# All Questions

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### How is McEliece chosen plaintext secure?

Suppose a challenger creates a McEliece encryption system where there is a public key consisting of a matrix $G$ representing some linear code, and a number $t$ for the number of errors. Then the ...
103 views

### Is the concept of provably secure hash the same as entropy smoothing hash functions?

Is the concept of provably secure hash the same as entropy smoothing hash functions? In the tutorial Sequences of Games: A Tool for Taming Complexity in Security Proofs V. Shoup shows us a proof of ...
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### “Security” of SHA functions (Wikipedia), what does it mean?

Wikepedia's table Comparison of SHA functions mentions "Security(bits)" for some SHA functions. From the ratio (Output size (bits): Security(bits)), I feel it is something like "collision resistance". ...
167 views

### great discovery in the field of elliptic curves cryptography?

Prof. Adi Shamir says in The Cryptographers' Panel 2016: i think that NSA has made a great discovery in the field of elliptic curves cryptography and NSA wants to avoid the increased use and ...
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### What is the importance of 1 < d < φ(n) and 0 ≤ m < n in RSA?

I'm a first year Maths undergraduate and we have recently gone onto RSA. I understand the majority of the algorithm using Fermat's Theorem etc. From the algorithm stated on Wikipedia: 4) Choose ...
186 views

### Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange broken?

Found this report detailing a quantum algorithm for computing isogenies between supersingular elliptic curves. http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/techreports/2014/cacr2014-24.pdf with the quote "...
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### Why Sflash signature scheme is constructed in this way?

Sflash is a Multivariate signature scheme that was accepted by NESSIE in 2003, and completely broken in 2007 by a differential attack. Despite I know the total break of Sflash signature scheme and the ...
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### For the LTV-FHE scheme, after how many additions should modulus switching be used?

From the LTV-FHE paper I find out that after every multiplication there must be a modulus switch to mitigate the noise in the resulting ciphertext, besides relinearization. But, assuming the ...
55 views

### Number of shifts in DES key schedule

In DES key schedule some rounds use one left shift while others use two left shifts. What is the reason behind this?
120 views

### Why does 0x00 make bcrypt weaker?

On the following site: https://paragonie.com/blog/2015/04/secure-authentication-php-with-long-term-persistence when talking about the dangers of using bcrypt it states: There is a nontrivial ...
24 views

### Can we use the sponge construct to efficiently authenticate any cipher?

The sponge construct facilitates authenticated encryption independently of the function used to mix its state. Could we use any strong cipher (i.e. AES-256) as the mixing function in a sponge to ...
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### Is there any difference between a one-time pad and a Vigenère cipher with a long key? [duplicate]

I've been browsing Wikipedia and stumbled on the article for the Vigenère cipher. I realized after seeing the example that it's quite similar to the one time pad, except with a short key repeated as ...
45 views

### Trying to understand MixColumns with Hexadecimal matrix

I am trying to read and understand the textbook's exercise questions. The sample solution at the end the textbook has a final answer and it does not clarify how it got the result. I am trying to ...
773 views

### Use cases and implementations of RSA CRT

I discovered the chinese remainder theorem (CRT) version of RSA cryptosystem which is used in many crypto libraries (OpenSSL, Java...). The use of this theorem improves the speed of decryption so, ...
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### Distinguishing two sets of pseudorandom values when their keys differ by one

Suppose we use a pseudorandom function $PRF$ and a random key $k$ to generate a set of pseudorandom values: $\forall i, 1\leq i \leq n: w_i=PRF(k,i)$ Now, consider instead of picking a fresh key, ...
156 views

### Is there a security problem with this prime generation algorithm?

I am facing the following algorithm to generate an RSA public key: ...
52 views

### How does Boneh–Lynn–Shacham work?

As described by Wikipedia, BLS uses Diffie-Hellman in some way. I understand how Diffie-Hellman works in both its normal and elliptic curve forms. But what is the "pairing function"?
134 views

### Generate hash value using public key along with message

I was trying to understand one way signature chaining on message by Saxena and Soh. As the message is passed from one user to other, every user can combine their signature to create one single ...
238 views

### What to do when crib dragging does not work in OTP (One-time pad) ciphers?

With a Cipher text of ...
134 views

### How does DPA work on AES?

I am really not much of a crypto guy so I don't really get how a differential power analysis on AES works. Can somebody explain it to me how it basically works?
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### Confidentiality then Integrity with different keys [duplicate]

Can anyone describe how we can do what is said in the below sentence which is in Mark Stamp crypto slides (PPTX) on slide number 101 : Can do a little better - about 1.5 “encryptions” The whole ...
4k views

### Assuming a 1024qb quantum computer, how long to brute force 1024bit RSA, 256bit AES and 512bit SHA512

Assuming in the future there was a functioning 1024 qubit quantum supercomputer and it could run Shor's algorithm or Grover's algorithm to crack encryption very quickly. I'm interested in how the ...
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### Confidentiality then Integrity with different keys

Can anyone describe how we can do what is said in the below sentence which is in Mark Stamp crypto slides (PPTX) on slide number 101 : Can do a little better - about 1.5 “encryptions” The whole ...
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...
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### Getting inverse of a transposition key

I'm new to security stuff and I have some questions about the keys of transposition cryptography. If I'm given the encoding key to a transposition cipher, how do I get the decoding key for it? I ...
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### Solving for a One-time pad cipher help ; crib dragging doesnt work (no surprise) [duplicate]

Basically we're given the text 7ECC555AB95BF6EC605E5F22B772D2B34FF4636340D32FABC29B 73CB4855BE44F6EC60594C2BB47997B60EEE303049CD3CABC29B 64C6401BAF45F6A930435F3DF875C4E102F8742A45C824AFCA9B ...
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### Does encrypting with MGF1/SHA-512/1024-bit seed equal to a 1024-bit key block cipher?

Suppose: Alice uses SHA-512 with MGF1(as in PKCS#1 V2) and a 1024-bit random seed to generate a mask, XORs the mask with a message(M), gets a cipher text (CT), and sends the CT to her old friend ...
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### Calculating inverse of transposition key cipher [duplicate]

I need some help on transposition cryptography. If I'm given the encoding key to a transposition cipher, how do I get the decoding key for it? I tried googling but couldn't find any steps on the ...
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### What is the fastest modular reduction algorithm available?

I have been browsing for the fastest and most efficient modular reduction algorithms and came across quite a few. But the one in A Fast Modular Reduction Method (2014) by Zhengjun Cao, Ruizhong Wei ...
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### Are there any disadvantages of using libsodiums helpers for en-/decoding/comparision instead of the native ones?

Libsodium has some helpers, which allow hexdecimal decoding, encoding and also constant-time string comparison. So if you use the php binding libsodium-php you ...
133 views

### Does RSA have two trapdoors?

I watched some videos from Khan Academy explaining the algorithm for RSA encryption/decryption. They explained that there are two trapdoors, modular exponentiation being one and prime factorization ...
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### How to test an encryption against different attacks [closed]

For the last while I have been reading up on cryptography and the different kinds of methods for encryption (public key, blocks, etc) and the attacks against them. This got me wondering how to ...
40 views

### Attack being kind of completely puzzled?

I am reading this paper "The security of Hidden Field Equations (HFE)" and at the end of the page 4 the author wrote: Thus, after all, this belief about every attack being kind of ”completely ...
56 views

### Public-key encryption with associated data

In the symmetric-key world, we have authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD). I'm looking for something similar, but for public-key encryption: public-key encryption with associated data (...
700 views

### Is AES solvable by reducing to SAT?

Consider a known plaintext attack on AES — just so we have an actual system of equalities that we can feed to a SAT solver. Is AES solvable in this way? In other words, will the algorithm eventually ...
33 views

### Password hashing in embedded systems

Are there good options for password hashing in embedded systems? These systems often cannot afford slow has functions. I can think of a few approaches: Store the (hashed) passwords in a HSM that ...
127 views

### Fixed-prefix IV in CBC mode

I know the Initialization Vector needs to be unpredictable. Does it apply to the IV as a whole, or to every bit in the IV? I have multiple devices with poor entropy sharing the same key and I want to ...
33 views

### Impact of Git's use of SHA-1? [closed]

Git uses SHA-1, and it is common to sign Git commit or tag hashes to authenticate a repo. Is this insecure now?
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### Probability of generating same master secret key in Identity-based Encryption

Suppose multiple servers use same IBE domain parameters (I mean same curve description parameters and field) for master secret key setup. Is there any possibility for generating the same system ...
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### Is it safe to use a key as message in keyed hashing (HMAC)?

Scenario: User gives password. A "password key" is derived from the password (e.g. by PBKDF2). A random salt is applied. The password key is hashed with a HMAC algorithm (e.g. HMAC-SHA256), with ...
1k views

### How is the One Time Pad (OTP) perfectly secure?

The Wikipedia entry on One Time Pads (OTPs) states that if this cipher is used properly; ie, the keys are truly random and each "part" of the key is independent of every other "part", it's uncrackable,...
132 views

### Relationship between exponent and modulus in RSA (as RSA properties as listed in X.509)

In one of my assignments, I had the following question (Please read on. Not a homework assignment :) ): X.509 (1998 version) lists properties that RSA keys must satisfy to be secure. One such ...
5k views

### Why is HMAC-SHA1 still considered secure?

This Q & A http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/33123/hotp-with-as-hmac-hashing-algoritme-a-hash-from-the-sha-2-family says that the security of HMAC-SHA1 does not depend on resistance to ...
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### How to calculate entropy of output of a PRNG

Suppose the entropy of seed key is $H(n)$ which is $n$-bit long and random and the output bit length of the PRNG is $2^n$, which will be used as a long running key. Though it is obvious in that case, ...
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### Why is the compression function in Miyaguchi-Preneel scheme secure?

I was reading about the Miyaguchi-Preneel scheme and had difficulty in understanding why the compression function, $h(H,m)=E(H, H \oplus M) \oplus M \oplus H$ can be called secure. The only resource I ...
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### Is there an algorithm that allows verification that 2 encrypted or hashed bits of data are the same, given that I may only know half of the key/ salt?

We have an interesting problem. Currently, we store a salted hash of some secret key known only to the clients of our clients to allow us (and our clients) to find other records that were generated ...
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### Is it OK to reseed a Deterministic Random Bit Generator from itself?

I want a deterministic PRNG for simulation purposes, and I don't want to have to worry about spurious correlations like those the DMCT is designed to protect the Mersenne Twister against. So even ...
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### Reykeyed AES in CTR mode as a stream cipher

Suppose one uses AES in CTR mode to generate a keystream, but every $l$ bytes the $n$ bits that would follow are used as a new AES key. Assuming that AES is a secure PRP: Is this a secure stream ...