# All Questions

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### Possibility for same Private Key Generation in identity-based encryption

In private key generation of IBE scheme, private key is generated as follows: $SK_{ID}=s.H(ID)$ Suppose two servers use the same curve domain parameters. If PKG on server A generates private key ...
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### Deriving AES key and HMAC key from shorter master key

I am working in .NET and as far as I can tell the only choice for key derivation is PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1. SHA1's output size is only 160 bits. But I am implementing authenticated encryption and thus ...
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### key hierarchy management and master key

I have this equation, $E_{K_{as}}(E_{K_{bs}}(K_{ab}))$ which means $K_{ab}$ is encrypted by $K_{bs}$ then whole packet is encrypted by $K_{as}$. I think the key structure is $K_{as}$ is the master ...
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### The role of the dealer in visual cryptography

In visual cryptography schemes (VCS), there is special person called dealer. The dealer sets up the system, and the only one who knows about secret image. After encryption, the dealer distributes the ...
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### Why is Siphash-128 considered “experimental”?

Why is Siphash-128 still considered "experimental"? What does this mean?
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### Key Hierarchy and key Encryption

If i have two 56-bit DES keys, and I use these two key to encrypt a 256-bit AES key. Like this $K_{AT}$ encrypts $K_{BT}$ and $K_{BT}$ encrypts $K$ What is the effective security of key $K$? Is it ...
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### Passive adversary and active adversary capability?

I am a newbie of this topic. I have trouble understanding what exactly are the capabilities of passive adversary/active adversary in real world and ideal world.
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### Verifying Without Knowing Key

Say user Bob sends an encrypted message to a server. People can download the message from this server and later get the key directly from Bob. Is it possible for the server to somehow verify that ...
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### How to construct a collision resistant hash function that is not a one-way function?

How to construct a CRHF (collision resistant hash function) that is not a OWF (one-way function)? Not sure but I think it probably needs another CRHF?
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### Deriving 256-bit key from PBKDF2-SHA1

I am working in .NET and their PBKDF2 only uses SHA-1. I am using it to, given a user-supplied password and random salt, generate a 256-bit AES key. The plaintext is encrypted with the AES key and ...
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### Updating the seed key of a PRNG while maintaining initial entropy?

Consider a seed key ($n$-bit long) is completely random and entropy of random variable is $n$ and PRNG is using deterministic algorithm and that that deterministic algorithm does not add any entropy ...
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### Turing's (still?) classified inference engine algorithm?

Does anyone know the algorithm used by Turing's Colossus inference engine, so highly classified that the Brits kept it secret for decades after WW II? Indeed, it may still be classified. Several ...
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### Are the definitions of IND-CCA secure and of IND-CCA secure under standard model identical?

Suppose there is a public key cryptosystem based on the discrete logarithm problem and let this cryptosystem be IND-CCA secure under standard model. Does this statement mean that the given ...
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### How do I prove the tracing part in a ring signature model?

I have a question about the article “efficient and multi-level privacy-preserving communication protocol for VANET” by H. Xiong et al. I need the ID of malicious vehicle, but I could not prove how I ...
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### How to crack unknown 8-bit encryption algorithm?

Can anyone tell me how to crack the encryption of 8 bit algorithm, when you have some clue that CBC mode is used, but the algorithm is secret. You also have some encrypted data (chosen plain text), ...
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### Quantifying bit security for smart-vercauteren encryption scheme

I am working on project that requires to compare in terms of security between two encryption schemes, one of them is the SV scheme. However, I dont know what are the steps exactly towards quantifying ...
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### Is Schannel supposed to use SHA1 for (EC)DHE params?

I captured a TLS 1.2 handshake on my server (WIN2012.R2/IIS 8.5) and noticed that SHA1 is being used to hash ECDHE parameters despite both the server and client(s) supporting SHA2 signatures. ...
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### How to run a (provably probably) secure global referendum?

The following question is extremely broad and speculative, for which I apologize, but it strikes me as exceedingly important, so I will ask it nonetheless. Suppose an event of global significance ...
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### How to perform collision attack [duplicate]

If I have a table that has many HASHs for some data, is it possible to guess some data by using collision attack i.e. if I used brute-force on the output of 32-bit hash algorithm and find matching ...
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### Is there a theorem to determine the elliptic curve parameters based on the group order?

By Hasse's theorem we know that range of the group order of the elliptic curve. And similarly, there exist a theorem on the admissible order of elliptic curves. Suppose by the theorem on the ...
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### Generating random non-repeating numbers from a small group

I read this Q&A which gave a clever solution: feed an incrementing index into a block key cipher as a way of producing non-repeating random numbers. The problem is the block size of all the good ...
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### Are the prime numbers used for RSA encryption known? [duplicate]

I read that one reason why RSA is secure is because it uses a huge number that's called the modulus which is the product of two prime numbers. For maths reasons the prime numbers being prime numbers ...
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### Which are similar encryption techniques as honey encryption?

I was reading about this technique called "Honey Encryption." Can someone suggest encryption techniques similar to honey encryption? To know more about honey encryption please refer the link ...
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### Integer factorization still hard with Hamming weight hypothesis?

Consider the following problem: Factorize a $n$-bit integer $c$ knowing that it is the product of two integers with known Hamming weight $h$. Is there a way to prove that this is still hard? I have ...
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### Can you have partial cryptographic obfuscation (without a trusted setup)?

Cryptographic Obfuscation is a powerful cryptographic technique. My question is, can you do it partially? Instead of obfuscating an algorithm completely, you can have an algorithm with a couple of ...
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### Two or more initialization vectors with the same key

I'm studying about WEP and I'm in doubt. It seems that because it uses a initialization vector of 24 bits, which is relatively short, is easy to determine which key was used to encrypt the data. But ...
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### Meaning of “random n/2 bit prime length prime p”

iam trying to solve a homework for the subject "system security" at university. For my question iam referring to this document: Solution to the Millionaire's Problem Could you please tell me why in ...
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### Security implication of deriving key with fixed salt for files authentication

Context: I need to calculate MAC for a collection of files just for future integrity and authentication verification. This is the conceptual order of steps: Derive a 64 bytes key from user input ...
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### How is Extended Euclidean Algorithm related to Approximate-GCD problem?

I had a doubt regarding the connection between the Extended Euclidean Algorithm and the Approximate-GCD problem. Are there any relations? i.e., the hardness of A-GCD is derived from EEA. Is there any ...
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### How to implement 1-out-of-n OT from 1-out-of-2 OT?

How can I implement a 1-out-of-$n$ oblivious transfer protocol from 1-out-of-2 OT protocol which is resistant against passive corruption? Assume we can access 1-out-of-2 OT $n$ times.
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### Security of DGHV Encryption

In DGHV Security How to get reliable oracle for least significant bit and then uses binary GCD algorothm that uses reliable oracle to find secret key p.Also what is oracle. Is this a turing ...
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### Is the following obfuscation weak in security or not?

$q=$large prime number secret key=$(x,z)$ $f(x,z)=(x/z)* y$ , to hide $y$ $x \leftarrow (1,2,3,...,q)$ $z \leftarrow (1,2,3,...,q)$ $y \leftarrow (1,2,3,...,q)$ Is the obfuscation function $f(x,z)$ ...
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### Differences between OWP and OWF and their IND-CPA security

I am learning about one way permutations and one way functions and am not sure of the differences if there are any. Also in the random oracle model are they both IND-CPA secure?
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### Given a public-key encryption and signature scheme, define a new primitive

I'm new to cryptography and am currently working on the following question: Say you are given a public-key encryption scheme $\Pi_e=(\mathcal{K}_e,\mathcal{E},\mathcal{D})$ and a signature scheme ...
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### Would A5/1 with a much larger state be a good choice of stream cipher for hardware?

Would A5/1 with a much larger state be a good choice of stream cipher for hardware? Assume that a reasonable choice of MAC is made such as GMAC, with the first 128 bits of the stream cipher output ...
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### Is AES-CTR or ChaCha20 vulnerable to a time-memory trade off?

Is AES-CTR or ChaCha20 vulnerable to a time-memory trade-off attack? According to this paper it seems to be, which would put AES-CTR at a clearly breakable $2^{64}$ security level (for AES-128-CTR). ...
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### Two-party equality computation

Alice and Bob each secretly chooses an integer between 1 and 10, a and b. They want to know (with high probability) whether or ...
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### Subscript R notation for the finite fields

I'm trying to understand the notation used in the literature for Pairing-based cryptography. I know (and I hope I've understood it well) from Wikipedia that $\mathbb{Z}_p$ is the finite field of ...
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### can pdfcrack software crack a 128 bit encrypted pdf file

One day ago,i downloaded a pdf that requires password then i search a software to decrypt the password that's s/w called pdfcrack Then i install pdfcrack and run a cmd in terminal pdfcrack -f ...
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### Is it possible for the Rho method against an Elliptic Curve to take more than the sqrt of the total state space?

Is it possible for the Rho method against an Elliptic Curve to take more than the sqrt of the total state space? It the reason why this is not generally done because of a meet-in-the-middle attack?
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### A bijective hash function

Suppose: $H: \{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n}$. $H$ is bijective. It is difficult to derive $x$ from $H(x)$. Is this type of function possible? What would the strength of it be? I realize that ...
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### Multiplexed stream cipher

Consider the stream cipher that consists of 3 LFSRs, with the output of one coming being used to determine which of the other 2 is used that clock cycle. Both the IV and the polynomials are secret. ...
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### (How) Can we use HOTP for file encryption?

I recently went through the list of available KeePass plug-ins and noticed one that advertises support for HOTP as a means to derive the database key. Now I trust the developer of this plug-in who is ...
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### Encryption strength when using a PBKDF

Suppose: $m$ is a positive integer. $n=2 \times m$. $H: \{0,1\}^{*} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$. $p$ is a password. $s$ is a salt. $K=\{0,1\}^n$ is the derived key. $PBKDF(p,s)$ derives a key from $p$ ...
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### How to Perform Computation on AES Encrypted Data

I have this code that successfully performs symmetric encryption using AES algorithm. How can I go about performing computation on it to achieve somewhat homomorphic encryption? ...
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### How to prove hardness of approximate-GCD problem?

I am trying to prove the security of my system using the hardness assumption of the approximate-GCD problem using contradiction, i.e. If the attacker is able to break in our scheme, then attacker ...