# All Questions

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### How to install HElib correctly? [migrated]

I followed the installation guide from this repository http://shaih.github.io/HElib/ but when I try 'make Test_General' to run this test I get this error : /tmp/cc3LMsx2.o: In function ...
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### Can anyone help me decipher this quickly? [closed]

7rN<V+A?ofCB I know its format is Xxxx Xxxx Please? I can't figure it out.
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### Need some understanding on RSA public key exponent

I am new in cryptography domain and try to build some understanding on RSA key pair generation. My doubt is on RSA public key exponent value . Can exponent be any value (prime or non prime numbers)? ...
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### Encryption algorithm that produces dummy output on incorrect passwords

Background: I've been thinking about using encryption in the context of backing up files to untrusted locations (to the point of making the file publicly and widely distributed for practically ...
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### Paillier cryptosystem, small integers and range of values

First, this a different take on my previous question: Pailler encryption of small integers to 32-bit integers I have to encode small integers (range 0-50) using the Paillier cryptosystem. Those ...
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### OpenSSL CFB Modes [migrated]

I'm trying to understand OpenSSL notation - what is the difference between, for example: AES-256-CFB and ...
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### Proving security of TLS handshake with ProVerif

Background For my dissertation I am working on an application protocol for which I require a TLS session. I am looking to achieve Perfect Forward Secrecy, which means I have selected ephemeral ...
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### How is the server authenticated in ssh? [migrated]

The server does not know any secrets that can be used to authenticate itself. Also, what good is a fingerprint if it is based on the public key if it is basically the hash of some known public key. ...
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### How does the Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE work?

I am interesting to learn the low level implementation of Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE and I am wondering if anyone can answer the following questions: Does the BV ...
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### Challenge - What does this mean? [closed]

To keep it relatively simple this approach uses no foreign encryption key. A clue is that primes play a part. The paragraph immediately below this is source text. When pushed through an encryption ...
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### Effect of ESSIV when used with XTS

I looked everywhere on the web and I did find a lot of information about full disk encryption, but nothing really answered my question. When formatting a partition to use LUKS, the two most common ...
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### What are the number of output bits of the internal function F used in BPS algorithm?

In the BPS specification document it says We denote by f the number of output bits of the internal function F What is this if the internal function is AES? Would it be the block size (e.g. 128)? ...
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### Timing Attack on RSA

So far I have researched on timing attack on RSA, We all know the ransomware named Cryptolocker it uses RSA 2048 bit encryption. Now is it possible to break the encryption using timing attack. I have ...
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### Do ECDH and ECDSA combined solution provide an authenticated protocol exchange solution in MCU environment?

I'm working on a project in MCU (micro controller) environment with GPRS connection to exchange data securely with the cloud. The encryption algorithm has been selected to use AES. I did some search ...
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### PGP String-to-Key specifiers

I've been reading through the PGP Standard and here I'm a little confused. This section is discussing converting string data to a session key. I'm confused about the paragraph in bold. First off, what ...
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### Define “cryptographer”

I often encounter the phrase "I am not a cryptographer". Is there a generally accepted definition for who is a cryptographer? What qualifications would be expected? For instance, should that person ...
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### TLS_PSK and perfect forward secrecy

My question is about how difficult is for someone having compromised the PSK and sniff all (DT)LS handshake, (so getting the NONCE), to get the encryption keys? I understand : getting the pre-master ...
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### Is there a diceware word list for six dice? [closed]

I really like Diceware, but it now needs six words to be safe. Instead of adding a word, I would think that increasing the size of the wordlist and adding an extra dice would be a better idea. I have ...
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### Encryption Algorithms in Verilog code

Can we implement Encryption Algorithms like RC4,AES and DES in Verilog? if no what are the limitations?
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### Is this client-side password hash scheme secure?

I want to build an app that uses client-side encryption for storing encrypted data on the server. A user-specific master key would be used, so to easily share it between devices a encrypted version of ...
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### Public SRP verifiers or public hash chain “public keys” when secret is low entropy password

I want to set up the following: An untrusted server should host user sessions and authenticate users without knowing their passwords or being capable of creating a fake user session in the user's ...
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### How do we know a cryptographic primitive won't fail suddenly?

It took more than a decade from when MD5 looked like it was going to break to the point when it was actually broken. That's more than a decade of warning. How can we be sure that when our ...
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### How to pronounce SHA1 and SHA2?

I'm not a native English speaker. So I want to know how to pronounce SHA1 and SHA2 like a native English speaker. Should they be pronounced as [Shar(p) One] and [Shar(p) Two]? Thanks in advance.
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### ElGamal Signatures

I know various applications of RSA signatures. I wonder, is there any real-world applications of ElGamal signatures and encryption?
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### How does the small n attack work?

I'm studying the Lamport's Hash one-time password scheme. This is the scheme: Alice wants to authenticate herself to Bob from a workstation that knows nothing about her. Alice only knows her ...
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### Do we have to consider the cryptographic properties of the decryption, if we're only using the encryption?

Treyfer for example has slower diffusion in decryption. It has full diffusion between words in 2 rounds for encryption and 7 rounds for decryption. Do we have to consider the (bad) cryptographic ...
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### Authentication using AES

I need to implement an authentication mechanism in an embedded environment which does not support floating point operations but has an AES accelerator module which allows for encyption/decryption ...
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### Range-Bounded Commitment fails when implemented? [migrated]

For part of my thesis I must implement (in Java) a Chan, Frankel, Tsiounis range-bounded commitment protocol as quoted in Boudot's paper Efficient Proofs that a Committed Number Lies in an Interval ...
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### Secure “table-look-up” operation

I am thinking about this problem: The server has a two-column table $T=\{c_1,c_2\}$. A user has a query $q$ that is sent to server. The server find an item $x$ in the first column satisfying $x=q$ ...
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### Sign & Encrypt vs. Encrypt & Sign - What does gpg do? [migrated]

I've already read the discussion Should we sign-then-encrypt, or encrypt-then-sign? and the paper Defective Sign & Encrypt in S/MIME, PKCS#7, MOSS, PEM, PGP, and XML. My question has to do with ...
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### Storing sensitive information for a short time, how should I encrypt it or do I even need too? [migrated]

So I will be accepting some sensitive information via a html form, I will be using PHP to store the information. All this has been set up, tested etc. The form works in 4 "steps", each step is its own ...
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### Reuse of a DH / ECDH public key

I was wondering whether it is safe to use the same DH or ECDH key pair in more than one key agreement, particularly if these public keys are in a public registry. These public keys could be used by ...
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### Anonymous off-line digital cash scheme [closed]

I'm looking for a conceptual method to implement anonymous offline digital cash scheme. We can use blind digital signing by the bank to retain the anonymity between bank and customer. Using revocable ...
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### Shared modulus attack on RSA

Consider a scenario in which a group of people use a common modulus $n$ in the textbook RSA crypto system, where $n=pq$, $p$ and $q$ are large distinct prime numbers. Is there any chance for an ...
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### If I compute the SHA-1 of all possible 40 digits hexadecimal strings, will I get all possible sha1 hashes? [duplicate]

Wikipedia says sha1 produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value. So if I compute the SHA-1 of all possible SHA-1 values, which as far as I understand is at current time impossible both to calculate and ...
2k views

### Are common cryptographic hashes bijective when hashing a single block of the same size as the output?

It's been said that CRC-64 is bijective for a 64-bit block. It the corresponding statement true for typical cryptographic hashes, like MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2 or SHA-3? For example, would SHA-512 be ...
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### Batch ElGamal Scheme

I know about ElGamal scheme and its key generation, encryption, and decryption methods. I'm not sure about what is meant by batch ElGamal. Can someone please clarify it. How it differs from ElGamal ...
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### Digital signatures using a partially public key

I'm thinking to sign a message using a key that is made up of a publicly shared key and a privately shared key. The operation for mixing the two keys could be concatenation, if it suffices. To ...
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### Symmetric key in homomorphic encryption over the integers

Much like this question: Public key in fully homomorphic encryption over the integers I am also reading I'm reading Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers, but I'm working on implementing the ...
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### Avoiding replay attack on certified announcements

Suppose two agents A and B share a common secret and A makes a regular unique 16-byte ...
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### research on Encryption for master [closed]

I'm tring to choose an way for an Encryption mothod for my research? So,I want to choose one-layer encryption or multilayer encryption,and I want it to be easy to applicable. when I search about it, ...
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### Chance to find HMAC key/salt when having knowledge of the hashed data?

I'm not sure how to word this... I'm working with a HMAC (I think of it being a "salted hash"). I know the entire string being hashed, I do NOT know the salt. I also know the first 8 characters of the ...
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### Is this scheme to derive multiple keys secure?

I need a cryptographic scheme to generate a deterministic chain of private keys that look random to outside observer but can always be reconstructed from a single root key, also: Neither private ...
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### Is there a standard format for compact 56-bit DES keys?

DES keys are traditionally stored as 8-byte blobs, with only the high 7 bits of each byte being meaningful to the algorithm; the low bit of each byte is set so that the population count of the byte is ...