# All Questions

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### Security of RSA with $\gcd(pq, (p-1)(q-1))\ne 1$

The Congress of ThéOùÇa enacted that civilian use of any public-key encryption system is authorized on the territory of ThéOùÇa, subject to meeting certain security requirements published by the ...
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### Serpent 256bit Non bit sliced version (Table Sbox/IP/FP/LT/ILT) (Non-bitslice notation rules)

Good afternoon! I got some mismatches while counting Round Keys at non bitsliced version of Serpent. I have used official AES submission outputs (file ecb_iv.txt). AES submission package test vector: ...
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### what is contained in a public key certificate

Public key certificate is a digitally signed document which verifies the sender is indeed the person. May I know how can the receiver tell the sender is indeed the person solely based on information ...
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### RC4 encryption/ decryption with hashing

I am working on RC4 encryption/ decryption algorithm based on the following: A wants to send M to B, for that A did: H = Hash (K||M) C = Ek (M||H) A sent ...
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### How do I safely anonymize/hash a unique identifier to protect privacy?

I am building a system to collect a unique identifier (MAC addresses from 802.11 probe requests). The system will have several collection points over a large area, submitting to a central database. I ...
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### Multi-round Transposition/Playfair as a secure hand cipher in the computer age

Given that computers can be easily compromised, there is a need for a hand cipher that can withstand computer attack. Clearly the traditional hand ciphers fail. One time pads work. They also have ...
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### Showing that $2^{N-1}\equiv1\pmod N$ when $N=2^p-1$ for prime $p$

I got this question on a previous exam and I got it wrong. I've gone back through it several times since then, but I can't seem to get it. I would really like to know how to do it, so if someone could ...
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### Is splitting AES ecrypted data safe?

Say I have a key, an iv and an AES/GCM/NoPadding encoded string and I want to split this information between three people such that only jointly can they reveal the ...
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### Is XCBC where k2 and k3 might be the identical, secure?

XCBC paper says all three keys should be independent. It doesn't say they must always be different. However it seems this is necessary to differentiate padded message and message without padding. ...
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### Using same key for encryption and ECBC-MAC k2

ECBC-MAC: $E_{k_2}(CBC-MAC_{k_1}(m))$ If we use same key for encryption (CTR or CFB) and k2 (end tag encryption) in ECBC-MAC in encrypt-than-MAC sheme, is it secure?
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### How good is middle cube method with jumbled digits?

I had to make my own prng for a stream cipher for an inter school science project (I am mentioning that a lot). So I thought of cubing the seed instead of squaring it (like in the middle square ...
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### File format of an $2048$ bits RSA public key

From here, there are $14$ bytes specifying the file format of the key. I am still quite confused about the format bytes. For example, the following public key 30 82 01 0a 02 82 01 01 00 8e a3 d1 c7 ...
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### Is a RSA 2048 bits public key secure [duplicate]

I realize servers such as Google, Yahoo, which use RSA has 2048 bits public key. After comparing those keys, I realize that the public keys share a common property, that is first 9 bytes and last 5 ...
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### Is Paillier cryptosystem commutative?

Is Paillier cryptosystem commutative? If not, how can we construct an oblivious decryption protocol based on Paillier?
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I've got an API spec that specifies NRPAD and FPAD as possible padding schemes. I see these being used together with the Korean SEED algorithm. The SEED specification however is void of any padding ...
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### symmetric encryption A5/1 and A5/2 algorithms

where does the key (Kc) used to generate the keystream comes from and also where does the 22bits counter comes from
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### Show that the equal difference property exits for a modified DES encryption system

My cryptology professor gave us this problem on a past homework assignment and I only managed to get one of the 3 parts correct. Needless to say, I want to know how to do the other two parts as well. ...
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### How can a good encryptor be made?

I am making an encryptor software for a stream cipher with my own PRNG as a project for an inter school science competition. How can I make one so that after it generates the pseudo random nos. it can ...
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### Openssl & RSA : how many public exponents are possible?

I would like to know if it is possible to set the public exponent we want with "OpenSSL RSA" or if it is really limited to 2 possible exponents: 3 65537 If yes, why ?
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### AES: Changing plaintext to state

Can someone explain this to me? For example how M chanes to 0c? Changing plaintext to state:
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### Fast root finding algorithm for Binary Goppa codes decoding using linearised and affine polynomials

I am trying to implement the root finding algorithm from the following paper - Finding roots of polynomials over finite fields by Sergei V. Fedorenko, Peter V. Trifonov link : ...
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### Can you explain “weak keys” for DES?

A weak key for DES is a key $K$ such that $DES_{k_1}(DES_{k_2}(x))=x$ for all $x$. I don't get why are the 4 keys $k_1||k_2$: $1^{112}$, $0^{112}$, $0^{56}||1^{56}$, $1^{56}||0^{56}$ considered as ...
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### Why do we need password in a server which uses TLS?

Suppose a server uses TLS to protect communication between us and the server. I observe that in the TLS handshake protocol, password is not mentioned anywhere. Then why do we need to have a ...
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### The Short Integer Solution (SIS) problem for square matrices

The short (or small) integer solution (SIS) problem is as follows: given an integer $q$, a matrix $A \in \mathbb Z^{n\times m}_q$, and a real $\beta$, find a nonzero integer vector $e\in \mathbb Z^m$ ...
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### Cryptographic system with double keys with reversible order

While reading Shamir, Rivest and Adleman's paper on "Mental Poker", I've met a mention of system such that $E_a(E_b(x)) = E_b(E_a(x))$, without however disclosing details on it, with $E_a(x)$ being ...
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### AES— Brute force attack versus Known plain text attack

I am taking a codes and cryptology course and the following is a questions on a past exam that I could not and still can't solve: ...
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### A5/1 and LFSR incrementation

I am working on A5/1 and I'm not sure to all understand about it. We consider that we receive a burst(228 bits-sequence) to encrypt every 4.615 milliseconds. So when we have initialized our LFSR's ...
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### How can a good pseudo-random number generator be made?

I am trying to make a pseudo-random number generator so that I can use it in a synchronous stream cipher for encrypting plain text. I want it to generate numbers which are as random as possible. What ...
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### CRC32 vs. low 32 bits of cryptographic hash

I was having a discussion with a colleague yesterday whose education and experience exceeded mine. He said something yesterday that sounded incorrect to me intuitively, but I don't have the knowledge ...
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### RSA Decryption given n, e, and phi(n)

my cryptography professor gave us this problem for extra credit a while back and I attempted it but I didn't get it correct. I have gone back to it, but I'm even more lost now than I was the first ...
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### When homomorphic encryption goes wrong?

Consider I have two ciphertext $c_1$ and $c_2$ encrypted using RSA encryption. By definition if I multiply them I'd get $c_1.c_2 \ modN$. My question is what would happen if $c_1.c_2 >N$. Can we ...
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### Simplest code for 64-bit block RSA-like encryption/decryption and key generation

Looking for the simplest code in C. Need a set of functions that will first generate a public/private 64-bit key pair, and then the function to code/decode a given 64-bit block, no built-in checksum ...
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### Is it feasible to use combination of ABE schemes for encrypting the data?

I have a peculiar requirement for preserving the shared log files. For example I have 1000 records which belong to different organizations as listed below and all the logs are present in a single CSV ...
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### Type of cipher used where ciphertext has no discernible pattern, spaces. Type?

What type of cipher could give ciphertext where for example random ASCII chars between say F-z (symbols and numerals inclusive), but with only a few spaces? Frequency of chars shows some similarities ...
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### signed message susceptible to block re-ordering , block deletion , block replication

We would implement a Public Key Cryptography (PKC) based digital signature by breaking the message into blocks and signing each block independently. One of the issues associated with digital ...
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### About the Algebraic Normal Form (ANF) of S-Box in DES

I've thought up a way to represent the transformation of S-Box in DES by ANF. Let $x_i\;(1\le i\le 6)$ be the input of an S-Box, $y_i\;(1\le i\le 4)$ be the output, for example, then y_1= 1\oplus ...
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### Is equal length of primes in Paillier cryptosystem is mandate for security reasons?

In continuation to this question about length of primes , I am in doubt about the restriction on length of primes itself . In Paillier cryptosystem , equal length of primes are used . My doubt is ...
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### Low exponent attack against RSA

According to this: http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~regev/teaching/lattices_fall_2004/ln/rsa.pdf One can calculate the message m, if there was no padding scheme involved. My question: is it possible to find ...
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### Help in uderstanding NIZKPoK notation (and how to code it) needed

Hello fellow cryptographers I have a rather silly question for you; I am aware of how Schnorrs NIZKPoK / SoK works when someone must prove knowledge about DL: y = g^x; (and how to code it) RFC ...
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### DLOG in $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}^*$?

Assume that we are given an element $g\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}^*$ and $g$ does not belong to any of the smaller subfields contained in $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$. If the degree of $g$ is some number $q$, how much ...