedAttrs are present. The first ...
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### Why do we need to hash both the message and the $h$ value in ElGamal signature?

The professor left us a question on ElGamal signatures: Given the hash function $H$ and message $M$, choose a random $r$ and compute $h=g^r$ and $H(M||h)$. Show that, if $H(M)$ is used instead of ...
102 views

### Should I be concerned about padding oracle attacks if the lifespan of my key is ~1 minute?

I'm using 4096-bit RSA to encrypt a 256-bit AES key generated client-side. The RSA ciphertext is then sent to the server, and the server decrypts the RSA ciphertext to acquire the AES key. ...
71 views

### Doubts about Authenticated Data Structures logic

I am studying the theory of authenticated data structure, like Merkle Tree and I have a doubt: why use them? I explain better: why to be sure, for example, that a cloud provider didn't modify my files ...
68 views

### Rule 30 Cellular Automaton for Cryptography

Steven Wolfram of Mathematica uses a pseudorandom number generator based on Rule 30 for applications in Mathematica software but I would like to know if a pseudorandom generator based on Rule 30 is ...
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### What is the difference between MACTripleDES and TripleDES?

I was asked to encrypt/decrypt a string using MACTripleDES. Is there any difference between MACTripleDES and TripleDES? If, where exactly is the difference between both?
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### 2 Part Encryption

Can anyone tell me if an encryption / decryption scheme like the following exists? Encrypted1 = SomeCryptoFunction(Data, Key1) ...
2k views

### Where can I get information on how to implement AES?

I want to write AES from scratch without using the built in libraries of java. I know there are hundreds of AES programs (and websites) out there but I can't seem to find a site that gives me the ...
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### Protocol to identify zone of potential agreement without revealing reservation prices and having to trust third parties?

A wants to buy a company from B. Before A and B enter negotiations, they want to make sure that there actually is a zone of potential agreement. Obviously, they don't want to communicate their ...
83 views

### Adding parameters to sponge's capacity

Is it safe to XOR parameters like domain, length of the message or block counter into sponge's capacity or that gives attacker control over capacity? For example NORX XORs domain into capacity. Does ...
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### Simple RSA Key Generation example [duplicate]

I have two prime numbers: p = 37 q = 41 And I need to find whether any of these prime numbers, 5, 7 or 11, can be used as a valid encryption key e? My working ...
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### how to change math.random() implemented in javascript to securerandom [closed]

In Javscript code in one of our application,I am trying to change Math.random to secure random.I am not sure ,how to change.can anybody help?
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### Finding collisions for the DES F-function

It's known that for a given subkey, the F-function of the DES is not injective (see Is the DES F-function injective for a given subkey?). I am interested in efficiently finding collisions for this ...
388 views

### How do you construct a practical full-domain hash function?

I am looking for practical constructions for Full Domain Hash. I have read Random Oracles are Practical by M. Bellare and P. Rogaway, the construction suggested on page 8, under "Uniformity: a ...
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Considering the following encryption scheme where RSA is used to encrypt a plaintext m and then we choose a random r and compute: $$A = r + m^e \bmod N$$ and $$B = r^e \bmod N$$ So the ciphertext is ...
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### Question about lower bound and upper bound key collision

I'm reading this article and I have a doubt in the page 7. First I going to describe the required definitions and next I formulate my question. Let be F(n)=\{f_k: \{0,1\}^n\rightarrow \{0,1\}^n| ...
353 views

### Uniformly distributed secure floating point numbers in [0,1)

Is there any way to generate cryptographically secure uniformly distributed floating point numbers in the interval [0,1)? For example, in Javascript, there is ...
86 views

### Proof that perfect privacy implies that the number of keys is at least the number of messages

I was reading a proof to the statement: Perfect privacy implies that $|K| = |M|$ where I am pretty sure that $K$ is the set of keys and $M$ is the set of messages. The proof is the following, ...
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### Which crytographic standard were RC5, CAST5 and Blowfish based on? [closed]

Which crytographic standard were RC5, CAST5 and Blowfish based on? A. AES B. RC2 C. 3DES D. DES
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### Known plaintext, ciphertext, encryption method (AES CBC) and IV (static) [duplicate]

I know the plaintext, the ciphertext, the encryption method (AES CBC) and the IV -- which is static. While not able to perform a chosen plaintext attack per se, I can obtain many known ...
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### NIST tests for AES [closed]

How to do the benchmarking of a self implementation of AES algorithm using NIST test suites? I am unable to find enough material on the internet regarding this.
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### Finding differentials and space complexity

Most of article about differential cryptanalysis present the generic method, the way to find sub keys. But I can't find a clear explanation about how to find the differentials used in examples. In ...
58 views

### Convert messages to elliptic curve points [duplicate]

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve; $\alpha,\beta$ two points of $E$; and $a$ a private key such that $\beta=a\cdot\alpha$. We choose random integer $k$ and plain text $x\in E$. Encryption and decryption ...
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### Zero knowledge proof of shared secret

Alice holds a secret $a \in X$. Bob holds a secret $b \in X$. Is there a protocol that lets them compute $f(a, b) = \begin{cases} 1 & \textrm{if } a = b \\ 0 & \textrm{else} \end{cases}$ If ...
507 views

### How to prove that a function is not pseudorandom?

I am currently enrolled in a cryptography course, which uses the book by Katz and Lindell. I'm struggling with the exercies which ask for proofs, like the following one: Let G(k) be a PRG with ...
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### Effect of $L_n[1/4,c]$ integer factorization on RSA-2048

Using the L-notation, integer factorization of an integer $n$ has the best known complexity of $L_n[1/3,c]$ using general number field sieve. Would discovery of an algorithm with complexity ...
3k views

### AES Key Length vs Block Length

This answer points out that certain key and block lengths were a requirement for the AES submissions: The candidate algorithm shall be capable of supporting key-block combinations with sizes of ...
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### Is it feasible to build an index of prime factors?

Would it be possible to break an RSA key, in for example 1 week of time, if the cracker have already spent X number of years building an index of primes by performing every permutation of existing ...
101 views

### Multiple levels of encryption

Is it feasible to have data encrypted at different levels of hierarchy I'd like to encrypt an xml database (such as used in www.keepass.info) whereby two or more keys can exist. For example: Key #1 ...
103 views

### Is secure lattice based cryptography in future?

Lattice cryptography is a post quantum cryptography that work on two NP-hard problem in below: Find shortest nonzero vector from origin and Find minimum distance of a arbitrary point out of lattice ...
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### Finding Private Key $d$ using RSA [duplicate]

I'm a RSA n00b when it comes to the mathematics for RSA. After spending some time reading, watching lectures, etc. I pretty much have everything down, except for how to figure out the equation for ...
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### Winternitz Signature in standard model

I am studying the Winternitz signature and I describe its algorithms in the next W-OTS Key Generation. Select the parameter $w\geq 2$ that is the bit size of the partitions of the message to be ...
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### What does “Worst-case hardness” mean in lattice-based cryptography?

In the wiki page of Lattice-based Cryptography the "Worst-case hardness" is defined as below: Worst-case hardness of lattice problems means that breaking the cryptographic construction (even with ...
118 views

### Proof of RSA security dependent on public key exponent

I am writing a (high-school) paper on the public key exponent's (in textbook RSA - no padding is discussed!) significance in terms of time and security. The time part is done; as for the security ...
927 views

### Could an HMAC be used as a hash?

MD5 is considered broken and SHA-1 is closely following, but HMACs built around either are still considered relatively secure. It makes me wonder if MD5 and SHA-1 HMACs can be used as secure hashes. ...
3k views

### How can a Vigenère cipher be broken if the message is short?

I was watching a Stanford lecture on Vigenère cipher and in it the professor said that – to break the cipher – we assume the length of the key is known. We then break the cipher into groups of this ...
In Schnorr's digital signature protocol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnorr_signature), the signing process (as described in wikipedia) requires the generation of a random bit $r$. I am wondering ...