# All Questions

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### Getting 88bytes cipher output from 48bytes input in AES

The other day I saw this Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm in the Google and felt curious about it. I am trying to understand this Hybrid Algorithm. And hopefully its not so hard to understand whats ...
39 views

### Malicious KGC attack in the identity-based authenticated key exchange protocol

There are two users $A$ and $B$ who are in different domain. Let's assume that $A\in KGC_1$ and $B\in KGC_2$. If they want to establish secure session, then they must run an identity-based ...
43 views

### Comparing n-multiple amount of merkle trees?

I would like to know what best steps are there in finding differences between a high order amount of merkle tree's or if a better associative structure should be used. I ask this questions because ...
79 views

### Generate Finite Field power of g

consider the field $\mathbb{F}_{2^4}$, defined by using polynomial representation with the irreducible polynomial $f(x) = x^4 + x + 1$. Given element $g = (0010)$ as a generator for the field, How ...
108 views

### Convergent encryption has dictionary attack, but why hash function doesn't?

Convergent encryption (CE), $E_k(d)$, is a way to encrypt the data $d$, with the characteristic that the encryption key $k$ is $k=h(d)$, where $h(\cdot)$ is a cryptographic hash function. Consider a ...
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728 views

### Are there any specific requirements for the function $F$ in a Feistel cipher?

In a Feistel cipher (as shown below), it seems that the security of the cipher would be entirely dependent upon the function $F$. What requirements on $F$ are necessary for a secure Feistel cipher? Is ...
141 views

### Math to replace s-boxes - Good or bad idea?

The following was going through my brain for the past week. If my thoughts are generally known to the cryptographic community would someone provide a link or two. Even if I’m making a classic newbie ...
80 views

### Is a keyed PRF a MAC?

I remember I read that a MAC can be considered as a PRF. Can a variable-length input keyed-PRF be considered as a MAC?
244 views

### Problem with Python Implementation of Key Exchange part OTR Protocol

Being new to software development and crypto in general, I thought I would write a simple p2p encrypted chat app using the otr protocol detailed here: https://otr.cypherpunks.ca/Protocol-v3-4.0.0.html ...
527 views

### Does collision resistance imply (or not) second-preimage resistance?

I've seen contradictory results. Sometimes hash functions are collision-resistant but not necessarily second-preimage resistant. I've seen this kind of things in papers from Bart Preneel: “Security ...
210 views

### Determine LFSR phase quickly?

I know it's possible with work backwards from the output bits of an LFSR to determine its feedback polynomial in a O(n) fashion. I'm also curious if, given an LFSR state and polynomial, is it ...
95 views

### Indistinguishable encryptions in the presence of an eavesdropper equivalence

I'm trying to prove that definition 5 and definition 6 in this document are equivalent. This is what I've done at the moment: Asume that the scheme has Indistinguishable encryptions in the presence of ...
264 views

### Attacks on AES-128 (ECB) based on some knowledge of plaintext

I'm working with a third party protocol which employs AES-128 in ECB mode of operation to encrypt a packet composed of 16-byte blocks (it encrypts each block independently). I'm trying to determine if ...
301 views

### RSA 896 vs 1024 vs 2048 in Javascript?

I am currently working on a secure messaging website and I had been using RSA 2048 for encryption, decryption and signing of messages but I found it to be EXTREMELY LAGGY so i've moved to 1024. I did ...
396 views

### Exactly two of the four roots must be greater than N/2

Theorem: Let $y$ be a quadratic residue in $\mathbb{Z}_N$* where $N=pq$. There are exactly four integers $x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4$ where $0 < x_1 < x_2 < \frac{N}{2} < x_3 < x_4 < N$ ...
78 views

### Types of cryptography

We have cryptography based on hard problems from number theory, like DDH. When we speak about symmetric cryptography with AES, a mode of encryption (CBC, ...), what is the type of problem ? What is ...
220 views

### Pi Message Encryption [duplicate]

I created a simple yet efficient message encrypting page that will encrypt messages using Pi. Though not being an expert in this area, I am nowhere near sure how secure this is and how easy it would ...
150 views

### Combining Random Hashes - avoiding collisions and ensuring randomness

I have a series of integers which I want to convert to random integer (64 bit). The idea here is to produce random numbers very quickly. The issues that good quality random numbers are required with a ...
321 views

### Is there a standard way to use a nonce with HMAC?

Many protocols use HMAC on messages that include a nonce, but they don't seem to do it in a consistent way. For example, in OAuth the nonce is in the middle of an URL-encoded key-value string, like ...
117 views

### Associative standard cryptographic hash function

I am looking for a standard hash function which satisfies the following property: A hash function $H(a,b) = F(h(a),h(b))$ with $h$ (within $F$) any standard cryptographic hash function and $F$ an ...
187 views

### How to find out the method used to encrypt [closed]

How to find out the method used to encrypt the string 123456 which results in the value: 6g9SkDLIKa8l2VhafFnHvg==?
321 views

### How to calculate inverse affine transform in AES from forward affine transform?

In AES the forward affine tranformation matrix is defined as:  \begin{bmatrix} 1& 0& 0& 0& 1& 1& 1& 1 \\ 1& 1& 0& 0& 0& 1& 1& 1 \\ 1& ...
196 views

### Elliptic Curve based blind signature implementation

I want to use Elliptic Curve based blind signature scheme for my research. There is no proper implementation of ECC-based blind signatures. Can someone describe to me which things I need to follow ...
208 views

### Is HMAC needed for a SHA-3 based MAC?

HMAC does nested hashing in order to prevent Length Extension Attacks. Given that you use the SHA-3 hash (which is resistant against length extension attacks), would you still need to go through that ...
1k views

### When NIST disallows the use of 1024-bit keys, what effect will that have on SHA-3 (with max. 512 bits)?

Quoting the article Gone in 60 Months or Less: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has disallowed the use of 1024-bit keys after 31 December 2013 because they are insecure. ...
144 views

I was researching about hash, and I thought, If sites store passwords with hash algorithms, then can't this happen: User A has the password 'hello' User B finds out the hash code of the password of ...
114 views

### Condensed ElGamal + AES

In normal ElGamal encryption, the encrypted message is a pair (gb, gabM) - that is, the actual "encryption" is simply multiplication by the shared secret ...
307 views

### Description of signatures with message recovery (as in ISO/IEC 9796-2 and EMV Signatures)

I'd like to get an overview of how the signatures with message recovery work, especially in case EMV and other smart card systems. Is there a nice overview available without being required to read the ...
126 views

### How to convert projective to jacobian co-ordinate in ECC?

I am doing a small project using elliptic curve in cryptography. My doubt is, can I directly convert a projective to a Jacobian coordinate system without using the affine conversion in elliptic curve ...
75 views

### Public Key Cryptography: Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange

Please watch this video it's very short. If you already know cryptography and really good at it please start from 3:51. I didn't understand the step at 4:39, can someone here to explain? Why is ...
237 views

### How to decrypt 3DES in ECB mode (using a wordlist)? [closed]

I have some encrypted texts (encrypted with 3DES in ECB mode without salt). My question: How can I decrypt them using a wordlist? (or without one) Example: Encrypted text: ...
99 views

### Empty message Hash length

I am learning Hash Algorithms and in a presentation (PDF) about these algorithms I read that: Length of $h(m)$ much shorter then length of $m$. Now my question is: What if we talk about an ...
110 views

### Large text file encryption per line

Some background: I receive data in text files of over 16 million records (lines). I need to be able to encrypt the first column in that file so that it cannot be deciphered. This process will be ...
58 views

### moduli in SSL certificates [closed]

this is normally seen in a typical SSL certificate. For the modulus, I know that it is represented in hexadecimal form, but why is there a semicolon (:) after every group of 2 digits? ...
120 views

### Is it possible to get better randomness by using multiple PRNGs?

I don't know if this question even makes sense, but: Is there be any benefit or impact to some sort of hierarchical (e.g. a PRNG drives the decision for which PRN to pull from a set of PRNGs) or ...
544 views

### What are the methods to construct a primitive binary nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR)?

Given a binary shift register of $n$ bits, a primitive binary nonlinear feedback shift register will generate a sequence with a period of $2^n - 1$. While I am unable to find a paper which directly ...
217 views

### Convert m-Sequence into a de Bruijn Sequence

In his paper Alternating Step Generator Controlled by de Bruijn Sequence, C.G. Günther states on page three that a de Bruijn sequence (..) can easily be obtained from an m-sequence (maximal length ...
Question: Suppose A encrypts a number $x$ which indicates her bid on a contract, using ElGamal encryption. Say that the encryption of $x$ produces a ciphertext $c$. Explain how E can modify $c$ to ...