# All Questions

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### how to represent message as an integer between $1$ and $n-1$ [closed]

I am trying to implement simple El-Gamal cryptosystem. And I can't understand how to represent message as an integer between $1$ and $n-1$. The only thing that comes to my mind is: if $n$ bit length ...
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### ElGamal and Schnorr groups

As I gather, a normal practice for choosing a cyclic group for ElGamal key generation is to find a safe prime $p$ and use a multiplicative cyclic group with modulus $p$ and order $q = (p-1)/2$. ...
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### Data anonymization and search with wild-cards

Broadcast encryption technique proposed by Water et al. http://www.slideserve.com/nairi/revocation-systems-with-very-small-private-keys takes a leap from earlier schemes as it provides smaller user ...
1k views

### Knowing pre-encryption data, can we find the private key CryptoLocker used?

One of our users seems to have been hit by CryptoLocker. As a result, he has a hard drive full of encrypted files. The ransom-ware claims to have used public key encryption on the files. If we know ...
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### How much work is required to detect multiple collisions for a hash function?

Assume an ideal hash function of output size n bits, detecting one collision requires approximately 2^(n/2) evaluations of the ...
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### Is it possible to perform one-way Diffie-Hellman MITM?

Here's something that is bugging me recently: suppose that me and my friend establish an OTR session and - as a result of that - DH key exchange is performed. My friend verifies my key, but I cannot ...
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### Should the nonce passed to GCM be authenticated?

This answer recommends authenticating the IV with HMAC when using AES and then HMAC. Since AES-GCM provides authentication too, should the external nonce passed to GCM be authenticated separately ...
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### Fairness in cryptography [closed]

Two users A and B decided to share a file of same size and transfer data bit by bit. And at the end of exchange, A will have B's data and B will have A's data. Assuming, A starts to transfer the ...
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### Abstracting primitives and modes of operation

I am developing a symmetric crypto library and have reached a roadblock. Looking at block ciphers, it is quite obvious that all block ciphers are trivially abstractable as a simple primitive ...
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coded text: ij gj hnev xudmyx hn igim umif obaxidyw kxzq si the key is JULIET, but i cannot figure out how it is used. Any help would be awesome!
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### Help converting sha256 to 32-bit stream

I need some help with hash value calculation. I am a bit confused by this statement that I found on w3 website on calculation of a DigestValue for xmldsig ( ...
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### Is ASCON cipher broken?

http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/030 present several attacks of ASCON but does not have a conclusion section. I'm having troubles estimating what are the consequences on the use of ASCON. What's your ...
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### What cryptanalysis is possible against two independent keystreams XORed against plaintext?

If a wise person was unsure about which commercial cryptography standards are truly secure from the fascist powers that be, it would seem the obvious option for companies and individuals is to now use ...
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### Formal security of recycled random blinding in a Paillier scheme

This question is a follow-up/variant on a previous question. Supposing that we are trying to generate a large number of (indistinguishable) ciphertexts of a given plaintext and want to avoid the ...
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### How does multi platform encrypted cloud storage work?

I'm really interested in end-to-end encrypted cloud storage and couldn't find out how following scenario could work: A user of a cloud provider which provides zero-knowledge-authentication (like for ...
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### What kind of attack does the current brokenness of SHA-1 allow?

I understand that the following is becoming feasible, or already is: Find any 2 data (d1 and d2), for which SHA1(d1) = SHA1(d2) However, it is not entirely clear ...