# All Questions

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### When we use one time pad TWICE in two different ways

Assumption and Notations: All the values defined over the field $\mathbb{F}_p$, where $p$ is a large prime number. We denote multiplicative inverse of value $v$ by $v^{-1}$. All values are non-zero ...
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### Need help with PKCS#12 3 key triple des key expansion

I am trying to decrypt PKCS8-Shrouded Key Bag inside a PKCS#12 pfx file. The oid for the encrypted data is PbeWithSHAAnd3-KeyTripleDES CBC. Iteration count and salt has been provided within the pfx ...
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### Help with AES decryption with AES-NI Instructions

I am in process of implementing a AES 128 encryption in AVX2 assembly (using AES NI), and am having some problems with decryption logic. I have implemented the encryption sequence without any trouble. ...
89 views

### SHA1 collisions and the impact for ECDSA signatures

What will it mean for ECDSA using SHA1 when we have practical attacks breaking the collision resistance property of SHA1? [UPDATE] Added a bit more details to be clear. If $(r,s)$ is the ECDSA ...
93 views

### Multiparty encryption and decryption

Is it possible to send a single encrypted data message to multiple users so that the users receiving the message can only decrypt certain parts of the message, depending on their rights. For example, ...
38 views

### Computing inverses in a binary field

Please suggest how can i solve the below question What is the inverse of {03} in GF (2^8) with the irreducible polynomial x8+x4+x3+x+1?
188 views

### When all shares of a secret are given to adversary as a permuted matrix

Suppose we have a secret $\sigma$. The secret comes from a universe in which the elements are not necessarily distributed uniformly. We split $\sigma$ into $n$ shares $[\sigma_1,...,\sigma_n]$ ...
240 views

### Would a Rubik's cube be a trapdoor function?

It's easy to scramble a Rubik's cube but it is hard to solve, unless you know the algorithms for solving it. This makes it a trapdoor function, correct?
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### Can an AES-256 key be generated for a large number of cribs? [duplicate]

I have a question in regards to Ransomware type viruses. I know that a number of these viruses use the AES-256 algorithm to encrypt user's files using a randomly generated key. I work in IT support ...
3k views

### Is 512-bit RSA still safe for signature generation?

The standard CSP on Windows XP only supports RSA up to 512-bit, which means that it's the maximum key size I can use for authenticity verification of updates. The public key is embedded in the ...
113 views

### Example of FHEI scheme?

I am reading this paper Toward Secure Multikeyword Top-k Retrieval over Encrypted Cloud Data. I am trying to work out an example of the FHEI (Fully homomorphic Encryption over Integers) scheme ...
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### Why does image size increase after steganography?

I am working on a steganography technique. Sometimes I need to send my steganographed images online to my friends but in the process the image gets compressed destroying all the data. I found ways to ...
38 views

### Can one passively load-balance HTTPS traffic based on TLS SNI?

Is it theoretically possible to passively snoop into the HTTPS traffic, reliably detect whether or not TLS SNI is attempted to be used by the client, and, if it is, redirect the stream of the ...
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### total effective key length of the AESX-192

If I have a AESX-192 be a block cipher which is similar to DESX but has the DES being replaced by AES and the AES key size is 192 bits. How should I compute the total effective key length of the ...
98 views

### MAC algorithm difficulties

Can anyone explain to me why this is a bad idea? I cannot see anything wrong with it except that key K should be different for MAC and AES. MAC algorithm consists of letting the MAC of message M ...
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### Shamir SS: To associate shares to the public values $x_i$, when the shares are permuted [duplicate]

Suppose we use $(t,n)$ Shamir secret sharing as follows: We share the secret $\beta$ as $S=[s_1,..., s_n]$, where $X=[x_1,...,x_n]$ are the public values. For the sake of simplicity, lets assume ...
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### Proving property of Modified Rabin Signature

I'm trying to prove one of the properties of the “Modified Rabin Signature Scheme”: If $gcd(x, n) = 1$, then $x^{\frac{(p−1)(q−1)}{2}} \equiv 1 \pmod n$ This is what I’ve got so far… Proof Let ...
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### how to define the Truncated Polynomial?

In NTRUEncryption, I seen the trucated polynimials, but I cannot understand the trunacated polynomial calculation. So, could tell me anyone How do we calculate the truncated polynomial?
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### How does one attack a two-time pad (i.e. one time pad with key reuse)?

My question might appear the same as the question Taking advantage of one-time pad key reuse?, but actually I did read all the answers and none of them helped me with the details I need. I am new to ...
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I need to store passwords for a web application, and was looking at Bcrypt for a possible solution. After some research, it appears only the first 72 bytes influence the final hash output. While it is ...
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### Is there a standard for hashing a list of strings?

I'm working in Python, and my goal is to hash a list of strings with a cryptographic hash function such as sha256. It would need the property that a change in any string, or the order of the strings, ...
217 views

### Any stream cipher with avalanche effect?

As far as I know, all stream ciphers work by generating a stream of pseudo random bytes, and XOR it with the plain text to get the cipher text. It has the property that one bit change in the cipher ...
98 views

### Exactly how bad is using 'mod' to clamp reduce numbers to a given range?

Let's say I'm naive and want to generate a random integer in the range [0, m), so I do the following: ...
66 views

### Can BPS be used to encrypt a single integer, and restrict the output to a certain range?

As per specifications document, "We have the natural restriction that at least two characters must be ciphered, i.e. $b \geq 2$" where each character is represented by an integer of certain ...
7k views

### With OpenSSL and ECDHE, how to show the actual curve being used?

Using openssl s_client -host myserver.net -port 443 I can see the cipher negotiated is indeed using ECDHE for session key ...
105 views

### Is this a good communication scheme?

I'm writing a wrapper for a chat program to allow for end-to-end encryption. I'm using Python and PyCrypto to accomplish this. I'd like to use a well known library to do this, but to my knowledge, ...
65 views

### RSA numerical questions

Let $n$ be the modular arithmetic, $p$ and $q$ the two large primes such that $n=p*q$ and $e$ the public exponent. Here they are two "simple" numerical questions: If $p = 13$ and $q = 17$, what is ...
333 views

### Difference between AES CMAC and AES HMAC?

Can someone elaborate on how 'signing' is done using AES- CMAC and AES-HMAC? HMAC Signing as I understand: Compute the HMAC( Hash the key and the input concatenated in a special way) Verification: ...
785 views

### Are there any practical ways to transfer random data securely?

The owner of the random.org service recommends that you do not use randomly generated numbers from their website in cryptographic keys. This makes sense, but it got me wondering. Is it possible to ...
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### Why does the time complexity of RSA encryption and decryption depend on the size of the modulus?

I would think that the time complexity would depend on the exponent, not the number of bits in the modulus. For example, if the exponent were 5, using the "naive" method, we would perform 5 ...
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### A standard for multi-key provider encrypted data?

I'm looking for a standard that standardizes data encryption with multiple and diverse key sources to represent a heterogene access structure and culture. The standard must offer the following ...
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### What information should I send along with an AES ciphertext and is there any standard to do that?

While using some crypto implementations I got to see that many times a comment is added to the ciphertext. For example: ...
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### Theoretical security of bit rotation for encyption

This is a theoretical question. I have a idea, encryption by bit rotation in byte. Do not know if something like this already exists. General concept is: First n bytes is rotated to left or right ...
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I realize it's generally considered bad idea to use the same password everywhere. I can use icloud / lastpass to generate my passwords for me, but that leaves me clueless when I don't have access to ...
151 views

### Is TLS secure against VM reset attacks?

Is the TLS protocol secure against VM reset attacks? Background: Imagine running cryptographic software inside a virtual machine (VM). A VM reset attack is one where the the state of the software is ...
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### Are collisions in AES-128 theoretically possible when the plaintext is the same? [duplicate]

Is it theoretically possible to find $P$, $K$, and $K^\prime$ such that $E_K(P) = E_{K^\prime}(P)$ where $E$ is AES-128 and $K \ne K^\prime$? I'd imagine this would be infeasible, but is it actually ...
121 views

### Is there such a thing as a hash function with a fixed size input?

That seems like it would be a useful primitive. Using it in place of a block cipher in the Merkle–Damgård construction would give a variable-length hash, maybe without the tricky business with related ...
124 views

### S boxes in Blowfish

I know how the s-boxes in blowfish are initialized, but how is the output sorted, I mean which bit from the input goes where in the box ? and what do mean they have 256 entries if they are 32-bit ...
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### How exactly does certificate based authentication work?

I know the concept of key generation, as well as encryption and decryption using public and private keys. When it comes to authenticating a user by a server, in general there are three types: ...
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### When we use permutation and random long sting to hide a message

This question is modified version of this: Can we use merely permutation to hide a message? I have an English name $m=m_1 || m_2 ||..||m_{30}$. I pick a random string $d=d_1 ||..||d_{70}$ I mix ...
734 views

### Is this DIY remote lock protocol secure?

I need your advice on following scheme of exchange protocol between remote lock and key. I'm planning to use following algorithm: Key generates unique value that never repeats (in reality it's just ...
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### How to determine the order of an elliptic curve group from its parameters?

Let $\quad E:\; y^2 = x^3 + ax + b \quad$ be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field $\mathbb F_q$ where $q = p^n$, $a,b \in \mathbb F_q$ and $p \neq 2, 3$. By Hasse's theorem we know that the ...
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### Security for secret key of server in Identity-based Encryption

In the key set up phase, server generates Pub=s.P, where s is the secret key.Then , it gives clients Pub,P as public parameters and pairing descriptions. Is it possible for clients to pre-compute r.P ...
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### Is it okay to send an encrypted key using XSalsa20-Poly1305, and send subsequent messages using ChaCha20-Poly1305?

I am looking at a cryptographic protocol in a somewhat unusual environment: the communicating parties can share arbitrarily long secret keys over a secure channel. If forward secrecy is not required, ...
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### Should the most significant byte of a cryptograhic key be nonzero?

Is it safer to give a non zero value to the most significant byte (MSB) of a cryptographic key to ensure its length (not 31 instead of 32 for an EC private key on a 256-bit curve for example)? Or is ...
134 views

### How to convert RSA public keys to one key to use for text hashing?

I've recently asked a question about RSA encryption. One of the things that I don't understand is the usage of two public keys. In the example on Wikipedia, a message is encrypted like: ...
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### Are there reasonably secure online voting implementations e.g. for student council elections?

Assume a university want to elect the student council. This was done via paper ballot and there is a need to reach more students for voting, so electronic voting is on the table. While researching ...
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### Parallel-resistant proof-of-work scheme?

I am looking for a proof-of-work scheme which cannot be effectively parallelized. For example, in hashcash (and by extension bitcoin) you have some collision-resistant hash function $f()$, a target ...
Commonly, Zero Knowledge Proofs based on the Hamiltonian Path or Cycle problems are given as follows: The Prover has a graph $G$, for which he knows a Hamiltonian Path (or Cycle). $G$ is also known ...