# All Questions

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### Fault-based transition for crypto proof (a la Shoup) with big probability of fault - does it work?

background In [Shoup2004], Victor Shoup synthesizes the 'sequence of games' technique for proving security properties: Roughly it consists in a sequence from game_0 to game_n, game_0 consisting in ...
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### Is authentication length always a subset of encryption length?

Do in all the use cases, if I have to encrypt and authenticate, encrypt-then-authenticate or authenticate-then-encrypt, like in IPSEC, SSL or SSH or others, if I were to do these operations to a ...
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### How Brittle Are LCG-Cracking Techniques?

There are published techniques for cracking LCGs, but to my eye those techniques seem very brittle — very minor changes can add nonlinearity that renders techniques like the LLL algorithm unusable. ...
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### Build set with PKI from reliable broadcast / random beacon

I am trying to build a protocol (or find an existing one) for creating a set $S_2$ with PKI from a set of parties $S_1$ that initially does not know anything about the other parties. We assume ...
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### Are keys generated by the user or block cipher algorithms themselves? [closed]

We know block cipher algorithms. In the block cipher algorithms, Key Scheduling is the one crucial part. I see that in some simulation programs of the AES,DES,TripleDES encryption algorithms. In ...
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### How do I control an access code safely?

Upon registration an user has to specify an access code of five digits. This access code is also used as a password for the encryption and decryption of certain strings. The user types in "12345" ...
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### Finding Vignere Cipher key [closed]

I am new to cryptography and I am just trying to find key for random text. Can please explain the easy way how we can find the key in small number of steps ? if we have text like Peit Wokm! Mhfa ...
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### What is a Key Derivation Function?

From Wikipedia: In cryptography, a key derivation function (or KDF) derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key or other known information such as a password or ...
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### Is this a good entropy collector and whitening technique?

I'm just reviewing a program someone wrote to provide high quality random data using an entropy collector and a hash based whitening technique. I'll try summarize the process: Collect entropy from ...
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### Fortuna: why are source ID and data length added together with entropy data into the pools

Section 9.5.6 of Cryptography Engineering states that The concatenation [of source number, length of data, and data itself] is then appended to the pool. Why are we including source number and ...
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### dh parameters someone else generated

Am am auditing some software that includes compiled in DH parameters (2048 bits). I can't be sure who generated the DH parameters or how they were generated. Question: Can DH parameters be weak ...
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### Does it make sense to have multiple values of authentication and cipher offsets while encrypting a packet?

Consider a packet with N segments. cofsset(cipher offset - from where one must cipher) lies in arbitrary Segment "A". aoffset (authentication offset - from where one must authenticate) lies in ...
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### RSA modulus (N) from public key and calculating N from p, q not equal [closed]

I have a RSA public key in the form of public exponent and modulus as follows: ...
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### EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol

I would like to know: What is the currently best (efficiency and security wise) known EC based password authenticated key exchange protocol? (i.e. is there any EC based protocol may be similar to DH ...
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### Popularity of ECMQV authenticated key agreement protocol

I've got a few ECMQV related questions: Why is ECMQV a more efficient EC-based authenticated key agreement protocol? Why is ECMQV so popular? Is it because no other protocol of its strength exists? ...
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### SSL / TLS digital signature exchange

If server is sending its digital signature, in which message / where does the digitally signature is provided to the client. Is it after the server_hello message because there the public key of the ...
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### Is there a way to use bcrypt with passwords longer than 72 bytes securely?

From my understanding BCrypt truncates the password to 72 bytes. If a password is longer than 72 bytes, what is a way to store that password using bcrypt securely without compromising it? Or is this ...
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### Why perfect secrecy can be ensured when a plain message and a cipher-text based on one-time pad are correlated?

First, some well-known results are as follows. For random variables $X$ and $Y$, we have $$H(X,Y) \leq H(X) + H(Y).$$ The equality is achieved when $X$ and $Y$ are independent. Second, in one-time ...
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### What do the magic numbers 0x5c and 0x36 in the opad/ipad calc in HMAC do?

Wikipedia lists the following pseudocode for HMAC: ...
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### Website Certificate with different public key [migrated]

I've installed a ssl certificate from https://www.startssl.com/ in a server running with plesk. The website is the following: https://refood.sal-pimenta.pt/ As you can see the certificate is fine but ...
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### what is legend of h(r) in this protocol?

can you help me what is legend of h(r) in below protocol? ‎‎$A‎\leftarrow‎{B}\quad:{h(r)‎‎}{,B}{,P{_A(r,B)}}‎\\A‎\rightarrow‎{B}\quad:r$
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### Modes of encryption for hard drives?

What are the currently recommended modes of encryption for large disks? Basic requirements would seem to be that you can update an encrypted sector independently of others, which rules out most ...
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### Factoring two RSA moduli $N_i=p_i\cdot q_i$ knowing that $p_2=p_1+2$?

It is given two RSA moduli $N_1$ and $N_2$, known to be of the form $N_i=p_i\cdot q_i$, with $p_i$ and $q_i$ unknown primes, and such that $p_2=p_1+2$. Can we make use of that relation to factor the ...
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### Difference between IPSEC SA and CHILD SA [migrated]

Let us consider two network entities. ...
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### GPG: What public key do I have to publish? [migrated]

I just created a master key and two subkeys. The first subkey is used for encryption, the second one for signing. Now i am wondering what public key do I have to publish on my website. Does is ...
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### nonce is a number that use once.so why in many protocol use nonce several times?

the Nonce is "a number that use once".so why in many protocol use nonce several times? how use nonce in protocols? if problem is save of nonce in database,how saved time stamp and signature in ...
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### Asymmetric encryption that is secure for (almost) any foreseeable future

Recently, I've been reading a couple of papers about building cryptosystems that are secure for up to 30 years. But for some applications, this seems a bit low to me. So I am wondering if considering ...
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### Use cases for “online” authenticated encryption?

What is the the point of an "online" mode for an authenticated cipher? I understand what "online" means in this context. However, I have trouble coming up with applications that would benefit from ...
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### Factoring two RSA modulus with known $|p_1 - p_2| < \ell$

I have two 1024bit RSA modulus $N_1 = p_1q_1$ and $N_2 = p_2q_2$ such that $0 <|p_1 - p_2| < \ell$, and $\ell$ is at most 64bit integer. Can I factorise $N_1$ and $N_2$? What's the answer when ...
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### Security for multiple functions for a functional encryption scheme

Assuming a functional encryption scheme $F$ in which an untrusted server is able to learn the sum, the multiplication and the sum of the inverses of an $n$ dimensional vector $x \in \mathbb{F}_N^*$ ...
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### Secure ElGamal with OAEP

Is it possible to make ElGamal IND-CCA2 using OAEP or OAEP+? The reason I ask is that I recently answered this question and it came to my mind that OAEP or OAEP+ might be possible solutions. Note ...
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### Inserting a backdoor into a cryptographic hash function

I'm curious as to how a backdoor can be built into a hash function. What might it take the form of? What's probability of getting one that can be backdoored in a way that can actually undermine its ...
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### RFID Protocol Cryptanalysis

Assume we have the following scheme for RFID: TAG & READER both have initially k keys. Every session the TAG computes $k_i$=F($k_{i-1})$ where F is a function which computes XOR of previous key ...
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### The effect of truncated hash on entropy

Suppose i have a 128 bits random binary string (128 bits of entropy), then i hash it using SHA-256, then i take the first 128 bits of the output hash. Does the taken bit string still have (almost) 128 ...
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### Encrypt-Mix-Encrypt: Full Diffusion?

I've read this paper about the encrypt-mix-encrypt mode for ciphers and was asking myself if this mode provides "full" diffusion. So if an attacker alters one bit of the ciphertext, how many bits ...
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I was reading about HMAC and why it is crucial to avoid security issues with normal prepending / appending the secret k to a message (issues due to merkel damagard construction). I am not familiar ...
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### What do these notations mean in the definition of Perfect Secrecy, if we read those in English?

If m: message, M: message space, k: key, K: keyspace, c: cipher, C: cipher space and $E_k$: encryption function, such that $E_k(m) = c,\ m,m^* \in M,\ k\in K,\ c\in C.$ Then, what do the following ...
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### Are there equivalent IVs in DES/CBC?

I'm playing around with the CryptoPP library with DES/CBC and I've noticed that for some sets of data, if I decrypt the ciphertext with Key1, IV1, I get a good cleartext result -- but if I decrypt the ...
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### How to recover $e$ from $f_A(e) = Ae \mod q$ when knowing trapdoor

I have a silly question, but I don't know a solution, so I need to question. Assume, with a algorithm $TrapGen(1^\lambda)$, it generates $A\in\mathbb{Z}_q^{n\times m}$ with a basis \$B ...
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### Choosing finite field size in Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme

The Wikipedia article on Shamir's Secret Sharing says to that to have information theoretical security the splitting algorithm should be evaluated using finite field arithmetic on the field ...
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### Errata for NIST SP 800-63

I'm looking through the latest version of NIST SP 800-63, and there is a table (Table A.1) in the Appendix that supposed give the "entropy" of a password for a 94 character alphabet for various ...
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### Weaker alternative to Ed25519?

For me, the main advantages of Ed25519 are that it avoids patents (by computing in one dimension) and that it is fast. However, the 128bit security of Ed25519 is sometimes too strong to comply with ...
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### Benefit of using random key in Shamir's Secret Sharing

I am implementing Shamir's Secret Sharing, and I find that in (t,n)-threshold scheme, the shares are just using 1,2,3...,n as the key to form the shares ...
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### Value of S and r in Fiat-Shamir Protocol

In the book Cryptography and Network Security by Forouzan,in chapter 14, Fiat-Shamir protocol, its mentioned that two large prime numbers p and q are chosen and kept secret. However n=p*q is made ...
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### Standards/RFCs for non-Diffie-Hellman perfect forward secrecy?

Some time has passed since PFS introduction and we now have secure&proven asymmetric ciphers that can generate strong keys very efficiently (elliptic RSA variants and/or QD-Mceliece can generate ...
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### Interpretation of the results of NIST (p)NRG suite

I have problems interpreting the NIST (sts-2.1.2) suite results. After running the statistics with 100 samples (each sample of 1000000 byte length) a new prng i got this result: ...
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### Meaning of Signature hash algorithm field in certificate

I'd like to understand what is the meaning of this field, especially considering that when calling a crypto library to sign data the digest method is specified by the caller. For example, this simple ...
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I'm pretty new to this and find it quite interesting, but my brain won't process how it works so I have to ask some questions :) Why is cryptography used? Is it for extra security once the password ...