# All Questions

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### Static DH/Static ECDH certificate using OpenSSL

I've been searching for some time and have found no way to create a working certificate and private key pair with a DH or ECDH public key using OpenSSL. Once I do this, I'd like to sign it with an RSA ...
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### Who uses the RSA BSAFE library? [duplicate]

Who uses RSA's BSAFE library? Does anyone know what products use it, or have any statistics on how many end users use something that is built on BSAFE? Background: BSAFE is one of the oldest ...
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### Why should I use an Initialization Vector (IV) when I have unique keys?

I took a look at “Why, or when, to use an Initialization Vector?” but my question is not the same. I have unique keys encrypting each plaintext (in CBC mode, AES-256) and I do not use a key to ...
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### Does we need IV if we're generating a new Symmetric key for every message? [duplicate]

We need to encrypt individual messages, for every message we: Generate a new AES key Encrypt the message with the key (AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding) Encrypt the symmetric key with with a public key ...
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### Improve security of transposition ciphers

As we know, breaking a Transposition Cipher is quite trivial and can be easily done by either exploiting single letter frequencies (not $d$-gram frequencies though, given that $2 < d < L$), or ...
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### Why Elliptic Curves?

What is the benefit of using elliptic curves over the standard finite field, when the cyclic subgroup we consider of the EC's solution group is just isomorphic to some integer residue class of prime ...
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### How to prove the hardness of Rabin's function?

I am unable to prove the following theorem: If for a $1/(\log(n))$ fraction of the quadratic residues $q\pmod n$ one could find a square root of $q$, then one could factor $n$ in random polynomial ...
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### Stern identification scheme to signature scheme

I'm trying to understand the comment in the page 103 of the book Postquantum Cryptography. about convert the identification Stern procedure for signing. Can you write an example of signature of this ...
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### Implementing forward secrecy in OpenPGP with public key authentication

I am trying to consider the feasibility of implementing an encrypted file sharing system, which both provides forward secrecy but also allows public key verification. I am stuck on the marriage ...
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### Length of output of AES 128 encryption in python [migrated]

When I am trying to convert to hex the output of my AES 128 encryption code using pycrypto. I am using hexlify .the output is 64 bits for a 32 bits input. The output is always double the size for any ...
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### Why don't use random padding in RSA?

Consider the following scenario: Sender S sends a message to receiver R. He uses a hybrid encryption scheme with RSA as key-encapsulation algorithm and AES-256-CTR (4byte-counter) and SHA256-HMAC. ...
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### RSA private key d knowing e,n

I need to find RSA private key $(d, N)$ knowing $(e, N)$. It's "own" RSA implementation. As i know $p$ is random 70 bit number, then $q$ is $p-2^{10} < q < p+2^{10}$ $d$ is max 16 bit long with ...
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### Can hash functions improve a lousy PRNG?

If I have a poor PRNG, could a cryptographically secure hash function make a better output? Say the PRNG can produce as much numbers as you wish, reasonably random, but not good enough to be used in ...
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### What values constitute failing for ENT tests?

The dieharder tests give a clear PASSED, WEAK, etc and I'm wondering what those thresholds ...
1k views

### Reusing keys with AES-CBC

I heard that key/IV pairs must not be reused in AES-CTR, or when using any stream cipher for that matter. Yet the attacks described do not seem to apply to AES-CBC. Is reusing the same key several ...
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### Can Alice send Bob a secure message with only DSA and no key exchange?

Suppose Bob has a DSA key pair, and Alice has Bob's public key. Is there any secure way that Alice can send Bob a message only he can read if Bob can not send any reply? I think the answer is no, ...
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### Better lower bound on min-entropy

In “Randomness Condensers for Efficiently Samplable, Seed-Dependent Sources” by Dodis, Ristenpart, and Vadhan (PDF), I have seen the statement that: any tuple of distributions $(X,Z)$ is $ε$-close ...
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### Hash functions to generate one time pad

Newbie question... may be... Stream cypher, will XOR message bits with one time pad bits Suppose I have a pseudo random number generator, like a Mersenne twister or sort of. I could use the ...
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### Does the following linear equation hold in bilinear pairings?

Does the following hold in bilinear pairings? $$e(g^{a_1x_1}g^{a_2x_2},g^{c_1}g^{c_2})=e(g^{x_1+x_2},g^{a_1a_2(c_1+c_2)})$$
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### Does the encryption algorithm DES perform random permutations? If so how is information not lost?

Before round 1 begins, all 64 bits of an incoming message and all 56 bits of the secret key are separately permuted (shuffled) My question is this : Is the shuffling of the bits performed ...
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### Can Grover's algorithm be parallelized?

Using a quantum computer, Grover's algorithm can search an unordered list of length $N$ in time $\sqrt{N}$. Applied to cryptography this means that it can recover $n$ bit keys and find preimages for ...
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### Multiplicative inverse ($17^{-1} \mod 31$)?

So. Sorry for bothering you with such a simple question, but I can't really get this done. It's just an exam question in which I need to use CRT in order to calculate the RSA signature of a msg ...
60 views

### How can a lattice attack be applied to ECDSA signatures?

The aim is to check if it is possible to break the ECDSA cryptosystem under the following criteria. Suppose that each ECDSA signature is generated by using the GLV method for point multiplication ...
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### Finding keys of modified DES encryption

This is a question I had in my exam today, and I'll be glad if someone can help me to find the answer. A student built an encryption algorithm (something between DES and 3DES), in which the ...
2k views

### Zero knowledge proof protocol example?

Alice is color blind. She never knows if her gloves are matched. Her brother Bob always teases her saying her gloves are mismatched and she should go change them. Alice wants to know if ...
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### Session key Exchange, some doubt

I have to find a solution to this problem: I have a network composed by 1 server and some client. The server has a couple of keys (public and private) and it shares a secret key with each client. My ...
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### Determine AES key given encrypted and unencrypted files

Given an encrypted file, the original unencrypted (cleartext) file, and knowledge of which AES encryption algorithm was used, is it possible to determine the key that was used to encrypt the data in a ...
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### Is authenticated encryption basically a lockable box?

I recently used a custom construction as a commitment scheme, which was taken from the standard picture you give people while explaining commitment schemes. Basically commitment schemes can be ...
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### Why does “2xAES-256” provide “99.99%” security strength whereas “1xAES-128” provides “40%”? [closed]

I recently was "directed" to FlipsCloud, a company selling security solutions (as far as I can tell). In particular I've investigated their page and found a page on their "encryption features". This ...
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### Identification schemes: Okamoto

I am reading Cryptography theory and practice by Stinson. The book is talking about the proof of security of Schnorr and Okamoto schemes. It claims that if an impersonater can find (in the case of the ...
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### Cryptography in wireless medium

.i'm new to this Area. Que. how do i implement asymmetric key algorithm into wireless medium using ns 2.35 ? e.g. node A is a sender and B is a receiver now A is sending a pkt using Bs public ...
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### Collision Probability of MD5 over different attacks

I am researching on collision probability of MD5 on various attacks against it. Can someone help me with finding what is the least probability that there will be collision in specific attack on MD5 ? ...
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### Using HMAC SHA256 to protect payment files in local trusted network

in a project that I am working on we have been tasked with eliminating PGP while providing sufficient security to protect payment files only within the Company's trusted network. We arrived at HMAC ...
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### How many bits to flip in an RSA public key to do signature forgery?

Scenario: Alice wants to verify a signature from Bob. Alice knows Bob's RSA public key (e, n). However, Alice is getting the data, the signature of the data and the public key from an attacker Eve. ...
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### Deterministic ECDSA signatures?

ECDSA signatures depend on parameter k that is chosen by the signer. As a result, there are many signatures for the same private key d and message m. What I want to achieve is a deterministic ...
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### What needs to be proved for a cryptosystem to be secure?

For example showing that it is easy to produce ciphertext from plaintext but is difficult/impossible to get plain text from ciphertext. I am asking in general but am more interested in asymmetric ...
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### How does SafeNet MobilePASS generate passwords? (TOTP Variant)

This question is similar to How does SafeNet MobilePASS generate passwords? The question and answer there is related to the HMAC Variant of SafeNet Mobilepass. I'm looking for details on the TOTP ...
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### Why does encryption in STS protocol protect against identity attacks?

The basic STS protocol contains encryption of the signature as shown in Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station-to-Station_protocol If we would like to defend against MITM attack, this ...