# All Questions

1answer
49 views

### Cipher text only attacks on deterministic fully homomorphic encryption schemes

If we have encryptions of additive and multiplicative identities in the corpus of cipher text of a deterministic fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme, I guess we can break it. If the FHE scheme ...
1answer
73 views

### Creating a random password based off of a prime number

So I am making an application that basically creates strings that must be encrypted before they are stored on a user's device. If the user blindly starts running the application without creating a ...
6answers
1k views

### Any efficient text-based steganographic schemes?

While there are sophisticated and efficient steganographic schemes with images as cover available, I am yet ignorant of the existence of any fairly efficient and secure schemes with texts as cover. ...
0answers
35 views

### BER or DER X9.62 ECDSA signature

The signature format for ECDSA signatures can be encoded using ASN.1 integers according to X9.62 or it can comprise of two integers with the same size as the key size. In case the X9.62 format is ...
1answer
94 views

### Creating unique keys with md5

The project I'm working on requires me to find a way to create a unique key based on data stored in a table. The table in question consists of x columns and y rows. In order to create the key I want ...
1answer
51 views

### How does the certificate authority generate a signature F?

E=encrypt(K,M) - is message M encrypted with key K gives encrypted text E M=decrypt(K,E) - is encrypted text E decrypted with key K gives message M KCA−pub,KCA−priv - is the private-public key pair ...
1answer
67 views

### What do I use as the encryption key and initialization vector in AES cfb128

I'm writing a program that can encrypt a file using AES cfb128 (using Openssl and C++). The scenario of the program is this: Person A visits computer, encrypts a file they make, takes away a key ...
5answers
27k views

### Should I use ECB or CBC encryption mode for my block cipher?

Can someone tell me which mode out of ECB and CBC is better, and how to decide which mode to use? Are there any other modes which are better?
1answer
46 views

### Altering the message space of Paillier

Is there any obstacle if we restrict in Paillier the plaintext values to be drawn from $\mathbb{Z}_N^*$ instead of $\mathbb{Z}_N$ as the original scheme indicates.
1answer
29 views

### difference between soundness in ZKPoK and special soundness for sigma proofs

What is the difference between soundness in ZKPoK and special soundness for sigma proofs?
1answer
59 views

### Why is a Feistel network not a type of substitution-permutation network?

I understand what substitution-permutation networks look like. I understand what Feistel networks and Feistel-like networks look like. A Feistel network or a Feistel-like network features substitution ...
1answer
203 views

### How can I map arbitrary group elements to unique integers without using Hash functions?

Let's say, I have a group $G$ of large prime order $p$. A set $S$ consists of $n$ random elements chosen from $G$. Without using a collision resistant hash function $H$, how can I map elements of $G$ ...
0answers
43 views

### Are there any noisy homomorphic encryption schemes?

Are there any Homomorphic Encryption(HE) schemes that result in noisy answers ? By noisy i mean , the answers could be approximately near the actual answers by noise factor $\epsilon$. For example , ...
2answers
102 views

### Removing “security by obscurity” from port knocking

Every article about port knocking, for instance https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Port_Knocking , declares this method as security by obscurity. Is the following enough to remove that title; a ...
2answers
185 views

### Why would an Initialization Vector be supplied externally?

My software uses a 3rd party encryption appliance. One of the capabilities they allow is for the client software to supply an IV while doing CBC encryption. Why would they not generate a random ...
3answers
127 views

### Sage Vs C++(with NTL) for implementing cryptosystems

Is Sage a better alternative to C++(with NTL), for programming that involves math objects like polynomial rings in cryptosystems? I hear that Sage is an open source alternative to Magma. I have used ...
1answer
141 views

### How to decrypt a '.enc' file that has been encrypted with RSA using a public key?

While solving a CTF challenge online, I came across a situation where I needed to decrypt a '.enc' file that has been encrypted using someone's public key. The ...
1answer
95 views

### New to cryptology, studying Message Authentication Codes

I understand the basic operational theory behind MAC, but I'm getting tripped up on some of the finer details. Also the differences between MAC, HMAC and MIC are getting lost on me, including the ...
1answer
109 views

### Decrypted RSA 64 bit encryption using modulus and private exponent. Got gobbledygook [Verify] [closed]

As part of an experiment, I was given a .enc RSA (encrypted) file that was most likely generated using openssl. I had the public key, I factored it, obtained the private exponent, and decrypted the ...
0answers
25 views

### For intrusion detection, tripwire, using crypto hash integrity checking - what can be expected? [migrated]

Intrusion detection using something like Tripwire that conducts integrity checks through crypto'ed hash functions of files requires a scan and to hash the file and save this for later comparison. ...
1answer
1k views

### What is the probability of breaking the AES algorithm?

I am doing a project which requires the encryption to be done using AES. Is it really possible (technically) to crack AES? If yes, please tell me: What is the probability of breaking AES? How ...
1answer
54 views

### Affine transformation in AES: Matrix representation

I know that the affine transformation of the AES can be represented both as a polynomial evaluation over $\operatorname{GF}(2^8)$ and as a matrix-vector multiplication (see, e.g., p.212 C.4 of The ...
0answers
49 views

### AES GCM calculator

I am looking for an online calculator like this one but for AES-GCM. i want to check the outcome of and see if what I made does the AES-GCM correctly. Does anyone know of such a tool? I have been ...
1answer
33 views

### Common reference string in NIZK

I want to ask that does the common reference string in NIZK have to be random? Or can it be anything?
1answer
35 views

### AES inversion operation in sub byes

I was wondering why in the AES sub-bytes operation one can represent the inversion as computing $x^{254}$. What is the reason for this? Moreoever, I was wondering what the text on page 212 of ...
1answer
230 views

### A fast non-cryptographic hash function that is “strong enough”?

I'm designing a simple one-time-password mechanism for authentication against a possibly-insecure server - i.e. I don't want to use symmetric shared secrets. The first idea that came into mind was ...
1answer
133 views

### Will non-ECC algorithms like RSA eventually become too inefficient?

The strength of symmetric and asymmetric encryption schemes scales with the key length, but there is a difference between symmetric algorithms like AES and asymmetric algorithms like RSA. For ...
1answer
113 views

### How is HMAC(message,key) more secure than Hash(key1+message+key2)

I understand how for hash functions which are vulnerable to length extension attacks (such as SHA1 and SHA2) it is safer to use a HMAC construction. What I don't understand is, how or why is ...
1answer
110 views

### Problem with testing MD5 collisions

I am trying to test MD5 collisions presented in “Collisions for Hash Functions MD4, MD5, HAVA” (PDF) by Xiaoyun Wang, Dengguo Feng, Xuejia Lai, Hongbo Yu; 2004. I wrote a PHP script to test it, but ...
2answers
245 views

### Toy public/private key example open to frequency analysis?

I've been looking at an online Public Key Encryption Example (summarized below). It seems to me that choosing cyphertext = plaintext^(key) mod n would produce the ...
1answer
49 views

### Secure symmetric encryption algorithm for any-size base62 data

I am searching for a secure algorithm to encrypt base62 (or any other base) data for ids in urls. It should feature: No blocksize etc, limiting the length of the message to a factor of n If you ...
1answer
71 views

### How many characters per block in an El Gamal ECC cryptosystem?

While I look for how many characters that can be encrypted using the The elliptic curve ElGamal cryptosystem. of each block found for these lines. But I can not understand Actually in our case we ...
1answer
76 views

### Key change and key derivation

There are two ways for key change: key update, and Re-keying. Which of these methods use a KDF (Key Derivation Function) for getting new keys?
1answer
98 views

### Is the SEED blockcipher still secure?

I did found an old question which answers exactly this but it is from 2 years ago and i was wondering if there were any changes. I have not been able to find any new information on the cipher and am ...
1answer
123 views

### Hash functions to the power of two and three notation

I have found in a Wireless Sensor Networks security paper, operations where cryptographic hash functions are elevated to the power of 2 and to the power of 3 (i.e. $h^2(x)$ and $h^3(x)$). This might ...
1answer
29 views

### DSA: Authentication and assurance of authorized parties

When dealing with Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, usually the sender of the critical data asks the listener for a Public Key for encrypting the data and sending them. This is while the private ...
1answer
350 views

### AES file encryption with PBKDF2. Safe parameters?

I'm developing an application that will use public key authentication to contact some webservice. So the user has his keypair on his computer, and I want that file to be encrypted using AES with a key ...
1answer
310 views

### Computing IV for CBC from PBKDF2 + HKDF

Note that this question is somewhat similar to Can I use my random IV (for AES) as a salt for PBKDF2? My current encryption format computes two random PBKDF2 salts (encryption and HMAC, 8 bytes each) ...
1answer
45 views

### anonymous signature implementation and usage?

This is one of the question asked in my class. Implement a anonymous digital signature. So it means hiding signers information. i could not find any article in anonymous digital signing. Also another ...
5answers
3k views

### Is there any opensource white-box implementation of AES or DES?

I googled it and give me no result. There is a binary executable of white-box implementation of DES (scroll down), but no source code provided. The same page also links various papers about ...
1answer
37 views

### Differential Privacy and appropriate noise distribution

In differential privacy solutions and more specifically for queries that they do entail counting the proposed solutions define the laplace distribution that is best calibrated for low error. Other ...
0answers
58 views

### Pseudorandom Function Proof

Given a set of pseudorandom functions $F=\{f_s^i\}_i$ for each $s\leftarrow\{0,1\}^n$ generated at random; moreover each $f_s^i$ uses a specific PRG $G^i:\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}^{2n}$, where: ...
1answer
38 views

### What is the difference between chosen-plaintext attack and adaptive-chosen-plaintext attack?

I've just dived in cryptography and would like to learn basics of this science. Currently I can't understand the difference between these two types of attacks. As I understood from Bruce Schneier's ...
1answer
217 views

### Elliptic Curve Crypto, is a distributed signing method possible using Shamir's Secret Sharing?

Note: A distributed signature scheme exists for RSA: Practical Threshold Signatures, Victor Shoup. Is it possible to adapt such scheme for ECC? A centralized signing machine is vulnerable to ...
1answer
33 views

### Identification by RSA

Suppose we have identification scheme as such: Bob takes random $r$, and encrypts it with Alices public RSA key $(n,e)$, sends $r^e$ to Alice. Alice decrypts $r$ and sends it back to Bob, becomes ...
2answers
146 views

### Cryptosystems used to generate public key certificate

Where can we find the cryptosystems used to generate public key certificate? Are the cryptosystems under the signature algorithm and signature hash algorithm? Do I need to analyze the packets ...
1answer
154 views

### Why is diffie-hellmangroup1-sha1 used instead of diffie-hellman?

For SSH why is diffie-hellmangroup1-sha1 used instead of just diffie-hellman? In other words, why is the hash function used?
1answer
31 views

### Replay Attack in Stream Cipher

Stream ciphers are vulnerable to replay attack if the same key k is used. If E() is a stream cipher and an attacker intercepts the message m that's being transmitted at time t, how can the attacker ...
1answer
58 views

### What is the purpose of pre master secret in SSL/TLS?

I studied about SSL/TLS and learned that client and server must share keys below. common key for encryption common key for generating message authentication code Then, in SSL/TLS, a client doesn't ...
1answer
77 views

### Is the reduction from left-or-right IND-CPA to real-or-random IND-CPA tight?

A modern trend in cryptography consists of defining security as rigorously as possible, and then designing schemes which are secure according to those definitions. Proving security comes in the form ...

15 30 50 per page