# All Questions

2k views

### How can an S-Box be reversed?

So, as an exercise to greater understand some things about cryptography, I decided to try and implement GOST 28147-89, which uses eight 4x4 S-Boxes. I can grasp the concept of putting 4 bits through ...
101 views

### Session key Exchange, some doubt

I have to find a solution to this problem: I have a network composed by 1 server and some client. The server has a couple of keys (public and private) and it shares a secret key with each client. My ...
172 views

### Prevent replay attack without storage

I am designing a set of low-power sensing motes. Each mote will communicate to a central base over RF. I want the mote to be able to authenticate itself with the base, and send its data without being ...
50 views

### Forcing participants to be honest in Secure Multiparty Communication

Alice and Bob engage to compute a secure function f(a,b) where a and b must be present in a ...
100 views

### Hash and salt or salt and hash?

People say "hash and salt", but aren't you supposed to salt password the first, and then hash it? So that means its called "salt and hash" right?
393 views

### Cracking secret key of a MD5 hash?

I have a MD5 hash which is obtained by hashing certain strings appended by a pipe character ( | ). (I know the values of these) A secret key is added as a suffix to this (I don't know the secret key). ...
15k views

### FIPS 140-2 Compliant Algorithms

Is there any reference to check the list of encryption & signing algorithms which are compliant to FIPS 140-2. After an exhaustive search I could find only "AES". Any suggestions would be much ...
35 views

### Help with pseudorandom functions

I started a new lecture this year about crypto and I've had a few problems in the first few weeks with the exercises we got. I would appreciate a "guide" on how to solve problems like the following ...
30 views

### cryptography and galois field [closed]

How can I simply define the trace function of an elliptic curve. This question revolves around elliptic curve over a binary field. The points are given using point compression. Point compression has ...
51 views

### Relationship between exponent and modulus in RSA (as RSA properties as listed in X.509)

In one of my assignments, I had the following question (Please read on. Not a homework assignment :) ): X.509 (1998 version) lists properties that RSA keys must satisfy to be secure. One such ...
123 views

### Encryption that can only be decrypted once?

I want to encrypt a message so that it can only be decrypted once. I know that we can use nonces to do this when we exchange data over a communication channel, but in my case the cipher text will be ...
35 views

### Why we use operating modes in cryptography? [duplicate]

Why we use operating modes (CBC , . . ) in cryptography? i mean what is the essential of use it ?
49 views

### what problem happen if we always use IV Zero in CBC Mode? [duplicate]

i have a question about CBC operating mode. what problem happen if we always use IV Zero in CBC Mode?
39 views

### Confused with 128-bits AES round numbers

The key size used for an AES cipher specifies the number of repetitions of transformation rounds that convert the input, called the plaintext, into the final output, called the ciphertext. The ...
35 views

### Calculating Phi(M) and D for RSA decryption given p,q,e

I've been given a message in 4 digit numbers but it doesn't seem to work when I use my calculated values for phi(m) and d. If I'm correct phi(m) = (p-1)(q-1) correct? And d is given by ed = ...
51 views

### RSA vs ECDSA/ECDH

So we've been using RSA for a while now. I wonder, is it still secure? I'm wondering whether surveillance agencies can at this point read traffic encrypted with say, TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM? ...
27 views

### Test vectors representation

The test vectors listed in https://github.com/cantora/avr-crypto-lib/blob/master/testvectors/Mickey-v2-128-unverified.test-vectors Are represented as Hex strings? I'm sure that the key is, because ...
49 views

### Which precautions to protect against side-channel attacks on ARX ciphers?

In recent crypto there has been a trend to design ciphers using only the ARX set of instructions - i.e. additions (modulo $2^{32}$ or $2^{64}$), rotations (by a fixed constant) and XORs, examples ...
548 views

### Trivium example

I started learning cryptography from Understanding Cryptography book of Christof Paar and Jan Pelzl. Here is the problem I have solved but I want to be sure that it is correct. Assume the ...
90 views

### Concrete example of Weil Pairing

I am trying to find a concrete example of the Weil Pairing. What I have done until now is that I took $E=(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)$ over $F_5$. I took $E[2]=\{\infty,(1,0),(2,0),(3,0)\}$. I know that there ...
134 views

### Why do 1st and 3rd key have to be the same in 2 key 3DES?

From this answer: However, that wasn't the only situation they had in mind; they also considered the case where someone implemented 2 key 3DES in hardware (which the first and last subkeys ...
32 views

### If a PRG is constructed by iterating a PRF, is it backtracking-resistant?

Say we construct a pseudo-random number generator from a pseudo-random function $f$ (using some constant key $k$ and some initial value $v_0$). We do this by feeding the output block of the PRF back ...
3k views

### Why is RSA encryption key based on modulo $\varphi(n)$ rather than modulo $n$?

While calculating RSA encryption key we take modulo $\varphi(n)$ rather than modulo $n$. I can’t understand why it’s done this way.
32 views

### MD5 Hash outputs not produced

Are there any hash outputs not produced by the MD5 hash function? I need to use it as a placeholder for an empty hash while comparing two hashes.
48 views

### How many Hashes to find a digest of 2^{n−k}?

Given an n-bit cryptographic hash function $H$, how many messages should we expect to hash before finding a message $x$ such that $H(x) < 2^{n−k}$ for some integer k? My take: Shouldn't it simply ...
56 views

### Can we provide Authentication without key using hash?

We are doing research on the topic called "Authentication without key using hash". But it should not be using MAC and smart cards. We read many articles but we didn't figure it out. Is there any ...
48 views

### Is a nonce considered 'secret' enough for HMAC?

We're implementing a mobile application which communicates with a web service, and on first install the user sends its deviceid to the web service (over TLS, unauthenticated at this point) - which ...
665 views

### Computational feasible to reverse MD5SUM?

This might be out of ignorance, I apologize, but how complex of a problem might it be to generate a file of size $N$ whose MD5SUM is $X$? For example, ...
4k views

### Why can't I reverse a hash to a possible input?

I'm going to provide “proof” why a hash function can be reversed, and I hope you can tell my why I'm wrong So, a hash function can be implemented as a series of logic gates. All logic gates can be ...
3k views

### Cryptanalysis to reverse engineer a hash?

I understand this may not be the best place to ask a question like this, but I believe that this community may be the best/only place I can ask such a question. I have inputs and outputs from an ...
52 views

### Is Shoup's Practical Threshold Signatures considered secure?

I am planning to use threshold cryptography in a Java application. So far, I have only found ThresSig and a ECDSA implementation used in TwoFactorBtcWallet. However, ThresSig is based on a 15-years ...
63 views

### Where can I get the correct and precise algorithms for elliptic curve cryptography?

I have been asked to implement cryptographic operations using elliptic curves. I would like to get precise algorithms for various processes like key generation, digital signature and verification. I ...
19 views

### Does HTTP/2's opportunistic encryption potentially allow man-in-the-middle attacks? [migrated]

HTTP/2's opportunistic encryption of http URIs using TLS appears to allow the possibility of man-in-the-middle attacks. Is that true? RFC for opportunistic encryption in HTTP2. Here's HTTP/2's spec ...
47 views

### Easy hash function collision

I'm designing a cryptography-breaking assignment for a college-level introductory security course, and I'm looking for a hash function which is reasonably easy (but not too easy) to generate ...
44 views

### If PRF is non invertible, why does Ctr-mode work?

I am currently taking Dan Boneh's Cryptography I course online. I have just finished the segment discussing the Cipher Block Chaining and Counter-Mode. I am having difficulty understanding why ...
48 views

### How do we solve Shammir 2,3 sharring scheme where arithmetic is modulo?

I am trying to get secret S and I have 3 values (2,2)(6,3)(4,9) and know that modulo is 13. I tried using Lagrange basis polynomial and got 8 but I am not sure if that is right and also I cannot find ...
66 views

### A “one time pad” can be thought of a Vigenere cipher with

A "One Time Pad" can be thought of a Vigenere cipher with... An infinitely long key A secure symmetric key Multiple ciphertext alphabets A columnar transposition I had this question come up ...
78 views

### Private and public keys, how do they relate mathematically? [closed]

Assuming everyone here knows the basics of a public private key, then you know the keys are mathematically related. My question is, what is the math? I really would like an in detail algorithm of the ...
67 views

### How can one protect against a Man In The Middle attack during key exchange without using certificates?

Besides using a certificate to defend against a man in the middle attack during a key exchange, what methods can be used?
854 views

### Can I use a key-derivation-function as the hash function H in SRP?

In the Secure Remote Password Protocol, the verifier must be stored on the server. In the case of a server compromise, an attacker could obtain these verifiers. If nobody reused passwords, this ...
68 views

### Why is RSA encryption version 1.0 not specified in an RFC?

I saw that there are three RSA encryption versions, as follows: RSA encryption version 1.5 (RFC 2313) RSA cryptography specification version 2.0 (RFC 2347) RSA cryptography specification version 2.1 ...
612 views

### Is TEA considered secure?

Wikipedia claims that the best attack on the surprisingly simple TEA block cipher, that isn't a related-key attack, has a time complexity of $2^{121.5}$. So despite how unsophisticated the cipher ...
30 views

### Hiding the identity of a party within the Kerberos authentication scheme

In the Kerberos authentication protocol, as described here: would it be safer to replace step (1) with: $$A \rightarrow T : A, E_{K_A{_{T}}}(B, N_A)$$ so that a passive adversary does not know ...
4k views

### What does AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 mean in relation to Kerberos?

I'm not completely clueless as to what it means, but I'd like to understand it at a higher level. The highest encryption type used by Active Directory domain controllers for Kerberos authentication ...
170 views

### What is sent on the initial communication with Kerberos?

When a user wants to communicate with another user (let's say Alice and Bob), what is sent over the network during the initial communication? Alice uses her Kerberos client and enters her password ...
29 views

### What is the DK function when generating an AES key for Kerberos 5?

I'm trying to understand RFC3962. So far I understood everything, except for the last part: generating the derived key from the PBKDF2 output. To generate an encryption key from a pass phrase and ...
38 views

### Is it possible to have self-authenticated message?

Consider a text with $n$ words which $m$ words of it can be replaced with an equivalent word. Therefore we have $2^m$ different texts with the same meaning. For example "You are {so/very} ...
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### Proving for a single input vs several inputs. Is there any difference?

I am working on a new protocol for pattern matching. While defining the ideal functionality, it is possible to say: Alice sends $p$ and Bob sends $T$ to the ideal functionality. i.e. searching for ...
18 views

### TLS RSA Certificate with Elliptic Curve Negotiation

When I look at Google's Public Key in Firefox I get PKCS #1 SHA-256 With RSA Encryption Yet according to SSL Labs Google has EC 256 bits / SHA256withRSA and supports ...
16 views

### How do I check if the secret key polynomial of the ATV-FHE (NTRU based) scheme is invertible?

I want to implement the ATV-FHE scheme as described here https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/039.pdf. To generate the secret key polynomial I compute f = 2*u + 1 , with scheme parameters chosen such that ...

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