# All Questions

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### Calculate the security of a cascade cipher

I’m reading “The Security of Multiple Encryption in the Ideal Cipher Model” and I’m having a hard time understanding something. How do I calculate the bounds of cascade cipher from the following ...
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### Is 256 a reasonable length for a Diffie-Hellman safe prime?

There's a program that uses the following OpenSSL function... DH_generate_parameters(256, 5, NULL, NULL) ...to create DH parameters which are later used for ...
628 views

### Which symmetric cipher is best for studying? [closed]

I would like to study a modern symmetric cipher (I have never studied a cipher before) and I was wondering which would be the best cipher for studying purposes of the following: AES (Rijndael), ...
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### Collision or second preimage for the Chacha core?

Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha core is an evolution of the Salsa20 core. Both are functions over the set of 512-bit bitstrings, partitioned as sixteen 32-bit words. Can we exhibit collisions, or ...
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### NTRU and one failed example

In NTRU crypto system I have used these polynomials and parameters: $N = 17, p = 7, q = 64$ and $f$ as private key is: $$f = -1 + x + x^2 - x^4 + x^6 + x^9 - x^{10}$$ So the inverse of $f$ in ring ...
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### Cipher text only attacks on deterministic fully homomorphic encryption schemes

If we have encryptions of additive and multiplicative identities in the corpus of cipher text of a deterministic fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme, I guess we can break it. If the FHE scheme ...
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### Side channel attack on FPGA AES engine

I actually don't know if this is the right place where ask, but I try. The side channel attacks aren't a negligible problem. There are several ways to protect from these attacks its own IP inside the ...
1k views

### Which one is fastest? Karatsuba or Montgomery multiplication?

Is there any complexity analysis between Karatsuba and Montgomery multiplication algorithms? It seems that Karatsuba is more general in the sense that is not modulo tuned while Montgomery it is. Does ...
42 views

### Frequency tables for HTML page source

Are there online resources with an ASCII character frequency table for HTML? There's tons of them for english, but I can't seem to find one for page source. I know that this is something that's ...
288 views

### Is it an example of bilinear pairing?

Consider a bilinear pairing $e: G_1 \times G_2 \rightarrow G_T$. Let's assume, $G_1 = G_2 = G_T = (\mathbb{Z}_n,+)$, i.e. additive group of integer modulo $n$ and $e(x,y) = xy$ mod $n$. Isn't it an ...
41 views

### How to determine the exponent when using RSA

Can someone please explain to me how, when using RSA, to determine the exponent to be used in encryption and decryption? I have attempted a worked example on using RSA (shown below) but I can't ever ...
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### What is more efficient, pairing based cryptography or non pairing based cryptography? [closed]

As far as I know non pairing pairing based cryptography is less time consuming than pairing based because, pairing based uses complex operations. Are there any advantages of pairing based cryptography ...
33 views

### Determine if encryption is safe against CPA

The following encryption scheme encrypts each block of length $n$ of the plaintext separately: $c_i = k_1 \oplus F(k_2 \oplus p_i)$ Where $F$ is a strong pseudo-random permutation (i.e. it is easy ...
45 views

### Understanding Meet-in-the-Middle attack on block ciphers

I understand how to implement a Meet-in-the-Middle attack on 2DES/3DES, by computing for one half all possible keys and storing the outcome and then subsequently do the same for the other half but ...
81 views

### RSA: How effective is this keypair-trash attack [duplicate]

A question that could very well be part of xkcd's "what if?": Let's say Monica made a piece of software that sends all RSA keypairs to a central database after they're not used anymore. Something ...
81 views

### Crypto hash function vs encryption algorithms

Why is a cryptographic hash function generally faster to execute in software than conventional encryption algorithms such as DES?
130 views

### How can I start the following crypto project? [closed]

(Cryptography: encrypting files before storage in the cloud): The project consists of a software implementation of a method to pre-process a file before storing it on a cloud storage server so that ...
202 views

### Is the HMAC construction really neccessary for a fixed length message?

The HMAC Construction is defined as: Hash( (Key XOR opad) || Hash((Key XOR ipad) || Message) ) This was designed because a simpler construction such as: ...
18 views

### SSH rekey security implications

When an SSH session is rekeyed due to either the time limit or data limit for rekeying having passed, does the Diffie-Hellman exchange take place within the encrypted channel provided by the existing ...
414 views

### Encrypting a key with the same key using AES

I am new to crypto and trying to understand why it would be insecure to use AES to encrypt a key with the same key. Basically, something like this: encrypt(key, key) What happens when both key and ...
23 views

### Determine safety of exercise hash functions

There have been several attacks against hash functions such as $h_{sha1}$ and $h_{md5}$. Professor A suggests a new function $h_{666}$ with an output length of 666 bits. Professor B suggests ...
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### Hard-core predicates: should the adversary be given $1^n$?

In most (all?) classical sources such as the book of Goldreich (2001), hard-core predicated are defined thus: A polynomial-time computable predicate $b : \{0,1\}^* \to \{0,1\}$ is a hard-core of a ...
157 views

### Decrypting an encrypted text file [closed]

I have encrypted a text file which contains few lines of text. After performing the encryption process, the encrypted text is saved into a text file. The Cipher text for the word ...
52 views

### Construct rainbow table to break DES

I'm facing a project where I need to build a rainbow table to break DES. I've already collected information about Hellman, DP, rainbow table method. Finally, I chose the rainbow table approach. I've ...
191 views

### Addition step in MD5 implementation

In MD5, there are four rounds. After every round, why do we need to add the computed $Q$ values to the initial values and then take this value as input to the next round. For example after the first ...
61 views

### What is Polymorphic encryption? [closed]

Well i have downloaded some cryptographic algorithm. Do there are those I didn't understand so this is my question: What is polymorphic RC4 or Polymorphic xor encryption? I heard this in malware ...
67 views

### Is secure communication without public-key crytography feasible?

We all know about public-key cryptosystems, and we know some of these are computationally secure (for the time being, of course). Are there any algorithms out there which allow safe communication ...
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I'm having a hard time understanding why people use constant-time techniques to counter time-attacks, when blinding seems as good and cheaper to implement. Why do people avoid blinding in ECC?
313 views

### Stateless hash based public key cryptography?

Merkle-Winternitz signatures based on fractal hash trees are an attractive alternative to other post-quantum cryptographic schemes, in particular since they are conceptually simple, the security ...
55 views

### DPA Attack on HMAC SHA-256

I have read the paper Differential Power Analysis of HMAC SHA-2 in the Hamming Weight Model and I want to understand the DPA Attack. In section 3.2.1 Path 1 (page 4) there is written: The last ...
121 views

### power consumption in a XOR

I'm trying to understand how a XOR affect traces of power consumption in a Differential Power Analysis on smartcards. What's the difference in energy radiated in a $1 \oplus 1$ and in a $0 \oplus 1$? ...
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### Is a strong block cipher usable as a strong sponge function?

From the literature, it looks like the security proofs of sponge functions depend on how well they approximate a random permutation, Since a block cipher also ideally behaves like a random permutation ...
100 views

### Spritz cipher sponge function capacity

Rivest and Shuldt proposed a new sponge like cipher algorithm called Spritz: http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/pubs/RS14.pdf In this paper they say that the strength of the cipher is related to the ...
140 views

### Variant of the Decisional Bilinear Diffie Hellman problem

I am working on a cryptographic scheme and I need to rely on the following problem, which I have nicknamed the "Hybrid Decisional Bilinear Diffie Hellman (hDBDH)" problem: Let \$e: \mathbb G_1 ...
95 views

### Hash “Preimage by product” resistance

Let H() be a hash function that achieves collision resistance as well as first and second preimage resistance. Let's equip the output set of H of a multiplicative group structure, more precisely a ...
142 views

### Is the reduction from left-or-right IND-CPA to real-or-random IND-CPA tight?

A modern trend in cryptography consists of defining security as rigorously as possible, and then designing schemes which are secure according to those definitions. Proving security comes in the form ...
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### Is there a strong cryptographic reason for GCM's 2^39 - 256 bit limit? [duplicate]

In reading through the original GCM specification (McGrew & Viega '05), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter ...
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### Is there any serious discussion about using blinding intermediaries in digital currency scenarios?

A digital currency system like Lucre (OpenTransaction) creates a coin by a mint blind signing the output of a hash function, which the payer then unblinds and pairs with the input to the has function. ...
730 views

### What is “Blinding” used for in cryptography?

What does "blinding" mean in cryptography, and where do we usually use it? Can you describe a sample implementation?
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### RSA Key Blinding

I was looking the answer to the following question (Timing attack on modular exponentiation), discussing the Private Key Blinding as a countermeasure for timing attacks. Therefore I'm asking if ...
151 views

### Montgomery Reduction

I'm taking a hardware cryptography class and working on a problem that focuses on Montgomery Reduction. So by definition: Computing a x b (mod N) Pick R, s.t. R > N, gcd (R,N) = 1 Compute N^-1 ...
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### Inversion Free Direct Conversion between Twisted Edwards (X,Y,Z) and Montgomery (X,Z)

The Wikipedia page for Montgomery curves shows how to convert points on a twisted Edwards curve to and from points on an equivalent Montgomery curve. However, their description and the original ...
86 views

### Montgomery Multiplication in FPGA explanation

I'm trying to implement an RSA module in a FPGA. I choose to use Montgomery multiplication. I've found a document where the Montgomery Multiplication is pretty clear. I don't understand only a step. ...