# All Questions

448 views

### RSA padding: what is it and how does that work?

If I am not mistaken, plaintext RSA is not secure. So, I have read that padding and hashing is needed to make the RSA algorithm secure. However, I am confused on what does padding or armoring mean in ...
257 views

### Lamport-Diffie + Security Proof

I am studying Lamport-Diffie signature scheme. In the lecture present the algorithm $A'$ for attempting to invert the one way function $f$, where $f$ is used to compute the public key. My question is ...
120 views

### What type of groups does Microsoft's U-Prove use (Schnorr… etc?)

I'm trying to learn more about the Subgroups implementation of Microsoft UProve. I'm unsure if they are Schnorr Groups or use a different foundation? Can anyone point me to the technical reading ...
143 views

### How to build a secure AE scheme with generic composition?

I am actually looking for using a secure Encrypt-Then-MAC AE scheme , and consider using either an existing "ready-to-use" dedicated AEAD mode (GCM, OCB, CCM, EAX, etc ..) or an alternate composed ...
4k views

### How long to bruteforce a RSA key [duplicate]

Suppose I have a 2048 bit RSA public key, and want to brute force the corresponding private key. I guess there are 2048^16 possible combinations? How long would this take me to brute force with an ...
198 views

### Does collision resistance stay when extending a hash function to a set domain?

Given a Cryptographic hash function $h$ for element $x$, let's extend it to sets via $H(S)=\prod_{x\in{S}}{h(x)}$. I am asking if the new hash $H$ (in domain of set) is still collision resistant? To ...
397 views

### Help me describe/identify this challenge-response protocol/algorithm?

My area of expertise is reverse engineering, specifically embedded systems. I do attack cryptographic systems, but this largely involves key recovery or exploiting the implementation. I was asked to ...
252 views

### Indistinguishability attack example

I want solve the next exercise. The author defined the experiment for the cryptosystem $\Pi$, the adversary $A$ and the security parameter $n$ as follows $\mathsf{PRIV_{EAV}}(\Pi,A,n)$ The ...
309 views

### chaining rsa with ecies

In an answer to a previous question it was suggested that one way to protect your asymmetrically encrypted AES-256 keys, from say a solution to prime factorization, would be to chain asymmetric ...
3k views

### decryption many time pad [duplicate]

I have eleven ciphertexts that were encrypted with the same key (which I don't know). I want to decrypt the last ciphertext. I read similar question like Many time pad attack but I can't solve my ...
288 views

### computing inverses in truncated polynomial rings manually for NTRU encryption [duplicate]

Can someone explain how to find inverses in truncated polynomial rings manually (i.e. on pen and paper)? As an example from the tutorial: Example. Take $N=7$, $q=11$, $a=3+2X^2-3X^4+X^6$. The ...
155 views

### Security relevance of random factor in Paillier

In the Paillier cryptosystem [1] the encryption of $m \in \mathbb{Z}_N$ with randomness $r \in \mathbb{Z}_n^*$ is $c = g^m r^n \bmod{n^2}$. The additive-homomorphic property of the system shows that ...
258 views

### Scrypt as a KDF with one-time high-entropy input

I'm looking at using Scrypt as a KDF. Assume the following: the input will always be high-entropy random bytes generated by a CSPRNG the length of the input can vary from between 8 to 32 bytes the ...
362 views

### Store hashed email and compare hash values

I have a number of different systems sending me email addresses, but I don't actually need the underlying email, just a hash of the email address. I know I can compare hash values to find matches ...
126 views

### Two files encrypted with related data versus one file

I have some code that takes a list of credit-card numbers, splits the number into two chunks, one chunk is 8 characters long, the other chunk is the remainder. Each series of chunks is saved into ...
2k views

### What are monotonic and non monotonic access structures in ABE ?

While reading Attribute Based Encryption Schemes, I did not quite understand what a monotonic access structure or non monotonic access structures are. Is there a popular explanation of those terms ? ...
5k views

### RSA 4096 bit key benchmark

How can I benchmark RSA operations on my computer? I want to know about 4096-bit long keys on general computers. How many encryptions and decryptions are possible per second? All benchmarks I found ...
452 views

### Does RSA-OEAP have integrity and authenticity properties?

RSA-OAEP is IND-CCA2 secure (indistinguishable under an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack). Does it also have the INT-CTXT (integrity of ciphertext) and INT-PTXT (integrity of plaintext) properties? ...
2k views

### Blowfish: hex digits of pi used for s-boxes?

Preface: here is the official site for the Blowfish algorithm: http://www.schneier.com/blowfish.html The Blowfish algorithm uses an s-box, which consists of hex digits of pi (found here: ...
205 views

### Crack cryptographic hash functions using Toffoli gates?

Might it be possible that reversible combinatorial circuits (or some emulating software) are going to be used to get the input of the white box? I mean if I have constructed a proper reversible ...
3k views

### How can I implement the “Multiplication Modulo” and “Addition Modulo” operations in IDEA?

I am currently working on IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), and I don't know how to perform Multiplication Modulo and Addition Modulo. This is how IDEA operates: IDEA operates on ...
527 views

### Stream Cipher : Never use stream cipher key more than once [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Taking advantage of one-time pad key reuse? How does one attack a two-time pad (i.e. one time pad with key reuse)? Denote C is cipher text, m is message, and PRG(k) is ...
642 views

### Which is more secure, using just bcrypt or SRP?

OK, here's the two different ways I was thinking about making the authentication for the login thing to store the passwords securely. The first is the following. Client hashes password ...
1k views

### What is the correct value for “certainty” in RSA key pair generation?

I'm creating an RSA key pair in Bouncy Castle and need to specify an int value for certainty. This Stack Overflow answer says it is a relative test for how prime the values are. There is another ...
2k views

### Which attacks can be avoided by the use of OFB instead of ECB?

For a file encryption program, I was told to use Output Feedback mode (OFB) instead of ECB (Electronic code book) mode. Which attacks can I avoid by this choice?
61 views

### Proving item association without revealing one of the associated items

I'm a total noob when it comes to cryptography but I believe this falls under the "zero knowledge" category. I have two associated pieces of information: tag — known by both parties. Unique per ...
213 views

### CPA distinguisher for matrix multiplication in GF(256) with randomized padding

What is the best CPA distinguisher for the function $F_k:\{0,1\}^{8n}\to\{0,1\}^{16n}$ described below? Let $E_k$ be a $2n\times2n$ matrix with elements in $GF(2^8)$, selected by generating bit ...
232 views

### Block ordering and security in a MAC?

To authenticate a message $m = m_1 \,\|\, \dots \,\|\,m_n$ the tag $t := F_k(r) \oplus F_k(m_1) \oplus \dotsb \oplus F_k(m_n)$ is used, where r is uniform random number $(0,1)^n$ and $m=(0,1)^n$. Even ...
86 views

### Two untrusted party want to exchange data: how to ensure each one gets the data it needs? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Two untrusted party want to exchange data: how to insure each one gets the data it needs? I am trying to come up with what could maybe be a novel algorithm for an ...
2k views

### How exactly would someone crack a private key passphrase? [closed]

Lets say for a PGP/GPG pair with a passphrase.
40 views

### Security of AES CTR with multiple messages containing the same known plain text

I have this scenario: The same plain text (that is part of an unkown bigger message) is being ecrypted multiple times using AES 128 CTR with a random key, the key is being transfered encrypted using ...
81 views

162 views

### Probability of guessing random 128-bit AES key [closed]

Consider the following five events: Correctly guessing a random 128-bit AES key on the first try Winning a lottery with 1 million contestants Winning a lottery with 1 million contestants 5 times in ...
77 views

### How to decrypt RSA cipher text? [closed]

How can I decrypt an RSA cipher text in which I am only provided with a public key and the cipher text. The person who encrypted it made a mistake in taking the exponent.
101 views

### Homomorphic Encryption with Addition and Exponentiation

Is there any homomorphic encryption scheme which supports addition and power over cipher text ? Paillier is close but it supports addition and multiplication with a constant. I am getting an output ...
277 views

### Computing the padding of MD5

So I'm reading this question to learn more about length extension attack, and I want to make sure I understand the basics of padding. It says in the post that given the hash and the length of the ...
123 views

### Determine if a public key point y is negative or positive, odd or even?

Take an elliptic curve cryptography public key (x, y) and its additive inverse (x, -y). How do you identify which is the positive point and which is the negative point? Examples: Private key 1 -> ...
32 views

### What do we need to know in terms of plaintext/ciphertext, and how can we decrypt all ciphertext? [duplicate]

Let's say we have a cipher stream that we know has a period of 150-200bit in length. We don't know anything else about the stream cipher. If we wanted to decrypt all cipher text, what else do we ...
20 views

### Proving an encrypted message contains (but does not 100% consist of) a plain-text message? [duplicate]

I have keypair (u,r), and two pieces of data, X and Y. I reveal X publicly but keep Y secret. Y has high entropy. I then combine X and Y, into c(X,Y) = Z. I encrypt Z, into "encrypt(Z,u) = Q". r ...