# All Questions

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### ASP.NET MembershipProvider uses passwordSalt when encrypting [migrated]

I've a question about the ASP.NET Membership (from .NET 2.0), and more specifically the way it encrypts passwords (when you choose to encrypt them, and not hash then), and the way it verifies them. I ...
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### Permutation parity after cycle-walking

Let $E$ be a random even permutation of the set $\{0\dots n-1\}$. We construct a permutation $P$ of the set $\{0\dots m-1\}$, for some $m\le n$, using cycle-walking; that is, computing $P(x)$ is as ...
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### Using bcrypt derived keys for encryption?

Sorry for this ignorant question but I am currently weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of BCrypt over PBKDF2 and from what I have read BCrypt is considered more secure but from what I have ...
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### ASCII input to HMAC weaker than raw bytes?

In various cryptographic programs I've written (most have been toy problems, but this current one is not) I have taken a slothful approach to performing a message digest (hash) of numerical input. I ...
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### Can RSA signing be implemented on top of RSA encryption/decryption?

I need to use RSA-SHA256 signing. Unfortunately not all Microsoft CryptoAPI providers support that. It's possible that I might get a handle to a CryptoAPI provider that can just encrypt/decrypt with ...
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### what are the security benefits of LUKS?

Aremed with only basic crypto knowledge, I'm trying to understand the security benefits of LUKS over plain-mode dm-crypt. Hopefully this is a good place to ask. Given the LUKS header contains ...
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### How to perform frequency analysis of a substitution cipher using a Base64 alphabet

Let's imagine a cipher that works like the following: Plaintext is encoded to Base64. The characters in the encoded plaintext are substituted with a randomly shuffled character set(A-z, 0-9, -, _, ...
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### Hybrid fair exchange protocol

A gradual fair exchange (layman term) is a form of fair exchange protocol where Alice will transfer 1 bit to Bob then Bob will transfer 1 bit to Alice. The flaw with this protocol is that the party ...
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### openssl - Recommended way to encrypt and sign S/MIME messages using openssl

OpenSSL has two command line tools, cms and smime, that can encrypt and sign S/MIME messages. Both can specify ciphers and ...
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### java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException and Inappropriate key specification error in java program [migrated]

As a part of project implementation,I have done: 1. Generete DSA keys 2. Encrypt the private key using AES 3. Save into the file 4. Open the file and read the encrypted private key 5. I tried to ...
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### Why is there an extra block when encrypting?

I am passing input data 20 bytes long and java AES-CBC returns 48 bytes instead of 32 which is what I think it should output because of padding. My key is 16 bytes long. ...
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### Do OpenPGP SmartCards have the same or better security than an air-gapped machine?

Are OpenPGP SmartCards, such as the OpenPGP SmartCard V2, suitable enough to have secure communications? Meaning, if I connect my smart card to my Mac which is connected to the internet and always ...
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### RSA: Fermat-Euler Theorem - coprimality of message and modulus [duplicate]

I understand the implication of the Fermat-Euler theorem and how it applies to RSA and the detailed explanation by user Ninefingers at What is the relation between RSA & Fermat's little ...
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### The number of surviving key after “Meet in the middle stage” in 3-subset MITM attack

In 3-subset Meet in the middle attack, how can we calculate the number of surviving key after meet in the middle stage? and how can we calculate the complexity of Key testing stage? I have read about ...
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### As a cryptographer, what are the things I should care about in my implementation of pairing functions?

As a beginner in cryptography, I do not know anything about different pairing types more than their names. So far, I know these names: Ate pairing, tate pairing, eta pairing, and r-ate pairing. I am ...
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### Why is g is less than p in Diffie-Hellman?

In non-authenticated DH, p and g are made as public record. p needs to be a large prime number and g should be smaller than p. Why does g need to be smaller than p?
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### Why do we need to compute message digest of a message first while signing it?

Why it is more efficient to compute a message digest of message and digitally sign it then, rather than sign the message directly?
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### recommendation to see documentaries about history of cryptography

Can anybody recommend any good documentaries which go into some history about cryptography and state of cryptography as of date ? I am not asking for favorites or subjective good documentaries but ...
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### What is the value of Q such that Q|P-1 where P is a prime number?

For my crypto assignment, I'm asked to enter a prime P and generate Q such that Q|P-1 Can anyone guide me what is Q|P-1?
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### Which attacks are possible against raw/textbook RSA?

The PKCS#1 standard defines multiple padding schemes for signature generation/verification (EMSA-PSS and EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5), and encryption/decryption (EME-OAEP and the less safe EME-PKCS1-v1_5). ...
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### Random Permutation polynomial

I need to know, please: (1) Is there anyway to pick uniformly at random permutation polynomial in a field of prime order? (2) Are there many permutation polynomials in a field? (3) In a finite ...
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### Available programs that can verify the working of a simple substitution cipher

Is there any tool available that can test whether a simple substitution cipher is working. I will put my scenario in detail. Lets say I built a simple substitution cipher that maps 8 bit data to 16 ...
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### Franklin-Reiter related message attack m2 = a(m1)+b

As shown in their paper, https://www.cs.unc.edu/~reiter/papers/1996/Eurocrypt.pdf, if one is given an equation relating the two messages m1 and m2 as well as other information one can crack both the ...
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### Are there some problems to use pseudo-random number generator in Smart Card?

A Smart Card is a kind of secure device, with limited storage capacity and computational resource. If we use a Pseudo-Random Number Generator to generate random numbers in a Smart Card, then is there ...